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The document discusses several film theories including auteur theory, which argues that a director's films reflect their artistic vision. It provides Edgar Wright as an example of an auteur due to his consistent visual themes. Reception theory is explained as how audiences interpret creative works based on their own social contexts. The male gaze theory proposes that women are presented in media primarily for the erotic pleasure of male viewers. Megan Fox's role in Transformers is analyzed as an example of being subjected to the male gaze through over-sexualization.
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Fashion film
The document outlines a plan for a fashion film that will tell the story of a woman who goes to a hotel to get ready for a date while being unfaithful to her spouse. The film will use conventional romance genre conventions. It will feature a female protagonist and male date character, with anonymous male characters representing past relations. Styling will include nightwear, a red dress to signify danger and love, and gold eye makeup with red lipstick. Scenes will be set in a luxurious hotel. Flashbacks will be created through fading edits. Communication between characters will be shown through mobile phone props. Music from The Weeknd's "The Hills" was chosen to convey a forbidden relationship through its lyrics and edit points.
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory examines how audiences view women presented in media. She argues that women are there to be seen and that camera techniques portray them as sexual objects through shot types and movement. The theory focuses on how men, women, and other women view themselves and each other in media images, often seeing women as sexual objects conforming to unrealistic ideals. Examples are given of how popular music videos, film trailers, and movies employ techniques like close-ups and camera angles to emphasize women's bodies and portray them as objects for the male gaze.
Thriller evaluation - question 1 & 2
The document discusses how the student media product "Skate" uses and challenges conventions of thriller genres. It uses conventions such as including themes of revenge and mystery, using locations like parks that can be dangerous, and including stereotypical costumes like hoodies. However, it challenges conventions by having a female character commit a violent act typically associated with males and using diegetic sounds in an unconventional way. It represents teenagers realistically through the park location and youth-oriented activities of skating and biking. It portrays some gender stereotypes but also challenges the stereotype of only males committing crimes.
Laura mulvey male gaze theory l1
Laura Mulvey developed the influential Male Gaze theory, which proposes that in film and media, the audience is positioned to view scenes and women from the perspective of a heterosexual man. This denies women their identity and reduces them to objects for the male gaze. Mulvey also suggests that women can only watch films from a secondary perspective and view themselves through a man's eyes. The theory argues that media perpetuates patriarchal ideals by masculinizing the viewer and objectifying and sexualizing female characters.
Laura Mulvey’s Theory Of The Male Gaze
Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" in her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." She argued that in films, the audience is positioned to view female characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male viewer. This objectifies and dehumanizes women by reducing them to objects for the male gaze. It also positions women as passive objects to be looked at, while men are active subjects. Mulvey's theory suggests that this reinforcement of patriarchal gender roles and objectification of women has influenced societal views.
The Male Gaze presentation
The document discusses the concept of the "male gaze" in media. It describes the male gaze as a feminist view of voyeurism where the observer feels power over the observed subject, reducing them to an object. An example image is then analyzed showing Keira Knightley using props like a hat and blanket to draw the gaze towards revealed areas of her body. Facial expressions and lighting are also discussed as techniques that make the subject seem more open and attractive to gain the viewer's attention and connection, ultimately making products more appealing.
Laura Mulvey_The_Male_Gaze
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory proposes that in film and media, the viewer assumes the perspective of a heterosexual man when viewing content. Specific techniques like camera movements, cutaways, and slow motion are used to invite the viewer to examine scenes, especially those featuring women, through a male lens. This denies women autonomy and reduces them to objects of visual pleasure defined by their physical appearance. While women's presence may be important to narratives, they often serve little purpose other than how they make male characters act or feel. Mulvey argues this reflects and reinforces patriarchal ideals in society by consistently framing women from a male perspective.
Laura Mulvey’s Male gaze theory
The male gaze theory proposes that in film and media, the camera adopts the perspective of a heterosexual male viewer. It objectifies and sexualizes women by lingering on their bodies and presenting them as objects for the male gaze. Women are portrayed as passive objects for the male characters and the audience, while men are depicted as active and dominant. The theory suggests that media socializes both men and women to view women as objects that exist for the pleasure and reactions of men.
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The document outlines a plan for a fashion film that will tell the story of a woman who goes to a hotel to get ready for a date while being unfaithful to her spouse. The film will use conventional romance genre conventions. It will feature a female protagonist and male date character, with anonymous male characters representing past relations. Styling will include nightwear, a red dress to signify danger and love, and gold eye makeup with red lipstick. Scenes will be set in a luxurious hotel. Flashbacks will be created through fading edits. Communication between characters will be shown through mobile phone props. Music from The Weeknd's "The Hills" was chosen to convey a forbidden relationship through its lyrics and edit points.
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory examines how audiences view women presented in media. She argues that women are there to be seen and that camera techniques portray them as sexual objects through shot types and movement. The theory focuses on how men, women, and other women view themselves and each other in media images, often seeing women as sexual objects conforming to unrealistic ideals. Examples are given of how popular music videos, film trailers, and movies employ techniques like close-ups and camera angles to emphasize women's bodies and portray them as objects for the male gaze.
Thriller evaluation - question 1 & 2
The document discusses how the student media product "Skate" uses and challenges conventions of thriller genres. It uses conventions such as including themes of revenge and mystery, using locations like parks that can be dangerous, and including stereotypical costumes like hoodies. However, it challenges conventions by having a female character commit a violent act typically associated with males and using diegetic sounds in an unconventional way. It represents teenagers realistically through the park location and youth-oriented activities of skating and biking. It portrays some gender stereotypes but also challenges the stereotype of only males committing crimes.
Laura mulvey male gaze theory l1
Laura Mulvey developed the influential Male Gaze theory, which proposes that in film and media, the audience is positioned to view scenes and women from the perspective of a heterosexual man. This denies women their identity and reduces them to objects for the male gaze. Mulvey also suggests that women can only watch films from a secondary perspective and view themselves through a man's eyes. The theory argues that media perpetuates patriarchal ideals by masculinizing the viewer and objectifying and sexualizing female characters.
