Reprographic Equipment Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning

1. SESSION#4

2. Unit#5,6

3. Unit#5
REPROGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
Objectives of Unit
After reading the material of this unit, it is
hoped that you will be able to:
1. Enlist the components of reprographic
equipment.
2. Explain the process of spirit duplicating
3. Discuss the procedure of ink duplicating
4. Specify the process of photography and
5. Evaluate the process of photo-copying

4. Reprographic Equipment
Reprographics is a blanket term encompassing multiple
methods of reproducing content, such as scanning,
photography, xerography and digital printing. The term
applies to both physical (hard copy) and digital (soft
copy) reproductions of documents and images
reprography is the reproduction of graphics through
mechanical or electrical means, such as photography or
xerography. Reprography is commonly used in catalogs
and archives, as well as in the architectural, engineering
and construction industries.

5. Advantage of Reprography
 Save money with half size prints. Single-step
reduced 11”x17” or 8.5x11” pints can
be ordered for distribution.
Save on materials costs – you can print your
originals on bond paper, as opposed to
costly vellum.
Save money on ink jet toner and coated paper –
let us do your printing.

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Old style blue pages with white print can be
scanned in reverse image, for hardcopy/softcopy
output.
Digital files can be made available to your
internal networks.
Our scanner compresses filed to a manageable
size.
Digital files save valuable storage space.

7. Photography
In distance education, it is a fact that the rate of learning
has increased by the help of augmenting variety of
technologies. Television, as an audio visual medium, is
one of the effective media in distance education by its
characteristics like widespread coverage of audience,
supplying equality of opportunity, transmitting the
human resources to big audience mass. In distance
education the lack of mutual interaction and face to
face education are important. As well, another problem
is to overcome the loneliness feeling of the students

8. Photocopying
Photocopying has a great significance in the
teaching learning processes. Multi-copies
can immediately be made for the use in the
classroom. Difference types of photocopying
machines are available now-a-days in the
market.

9. Duplicating Machine
Duplicating machines were the predecessors of
modern document – reproduction technology.
They have low now been replaced by digital
duplicators, scanners, laser printer and
photocopies but for many years they were the
primary means of reproducing documents for
mass distribution.

10. Unit#6
TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED
LEARNING
Objectives of Unit:
After studying the material, it is hoped that you
will be able to:
1. Explain the nature of teaching machines;
2. Identify the types of teaching machines;
3. Discuss the importance of programmed
learning; and
4. Elaborate the role of computer assisted
learning in distance education

11. The Nature of Teaching Machines
Teaching machine is a device whereby the students
are taught with the machine. Use of teaching
machine has brought about a revaluation in the
field of education. It is the result of educational
researches. To make education more dynamic and
interesting new researches are being done in this
field. These researches have given birth to various
devices and teaching machine is one of them.
Teaching machine had been introduced by
Sidney L. Pressed in 1920 in the educational field.

12. History of Teaching Machines
The advent of teaching machines in the United Kingdom as
forced many teachers to recognize the immense –
potentialities of programmed learning. However, many
have shown an unwillingness to participate in the
movement because of certain natural fears which have
resulted from an over-enthusiastic presentation of the
advantages which teaching machines could bring to
education. The aim of this chapter is to discuss some of
the fears and difficulties which teachers naturally
experience on the introduction into the schools of yet
another aspect of technology, and, to try to establish a
rational perspective.

13. Types of Teaching Machines
Teaching machines can be divided into five main types
according to their degree of sophistication and flexibility in
terms of modes of presentations, forms of response, method
of feedback and types of reinforcement.
1. Simple Teaching Machines: taking the form of
programmed textbooks: in the set he programme is
presented in either liner or restricted branched from and the
student either writes his answer or choose an answer which
directs him to and page, as the student has complete
freedom of access to the material, these drives are not cheat
proof and there is of a tendency