Laura Mulvey’s Theory Of The Male Gaze
Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" in her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." She argued that in films, the audience is positioned to view female characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male viewer. This objectifies and dehumanizes women by reducing them to objects for the male gaze. It also positions women as passive objects to be looked at, while men are active subjects. Mulvey's theory suggests that this reinforcement of patriarchal gender roles and objectification of women has influenced societal views.
The Male Gaze presentation
The document discusses the concept of the "male gaze" in media. It describes the male gaze as a feminist view of voyeurism where the observer feels power over the observed subject, reducing them to an object. An example image is then analyzed showing Keira Knightley using props like a hat and blanket to draw the gaze towards revealed areas of her body. Facial expressions and lighting are also discussed as techniques that make the subject seem more open and attractive to gain the viewer's attention and connection, ultimately making products more appealing.
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Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory proposes that in film and media, the viewer assumes the perspective of a heterosexual man when viewing content. Specific techniques like camera movements, cutaways, and slow motion are used to invite the viewer to examine scenes, especially those featuring women, through a male lens. This denies women autonomy and reduces them to objects of visual pleasure defined by their physical appearance. While women's presence may be important to narratives, they often serve little purpose other than how they make male characters act or feel. Mulvey argues this reflects and reinforces patriarchal ideals in society by consistently framing women from a male perspective.
Laura Mulvey’s Male gaze theory
The male gaze theory proposes that in film and media, the camera adopts the perspective of a heterosexual male viewer. It objectifies and sexualizes women by lingering on their bodies and presenting them as objects for the male gaze. Women are portrayed as passive objects for the male characters and the audience, while men are depicted as active and dominant. The theory suggests that media socializes both men and women to view women as objects that exist for the pleasure and reactions of men.
Laura Mulvey and Campion's 'The Piano'
The document discusses and critiques Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" in cinema. It argues that Mulvey's theory is too deterministic in positioning viewers as always passive and only identifying with male characters. Some disagree that female viewers always identify with the male gaze. The document also discusses Jane Campion's film "The Piano" as an example of a film that challenges the male gaze by having a female protagonist and depicting male characters as objects of desire at times through the "female gaze."
The male gaze
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" in film. Mulvey coined the term in 1975 to refer to how audiences view characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male. Features of the Male Gaze include the camera lingering on female bodies and events involving women being presented through a man's reaction. This relegates women to the status of objects for the male gaze and female viewers must experience the narrative through identifying with the male perspective. The document also discusses how the Male Gaze manifests in advertising by sexualizing women's bodies even when unrelated to the product, and criticisms of Mulvey's theory regarding some women enjoying being looked at and the gaze not always being sexual.
Warm bodies
The document summarizes key differences between the novel Warm Bodies and its film adaptation. Some of the main changes discussed include: simplifying the societies of Boneys and Fleshies in the film; removing R's family from his backstory; combining minor characters into single representative characters; altering General Grigio to make him more sympathetic; removing internal monologues due to the visual nature of film; using imagery like hand-holding to represent character transformations; and speeding up the plot and changing some story elements like the ending for time constraints. However, both works maintain the core theme that human connection defines our humanity.
As question 1
The document discusses how a film trailer challenges conventions and represents social groups. It compares the conventions in the trailer's opening scene to those of different film genres. While it uses similar narrative and audio/visual conventions, it emphasizes the latter more due to its genre. The trailer represents gender well by having a female lead, but could have better portrayed race and disability. It confronts the relevant issue of crime through its depiction of unique London locations and people's safety concerns.
Film pitch
The film pitch proposes a narrative that follows the lives of two characters, Tony and Chris, and explores whether they are happy with their lives and careers. Tony is a businessman who commutes to London each day for work, though he is wealthy, he seems tired and unhappy. Chris works at a pub near his home and has a loving family; he appears to enjoy his life. The film would use parallel editing to show their mornings and contrast their different lifestyles and levels of happiness.
Laura mulvey, the male gaze
1. Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" in film theory, which refers to the way films are typically shot from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This objectifies women and turns them into objects to be looked at.
2. The theory suggests that women are often denied agency and identity in films, existing primarily as objects for the male gaze. This can influence how women see themselves.
3. The male gaze is argued to be prevalent in many mainstream films and media, potentially reinforcing patriarchal social norms and power dynamics by influencing how both men and women see gender roles.
In what ways does your media project use, develop or challenge forms and conv...
The document discusses a student media project that uses some horror genre conventions but also challenges stereotypes. It establishes the setting and finds a dead girl in the woods. While this follows conventions, it is shot during the day rather than at night. The film also features a tormented male character who is neither hero nor villain and who feels guilty for the girl's death though uninvolved. Flashbacks are used to represent differences in time, similar to the film Memento. The film opens with a nightmare and distressed man to set the psychological horror genre.
Jess
This document discusses several key concepts related to media analysis, including auteur theory, reception theory, and the male gaze.
Auteur theory suggests that a film director's style and themes across their body of work identifies them as the "author" of their films. Reception theory examines how audiences interpret and make meaning from media texts in different, negotiated ways based on their own experiences and identities.
The male gaze theory proposes that visual media, especially films, are often constructed from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This frames women as passive sexual objects to be looked at, prioritizing their appearance and the male viewer's desire over women's own subjectivity or agency. Studies link the influence of the male
Question 5 textual analysis.
This document discusses theories of audience analysis applied to a fictional film production. It analyzes how the film represents masculinity, heaven, crime, and traditional gender roles. It targets an active A-B income bracket audience who will contemplate the issues raised and form their own opinions. The film features difficult topics like suicide, abuse, and bullying to provoke thought rather than passive acceptance. It also discusses how audiences may have preferred, negotiated, or oppositional readings of the representations, using the portrayal of women as a example.
Warm bodies
The document summarizes the key differences between the novel Warm Bodies by Isaac Marion and its film adaptation. Some of the main changes discussed include simplifying the plot and characters for time, removing supporting characters and internal monologues, using imagery like hand-holding to show character development, and altering the ending to give the film broader appeal. Both works explore what defines humanity and how love and connection can help the living and undead find their humanity. Overall the film stays true to the novel's themes but adapts the story for the constraints of the visual medium.
Moodboards and Plot
The document discusses the plans for a short film about a female character named Jo attempting to win over the girl she likes, Lily. It was originally going to use stop-motion animation to transition between drawings in Jo's notebook coming to life. However, the revised idea has Jo narrating her past experiences as a story in her notebook, with stop-motion used to transition between the present and past timelines. The film aims to deal with the issue of coming out and keep the audience guessing about Jo's identity through the use of androgynous styling and shots that don't show her face.
Laura mulvey male gaze textual analysis media
media laura mulvey male gaze theory Rihanna music video harry potter draco malfoy don't know what to tAGW really confused
Mulvey lesson 8
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" in film. It explains that Mulvey coined the term in 1975 to refer to how audiences are positioned to view characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male. This constructs women as objects to be looked at. Features of the Male Gaze include the camera lingering on female bodies and presenting events that happen to women in the context of a man's reaction. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on the Male Gaze and its criticism.
Character profiles
This document provides character profiles for the antagonist and protagonist in a short horror film. For the antagonist, George Grant was selected as the actor due to his tall, slim physique. His face will be made unrecognizable through makeup inspired by the film Smile. He will play the non-human antagonist who kills the protagonist. His costume will be dark baggy clothes and he will wield a scythe. Olivia Grant was selected as the protagonist as she fits the stereotype of the "final girl". Her makeup will be natural and her costume everyday teenage clothes to not distract from the antagonist. She will play the teenage girl struggling against the antagonist until her death.
Laura mulvey
Laura Mulvey was a feminist film theorist who argued that mainstream films portrayed women as objects of male erotic desire based on Freudian psychoanalysis. She believed this reflected a patriarchal society where men are the dominant gender and women lack agency. An example is Transformers, where Megan Fox's character is sexualized through revealing clothing despite having a male-oriented job, reinforcing her role as an object for male characters and the audience. Mulvey's "male gaze" theory described how the camera focuses on female bodies and forces both male and female audiences to view films from a male perspective.
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This document discusses Vladimir Propp's theory of narrative structures and character types and applies it to analyzing soap opera trailers. Propp suggested that every narrative has eight different character types, including antagonist/villain, hero/victim, donor, and helper. The document analyzes trailers for the soap operas Emmerdale and Hollyoaks, identifying examples of Propp's character roles in each trailer through shots and dialogue that portray struggle, emotion, advice, and assistance.
Potential Genre
The document discusses the genre of social realism films. It provides characteristics of the genre, including depicting everyday working class lives and struggles, the use of handheld cameras and location shooting for a sense of realism, linear narratives focused on social issues, and casting non-professional actors. Example films mentioned show social issues like prostitution, abortion, and poverty. The genre aims to represent real life in an authentic way through its stylistic techniques and subject matter.
Laura Mulvey - The Male Gaze Theory Essay
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory from 1975. The theory proposes that most films and media are viewed from the perspective of a heterosexual male gaze, as men largely control cameras. This results in the objectification and sexualization of women for the male viewer's pleasure. Examples discussed include focusing only on a woman's body in films and using revealingly dressed women in music videos to appeal to male viewers. Some criticize that the theory ignores instances where women seek attention or the gaze is between members of the same sex.
Question 2
The document discusses how a film represents particular social groups through its characters. It focuses on two social groupings portrayed in the film's opening: a young girl dressed in pink onesie who plays with dolls, and her 19-year-old sister dressed in a casual outfit who cares for her younger sister. Mise-en-scene and camerawork are used to represent the different perspectives and behaviors of each age group. The film aims to conform to horror movie conventions so viewers can relate to the familiar stereotypes.
Question 1 evaluation
Peter Cotter analyzed the conventions and techniques used in his short film "Trauma" and compared it to the film "Looper". Some key points:
- Both films begin with just a score and prominent opening shot to draw the audience in and create tension.
- They subvert audience expectations through cliffhangers and plot twists.
- While the target audiences differ, both aim to provide intellectual stimulation for more sophisticated viewers through their postmodern styles.
- Exaggerated sound design is used in both to convey meaning beyond just the visuals.
Vert 7 - Mulvey and The Male Gaze
Romantic love is a concept that emerged in Western culture during the Middle Ages. Some key aspects of romantic love include:
- An idealization of love and lovers. Romantic love is seen as passionate, intense, and transformative.
- A focus on emotion, feelings, and subjective experience rather than practical concerns. Romantic love prioritizes passion, attraction, and emotion over practical matters like wealth, social status, religion, etc.
- An emphasis on attraction to another's inner qualities and uniqueness rather than outer attributes. Romantic love sees beauty within rather than superficial/physical beauty alone.
- An idea of a soulmate or one true love. The belief that there is one special person who perfectly completes
Theoretical research
The document discusses several concepts related to film theory including auteur theory, gender relationships, and how these concepts are used in James Bond films. Auteur theory suggests that the best films bear the director's signature style through techniques like camerawork, editing, and themes. Alfred Hitchcock is cited as a famous auteur known for shower scenes with many shots, camera innovations, and portrayals of innocent people in dangerous situations. Regarding gender, the document contrasts feminist and post-feminist models, and how James Bond films have shifted from objectifying women to giving female characters more active roles and blending masculine and feminine traits.
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Laura Mulvey and Campion's 'The Piano'
The document discusses and critiques Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" in cinema. It argues that Mulvey's theory is too deterministic in positioning viewers as always passive and only identifying with male characters. Some disagree that female viewers always identify with the male gaze. The document also discusses Jane Campion's film "The Piano" as an example of a film that challenges the male gaze by having a female protagonist and depicting male characters as objects of desire at times through the "female gaze."
The male gaze
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" in film. Mulvey coined the term in 1975 to refer to how audiences view characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male. Features of the Male Gaze include the camera lingering on female bodies and events involving women being presented through a man's reaction. This relegates women to the status of objects for the male gaze and female viewers must experience the narrative through identifying with the male perspective. The document also discusses how the Male Gaze manifests in advertising by sexualizing women's bodies even when unrelated to the product, and criticisms of Mulvey's theory regarding some women enjoying being looked at and the gaze not always being sexual.
Warm bodies
The document summarizes key differences between the novel Warm Bodies and its film adaptation. Some of the main changes discussed include: simplifying the societies of Boneys and Fleshies in the film; removing R's family from his backstory; combining minor characters into single representative characters; altering General Grigio to make him more sympathetic; removing internal monologues due to the visual nature of film; using imagery like hand-holding to represent character transformations; and speeding up the plot and changing some story elements like the ending for time constraints. However, both works maintain the core theme that human connection defines our humanity.
As question 1
The document discusses how a film trailer challenges conventions and represents social groups. It compares the conventions in the trailer's opening scene to those of different film genres. While it uses similar narrative and audio/visual conventions, it emphasizes the latter more due to its genre. The trailer represents gender well by having a female lead, but could have better portrayed race and disability. It confronts the relevant issue of crime through its depiction of unique London locations and people's safety concerns.
Film pitch
The film pitch proposes a narrative that follows the lives of two characters, Tony and Chris, and explores whether they are happy with their lives and careers. Tony is a businessman who commutes to London each day for work, though he is wealthy, he seems tired and unhappy. Chris works at a pub near his home and has a loving family; he appears to enjoy his life. The film would use parallel editing to show their mornings and contrast their different lifestyles and levels of happiness.
Laura mulvey, the male gaze
1. Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" in film theory, which refers to the way films are typically shot from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This objectifies women and turns them into objects to be looked at.
2. The theory suggests that women are often denied agency and identity in films, existing primarily as objects for the male gaze. This can influence how women see themselves.
3. The male gaze is argued to be prevalent in many mainstream films and media, potentially reinforcing patriarchal social norms and power dynamics by influencing how both men and women see gender roles.
In what ways does your media project use, develop or challenge forms and conv...
The document discusses a student media project that uses some horror genre conventions but also challenges stereotypes. It establishes the setting and finds a dead girl in the woods. While this follows conventions, it is shot during the day rather than at night. The film also features a tormented male character who is neither hero nor villain and who feels guilty for the girl's death though uninvolved. Flashbacks are used to represent differences in time, similar to the film Memento. The film opens with a nightmare and distressed man to set the psychological horror genre.
Jess
This document discusses several key concepts related to media analysis, including auteur theory, reception theory, and the male gaze.
Auteur theory suggests that a film director's style and themes across their body of work identifies them as the "author" of their films. Reception theory examines how audiences interpret and make meaning from media texts in different, negotiated ways based on their own experiences and identities.
The male gaze theory proposes that visual media, especially films, are often constructed from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This frames women as passive sexual objects to be looked at, prioritizing their appearance and the male viewer's desire over women's own subjectivity or agency. Studies link the influence of the male
Question 5 textual analysis.
This document discusses theories of audience analysis applied to a fictional film production. It analyzes how the film represents masculinity, heaven, crime, and traditional gender roles. It targets an active A-B income bracket audience who will contemplate the issues raised and form their own opinions. The film features difficult topics like suicide, abuse, and bullying to provoke thought rather than passive acceptance. It also discusses how audiences may have preferred, negotiated, or oppositional readings of the representations, using the portrayal of women as a example.
Warm bodies
The document summarizes the key differences between the novel Warm Bodies by Isaac Marion and its film adaptation. Some of the main changes discussed include simplifying the plot and characters for time, removing supporting characters and internal monologues, using imagery like hand-holding to show character development, and altering the ending to give the film broader appeal. Both works explore what defines humanity and how love and connection can help the living and undead find their humanity. Overall the film stays true to the novel's themes but adapts the story for the constraints of the visual medium.
Moodboards and Plot
The document discusses the plans for a short film about a female character named Jo attempting to win over the girl she likes, Lily. It was originally going to use stop-motion animation to transition between drawings in Jo's notebook coming to life. However, the revised idea has Jo narrating her past experiences as a story in her notebook, with stop-motion used to transition between the present and past timelines. The film aims to deal with the issue of coming out and keep the audience guessing about Jo's identity through the use of androgynous styling and shots that don't show her face.
Laura mulvey male gaze textual analysis media
media laura mulvey male gaze theory Rihanna music video harry potter draco malfoy don't know what to tAGW really confused
Mulvey lesson 8
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" in film. It explains that Mulvey coined the term in 1975 to refer to how audiences are positioned to view characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male. This constructs women as objects to be looked at. Features of the Male Gaze include the camera lingering on female bodies and presenting events that happen to women in the context of a man's reaction. The document also discusses various theorists' perspectives on the Male Gaze and its criticism.
Character profiles
This document provides character profiles for the antagonist and protagonist in a short horror film. For the antagonist, George Grant was selected as the actor due to his tall, slim physique. His face will be made unrecognizable through makeup inspired by the film Smile. He will play the non-human antagonist who kills the protagonist. His costume will be dark baggy clothes and he will wield a scythe. Olivia Grant was selected as the protagonist as she fits the stereotype of the "final girl". Her makeup will be natural and her costume everyday teenage clothes to not distract from the antagonist. She will play the teenage girl struggling against the antagonist until her death.
Laura mulvey
Laura Mulvey was a feminist film theorist who argued that mainstream films portrayed women as objects of male erotic desire based on Freudian psychoanalysis. She believed this reflected a patriarchal society where men are the dominant gender and women lack agency. An example is Transformers, where Megan Fox's character is sexualized through revealing clothing despite having a male-oriented job, reinforcing her role as an object for male characters and the audience. Mulvey's "male gaze" theory described how the camera focuses on female bodies and forces both male and female audiences to view films from a male perspective.
Propps narrative
This document discusses Vladimir Propp's theory of narrative structures and character types and applies it to analyzing soap opera trailers. Propp suggested that every narrative has eight different character types, including antagonist/villain, hero/victim, donor, and helper. The document analyzes trailers for the soap operas Emmerdale and Hollyoaks, identifying examples of Propp's character roles in each trailer through shots and dialogue that portray struggle, emotion, advice, and assistance.
Potential Genre
The document discusses the genre of social realism films. It provides characteristics of the genre, including depicting everyday working class lives and struggles, the use of handheld cameras and location shooting for a sense of realism, linear narratives focused on social issues, and casting non-professional actors. Example films mentioned show social issues like prostitution, abortion, and poverty. The genre aims to represent real life in an authentic way through its stylistic techniques and subject matter.
Laura Mulvey - The Male Gaze Theory Essay
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory from 1975. The theory proposes that most films and media are viewed from the perspective of a heterosexual male gaze, as men largely control cameras. This results in the objectification and sexualization of women for the male viewer's pleasure. Examples discussed include focusing only on a woman's body in films and using revealingly dressed women in music videos to appeal to male viewers. Some criticize that the theory ignores instances where women seek attention or the gaze is between members of the same sex.
Question 2
The document discusses how a film represents particular social groups through its characters. It focuses on two social groupings portrayed in the film's opening: a young girl dressed in pink onesie who plays with dolls, and her 19-year-old sister dressed in a casual outfit who cares for her younger sister. Mise-en-scene and camerawork are used to represent the different perspectives and behaviors of each age group. The film aims to conform to horror movie conventions so viewers can relate to the familiar stereotypes.
Question 1 evaluation
Peter Cotter analyzed the conventions and techniques used in his short film "Trauma" and compared it to the film "Looper". Some key points:
- Both films begin with just a score and prominent opening shot to draw the audience in and create tension.
- They subvert audience expectations through cliffhangers and plot twists.
- While the target audiences differ, both aim to provide intellectual stimulation for more sophisticated viewers through their postmodern styles.
- Exaggerated sound design is used in both to convey meaning beyond just the visuals.
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In what ways does your media project use, develop or challenge forms and conv...
In what ways does your media project use, develop or challenge forms and conv...
Similar to Research copy
Vert 7 - Mulvey and The Male Gaze
Romantic love is a concept that emerged in Western culture during the Middle Ages. Some key aspects of romantic love include:
- An idealization of love and lovers. Romantic love is seen as passionate, intense, and transformative.
- A focus on emotion, feelings, and subjective experience rather than practical concerns. Romantic love prioritizes passion, attraction, and emotion over practical matters like wealth, social status, religion, etc.
- An emphasis on attraction to another's inner qualities and uniqueness rather than outer attributes. Romantic love sees beauty within rather than superficial/physical beauty alone.
- An idea of a soulmate or one true love. The belief that there is one special person who perfectly completes
Theoretical research
The document discusses several concepts related to film theory including auteur theory, gender relationships, and how these concepts are used in James Bond films. Auteur theory suggests that the best films bear the director's signature style through techniques like camerawork, editing, and themes. Alfred Hitchcock is cited as a famous auteur known for shower scenes with many shots, camera innovations, and portrayals of innocent people in dangerous situations. Regarding gender, the document contrasts feminist and post-feminist models, and how James Bond films have shifted from objectifying women to giving female characters more active roles and blending masculine and feminine traits.
Performance in Film and Videogames
This course explores performance in films and video games from artistic, historical, and cultural perspectives. It covers different performance styles including realism, classicism, and formalism. Realist performances strive for objectivity and authenticity, while classical Hollywood style prioritizes believability and entertainment. Formalist performances distort reality in subjective ways and use characters as metaphors. The document analyzes John Wayne's performances in terms of semiotics, how he embodied American cultural codes of individualism, patriotism, and racism through traits like independence, importance, and triumph over "savages."
Mulvey and the gaze
Laura Mulvey analyzed how mainstream films appeal to the "male gaze" through their representation of gender. She argued that most films are made from the perspective of male viewers and directors, featuring active male protagonists and passive female objects of desire. This encourages male viewers to identify with male heroes and objectify female characters, gaining voyeuristic pleasure from looking at them without guilt. Mulvey drew on Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts like scopophilia and the mirror stage to explain how cinema appeals to viewers' narcissism and satisfies their unconscious desires.
Evaluation Question Two
The document discusses how the media product represents various social groups through its characters. It focuses on age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. For age, most actors are teenagers or young adults to subvert expectations. Females outnumber males and are portrayed as innocent through white clothing. Social class is represented through the teenagers' working class clothing and behaviors in one scene. Ethnic diversity is limited, with only one black actor as a zombie to show that a pandemic can affect anyone. Locations and lighting are also used to convey meaning about characters and danger.
Evaluation Question Two
The document discusses how the media product represents various social groups through its characters. It focuses on age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. For age, most actors are teenagers or young adults to subvert expectations. Females outnumber males and are portrayed as innocent through white clothing. Social class is represented through the teenagers' working class clothing and behaviors in one scene. Ethnic diversity is limited, with only one black actor as a zombie to show that a pandemic can affect anyone. Locations and lighting are also used to convey meaning about the characters and social norms.
3. representation
This document provides information about the concept of representation that will be useful for analyzing a media production for a critical perspectives exam. It defines representation as how media re-presents or constructs meanings about the world. It discusses key questions to consider when analyzing representation, such as what concepts are highlighted, what representations are generated, and if there are any stereotypes. The document also discusses theories of representation, such as how gender is typically represented in media according to theorists like Berger and Mulvey. It provides several quotes about representation that could be cited. Finally, it discusses concepts like the "male gaze," the "final girl" trope in horror, and how different genres like zombies films can represent cultural ideas.
Tv drama 3 representation of masculinity
This document provides information about analyzing narratives in television and film. It discusses several key concepts:
- Narrative refers to storytelling and how different elements are organized to create an entertaining and meaningful story. Narrative structure is how a story unfolds, which can be open or closed.
- Narratives can be linear and told chronologically or non-linear and out of order. Multi-stranded narratives involve multiple plots occurring simultaneously.
- Narrative theories like those proposed by Tzvetan Todorov can provide insight into how meaning is created and the codes and conventions of different genres. Todorov's theory involves 5 stages of narrative progression.
- When analyzing dramas,
Tv drama 3 representation of masculinity
This document provides information about analyzing narratives in television and film. It discusses several key concepts:
- Narrative refers to storytelling and how different elements are organized to create an entertaining and meaningful story. Narrative structure is how a story unfolds, which can be open or closed.
- Narratives can be linear and told chronologically or non-linear and out of chronological order. Multi-stranded narratives involve multiple storylines happening simultaneously.
- Tzvetan Todorov's narrative theory proposes that narratives aim to restore equilibrium after a disruption through five stages: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium.
- When analyzing television dramas, it can
Media a2 quiz, investigation faults final
This document provides guidance to students on how to improve research investigations by specifically analyzing scenes or elements from chosen texts, rather than making general statements. It emphasizes using direct quotes and references from texts to back up points, and providing enough detail about scenes or images discussed so that someone unfamiliar with the text could understand. Sample analyses of a scene from the James Bond film "Die Another Day" are provided as an example of the level of specificity and detail recommended.
Vertigo - FM4 Film Studies - Auteur, Gender and Psychoanalytical Analysis
The document discusses various critical approaches that can be used to analyze the film Vertigo, including auteur theory, psychoanalysis, and feminist film theory. It provides details about Alfred Hitchcock's directorial style and how he used techniques like camerawork, lighting, and motifs to convey themes of obsession, manipulation, and voyeurism in the film. It also summarizes some key plot points and references to mythology to illustrate Hitchcock's artistic vision and how the film can be interpreted through different critical lenses.
Mulvey and the gaze
Laura Mulvey analyzed how mainstream films appeal to the "male gaze" through the representation of women as passive objects for the male spectator to look at and desire. She argued that films encourage identification with active male protagonists and voyeuristic or fetishistic viewing of female characters. This reinforces patriarchal notions of masculinity and femininity for the benefit of the presumed male audience.
Essay
The document discusses how Michael Bay's Transformers films employ the male gaze. It analyzes a scene from the first Transformers film where Megan Fox, who plays Mikaela, fixes a car while wearing revealing clothing and from camera angles that sexualize her body. The document argues this scene was designed to appeal to the film's primarily male audience by allowing them to objectify Fox's body. It also notes controversies around Bay's alleged sexualization of Fox when she was 15 and working on one of his earlier films. Overall, the document uses this scene and Bay's history of employing overtly sexualized female characters as evidence that his work is aimed at satisfying the male gaze.
AS Level Media Studies - CREATIVE CRITICAL REFLECTION (Film Opening Task)
- The document is a critical review by Manasa Shivashankar of their film project titled "The Dark Past" for their AS Level Media Studies course.
- It discusses how the film uses conventions from other media like the television show "Pretty Little Liars" and how it represents social issues like bullying.
- It also covers how the film engaged audiences, how it would be distributed as a real media text, and how the production skills of the author developed throughout making the project.
Catfish gledis
The document provides information about the film "Catfish" and discusses some of its postmodern elements:
1) The film tells the story of a man who begins an online relationship that turns out to be falsified by the person he believes he is communicating with.
2) It incorporates social media and blurs the lines between reality and fiction, challenging the audience's understanding of truth.
3) Key postmodern concepts in the film include the mediation of relationships through technology, hyperreality, and questioning what is real versus constructed online.
Task 1 - Genre
The document discusses genre in media. It defines genre as how a piece of media is categorized, such as by action, romance, or comedy. Genre lets audiences know what to expect and helps producers and distributors market films. However, genre is complex with differing theories. Some see genre as restrictive while others see it as fluid or a marketing tool. The document analyzes two short films - one labeled a romance genre for its love story elements, and one labeled a comedy for its time travel narrative used for humor and first impressions.
Intro to film
This document provides an introduction to film analysis. It discusses what movies are, how to analyze them actively rather than passively, and some key concepts. Movies tell stories using techniques like camera work, editing, and sound to shape the viewer's experience. Analyzing the relationship between a film's form and content can provide layers of meaning and understanding. The document also outlines genres, narrative structures, and other elements of cinematic language that film analysts seek to identify and understand.
Research on Documentary Modes - Bill Nichols
This document discusses Bill Nichols' six documentary modes: poetic, expository, observational, participatory, reflexive, and performative. It provides examples for each mode and analyzes how elements of different documentaries could inspire the filmmaker's own documentary on social networks. While the filmmaker's style relates most to the expository mode using voiceover, they aim to present both positive and negative aspects of the topic to avoid being too authoritative. In conclusion, the filmmaker determines that reflexive mode is not the best fit but that interview-based elements could still influence their own documentary.
Theories for media
Jake Nava is an example of an auteur music video director. His videos for "Crazy in Love" and "My Prerogative" share many similarities that reflect his artistic vision. Both videos feature extreme close-ups, sexualized imagery of the artists, scenes using cars and their destruction, use of lighting for drama, dance routines, inclusion of other actors, urban settings, and editing techniques like fast cuts and slow motion. When creating his own music video, the student will need to consider theories around audience effects, gratification, and narratives to effectively convey the song's meaning.
Audiences & Products
This document provides information on various topics related to audiences and media products:
It defines and gives examples of passive and active consumption, as well as the hypodermic needle model. It also discusses the uses and gratifications theory and reception theory, providing definitions and examples. Frameworks for interpretation are presented for two different individuals analyzing a film. Finally, there are sections providing background on the history of Marvel and popular Marvel movies, with more detail given about Spider-Man 2 from 2004 and what the author enjoys about it.
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Vertigo - FM4 Film Studies - Auteur, Gender and Psychoanalytical Analysis
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AS Level Media Studies - CREATIVE CRITICAL REFLECTION (Film Opening Task)
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More from MillieSouthall
PRESENTATION.pptx
Millie Southall outlines several ideas for promoting and presenting her film project, including creating a Snapchat filter, posting the trailer on YouTube, making an Instagram account, and showcasing the film trailer to friends and family. She found success using Instagram to advertise her film by posting photos and countdowns which helped gain followers and interest. A showcase with classmates allowed her to get live feedback on her film by watching each other's projects.
Production Diary.pptx
This document is Millie Southall's production diary for her FMP project over 15 weeks. It details her progress, including initial research on inspirations, conducting audience surveys, struggles with filming and meeting deadlines, re-shooting scenes after learning new skills, finishing production and evaluations, and ultimately submitting her work on time while facing various challenges along the way.
EVALUATION.pptx
Millie felt confident at the start of her paranormal film project but motivation declined over time. She learned from mistakes with lighting and improved her trailer by reshooting in daylight and editing to appear nighttime. Her colorful, unique posters stood out and showed strong graphic design skills. Overall research was thorough, helping her develop interesting ideas despite challenges along the way.
PROBLEM SOLVING.pptx
The document discusses various potential problems that could arise during the production of a film project and proposed solutions. It addresses theoretical problems like cast members not showing up for filming and solutions like scheduling well in advance and having backup dates. It also covers technical problems such lighting issues when filming outdoors and solutions like shooting during daylight hours or editing color in post-production. The document details experiments conducted to test different lighting techniques, both with physical lights and digital editing. It found that while colored lighting worked well in photos, it did not translate well to video recordings. Overall, the document considers issues that could disrupt production and strategies for mitigating risks through contingency planning and experiments.
contect.pptx
Millie Southall is creating a paranormal horror film trailer and promotional posters for her final major project. She has taken inspiration from films like Paranormal Activity and The Conjuring series. The idea for her film came from paranormal experiences that occurred in her childhood home. She plans to incorporate elements of found footage, possession, and home invasion into her project. Millie has strengths in filming, editing, and learning new software but struggles with meeting deadlines and using a camera. She has extensively researched directors James Wan and Oren Peli as well as horror genres and subgenres to inform her work.
PLANNING fmp
Millie plans to create a trailer and promotional posters for her own paranormal film called "Dolos". The film will be about a person experiencing paranormal activity in their home, such as a ghost mimicking family members. For the trailer, Millie will film scenes at her own home where she has experienced paranormal events. The trailer will include a scene where the main character hears their father calling from outside but finds him inside confused when they go to check. Millie will storyboard some scenes and film others handheld to seem more authentic. For posters, Millie will use dramatic photoshopped images and color schemes including red/blue and orange/green/violet to promote "Dolos".
PROBLEM SOLVING for FMP
The document discusses potential technical and theoretical problems that could affect Millie Southall's film production and ways to control or mitigate those problems. Some key technical problems addressed include equipment malfunctions, software or computer issues, limited storage or WiFi access. Mitigation strategies involve testing equipment, backing up work, and having backup devices or storage. Theoretical problems may include cast members not showing up, bad weather, an uncooperative animal subject, injuries during filming, or poor time management. Millie plans to address these through advance scheduling and organization, checking weather, using treats to work with her animal, having contingency plans for injuries or rescheduling as needed, and using a planner. The document also describes experiments Millie conducted with lighting,
RESEARCH for FMP
The document provides research on various topics for a horror film trailer, including:
- Color theory and how different colors elicit different emotions. Reds and blues will be used in the trailer.
- Research on horror movie trailers found they often don't reveal too much of the plot. Suspense, silence, and jump scares make trailers scary.
- A survey found music strongly impacts reactions to trailers, and suspense is scariest. Psychological horror and found footage styles were popular.
- Further research discusses found footage and pseudo-documentary film techniques to add realism to the trailer. Period-appropriate fonts and colors from 1940s-1950s posters will also be incorporated.
THE GRID - Planning
This document outlines plans for a grid-themed media platform focused on time, future, and illusion. It discusses using optical illusions and a retro hippie font in posters, logos, and videos. It proposes creating two posters, a logo, tutorial meditation video, photoshoot, and funky map of York. It also includes ident ideas from Hope featuring grid-like wavy optical illusions that appear when an eye blinks and uses a circular grid and retro font in a color scheme consistent with the platform.
THE GRID - Research
The document discusses ideas for a new social media platform called The Grid. It will have psychedelic, confusing visuals inspired by 1960s culture. Research shows most social media users are aged 16-24 and engage with multiple platforms. Streaming shows like Squid Game and Bridgerton have started trends. Wicca religion is growing in popularity among teens due to influences like Harry Potter. Demand for crystals is increasing among millennials for spiritual practices. Social media is toxic due to its addictive design and spread of misinformation. E4 channel idents interest viewers with unusual concepts, following our target demographic of 16-24 year olds.
Evaluation
Millie created a documentary about women's experiences in online gaming. She conducted research through surveys and watching other videos on the topic. Millie storyboarded her documentary and planned what clips and information to include. During production, Millie lost some of her work but was able to re-record narration. In her final piece, Millie discussed issues like sexism and harassment that women face online, though felt it could have been more polished. Going forward, Millie plans to outline topics more clearly and improve her narration, editing, and video production skills.
Planning pro forma millie
Millie plans to create a factual documentary titled "Behind the Screens - Women Online" about female stereotypes and the treatment of women in video games. She will include an interview with a game designer, narration discussing her personal experiences and statistics, and gameplay footage collected of her being harassed as a female gamer. For the interview, Millie will use a studio setup with colored lighting and record on a camera rather than her phone. Her narration script addresses common issues like expected character roles and the over-sexualization of female characters. She has outlined equipment needs and potential issues/solutions. Millie's production schedule allocates time for filming, editing, and completing the project before her deadline.
Research documentary
This document provides ideas and outlines for potential documentary topics including "Females in gaming", "The downfall of music/live music", and "Behind the screens; streaming". It includes talking points and outlines for each topic. The document also provides definitions and characteristics of documentaries. It reviews some existing videos related to the topics and analyzes their styles, audiences, and effectiveness. Finally, it discusses research on target audiences for documentaries and video games to help focus the proposed documentaries.
Personal statement
The document is a personal statement from a student applying to study film production at university. In the statement, the student discusses their lifelong interest in film and relevant experience studying film and media courses in secondary school. They completed an extended diploma in creative media production where they gained skills in filmmaking, animation, and graphic design. The student wants to further develop their production skills and explore different methods of expression at university to pursue a career in filmmaking or documentary production. University will provide specialist skills and an in-depth education in their passion as well as the skills needed to succeed in the competitive film industry.
7. evaluation(2) copy
Millie evaluated her documentary project. For research, she watched 4 running documentaries and took notes on conventions. Her print research included running posters and magazines. She surveyed 159 people in her target audience. Her planning included a schedule, mood board, and style sheet. However, she struggled with time management, pushing back deadlines. Technically, slow computers and losing footage caused issues. Aesthetically, scenic shots improved quality. Feedback noted the interviews were interesting but audio quality could improve, and more varied footage was needed to make it less repetitive.
Research 2
The document provides information on existing running documentaries that will help inform the creation of a new running documentary. It summarizes several existing running documentaries, noting aspects like their use of natural lighting, slow motion shots, focus on both running and scenery. Research was also conducted through a survey to understand the target audience, which is primarily female ages 40-49 who enjoy documentaries and dramas over 50 minutes long that include interviews. This research will help make the new documentary appealing to this audience.
Production diary
In the first production week, the filmmaker captured footage of scenery in a beautiful local area to use as filler shots, including 20 minutes of footage of their mother walking and wildlife. In the second week, they drafted interview questions for their mother and conducted the interview over multiple takes to reduce background noise. By the third week, they had edited together footage from their mother's test run of a running course and other clips into a 3-minute edit. In the fourth week, they filmed an interview with their grandmother and finalized their film project. The final production week involved finishing color corrections, minor design details, and completing an evaluation of the process.
Research
This document summarizes research on existing running documentaries and an audience survey. It identifies common elements across reviewed documentaries like long shots, interviews, timelapses and natural lighting. The survey found that the target audience is 40-49 year old females who enjoy running and documentaries over 50 minutes. Their interests align with the content about marathon running. The document considers how to incorporate researched elements and appeal to the audience's preferences in the new documentary.
FMP proposal
Millie Erin Southall is proposing a documentary and fundraising posters about her mother running 10 marathons in 10 days. She will draw on skills learned from previous video, graphic design, and film projects. The documentary will follow her mother through the physically demanding 10 in 10 challenge and promote it to the running community. Millie plans to get feedback on her work from the intended audience to evaluate and improve it for her future in documentary filmmaking. She has outlined a 12-week production schedule that includes research, filming, editing, and evaluation.
Pre Production
This document outlines Millie Southall's pre-production plans for a documentary about her mother completing a 10-day running event called "10 in 10" while raising money for charity. The documentary will include interviews with her mother before and after the event, as well as promotional posters. It will be shared on YouTube and social media. Millie's mood board, style guide, and structural plan provide details on the envisioned visual style and story structure of the documentary. She also outlines potential issues and contingencies, health and safety considerations, and a tentative 5-week production schedule.
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Research copy
- 1. RESEARCH – ESSAY Millie Southall
- 2. AuteurTheory • AuteurTheory is a way of looking at films that state that the director is the “author” of a film.The Auteur theory argues that a film is a reflection of the director’s artistic vision; so, a movie directed by a given filmmaker will have recognizable, recurring themes and visual queues that inform the audience who the director is and shows a consistent artistic identity throughout that director’s filmography.
- 3. EdgarWright • In the cornetto trilogy EdgarWright uses recurring visual themes and visual queues which makes the movies recognizable as his own style therefore people will recognize that style as his.This makes his a very noticeable auteur.
- 4. ReceptionTheory The reception theory concept points out that, a movie, book, or game events though it has none/some inherent meaning, the audience who watch them or experience it make a meaning.The audience comes into an understanding of the happenings of the text or screen. • The audience receives the creative work done and perceives to its content in either similar or different.The meaning of the message can change in the way they see it fit according to their social context. • Encoding –The encoded messages usually contains shared rules and symbols common with other people. So the (encoder) sender has to think how the receiver will perceive the message. • Decoding – Decoding would be a successful deliver only if the message sent by the encoder is understood completely to its content as it was intended.
- 5. The Hypodermic Needle theory • The Hypodermic NeedleTheory is a linear communication theory which suggests that media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive audience. It suggests that we’re all the same and we all respond to media messages in the same way.
- 6. The Male gaze (Laura Mulvey) • “The determining male gaze projects its fantasy onto the female figure… with [her] appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact.” – Mulvey • A manner of treating women's bodies as objects to be surveyed, which is associated by feminists with hegemonic masculinity, both in everyday social interaction and in relation to their representation in visual media
- 7. Megan Fox -Transformers InTransformers Megan Fox is used predominantly for the male gaze.The film is targeted towards men, and she is never covered up. Her actions and the way she is positioned is always over sexualised.
- 8. Male Gaze • "According to Mulvey, mainstream film satisfies especially the male spectator by projecting his desires onto the screen. Women are regarded as objects of fetishist display for the male viewer's pleasure. Fundamentally, a woman presented on screen should be very erotic, so that she attracts the spectators attention" • From this I have learned that mainstream media like Hollywood will reveal women's bodies for male viewership. Women in mainstream media are like objects used only for men's visual pleasure.
- 9. Male Gaze • From this quote I have learned that Hollywood follows male gaze theory because they follow the stereotype of an active male and a passive female. • I learned from this that the onlooker is not necessarily male, but to activate this gaze to an objectified female subconsciously puts us in a "masculine" position. • “the gaze is not necessarily male, but to own and activate the gaze, given our language and the structure of the unconscious, is to be in the “masculine” position.
- 10. Michael Bay • Michael Benjamin Bay is an American film director and producer. He is best known for making big-budget, high-concept action films characterized by fast cutting, stylistic cinematography and visuals, and extensive use of special effects, including frequent depictions of explosions. • He has won 9 awards for transformers including the MTV award for best movie. • US actress Megan Fox has defended film director Michael Bay after a 2009 interview where she described an encounter with him resurfaced online. • The interview showed Fox describe how Bay got her to "dance underneath a waterfall" in a bikini when she was 15 years old, for the film Bad Boys II. SomeTwitter users said Bay, who later directed Fox in twoTransformer films, had "sexualised" her as a teenager. But Fox said she was "never assaulted or preyed upon" sexually. •
- 11. SceneAnalysis In this scene Sam gives Mikaela a lift hoe but his car "breaks down" on the journey, which was his car trying to set him up with her.When they pull over and fix the car, she is bent over the hood of the car with almost no clothes on.This is one of the first examples of male gaze in the film.This is male gaze because Sam is watching her the etire time and this entire scene is over sexualised which is how he sees her. Its also an example of male gaze because this is a car film Which is targeted at men so this megan fox scene is to please men visually.
- 12. Bibliography • Indie Film Hussle. (2021).What isAuteurTheory? – Definition and Examples.Available: https://indiefilmhustle.com/auteur-theroy/. Last accessed 09/09/2021 • n.d. ReceptionTheory. Available: https://www.communicationtheory.org/reception-theory/. Last accessed 09/09/2021. • Lamb, B.THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLETHEORY.Available: https://lessonbucket.com/media-in- minutes/the-hypodermic-needle-theory/. Last accessed 09/09/2021. • n.d. Male Gaze. Available: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100128610. Last accessed 09/09/2021. • Hein, C (2008). Laura Mulvey,Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. : GRINVerlag. p3-4. • Newman, B (1990). The situation of the Looker-on. : Cambridge University. p1029-1041.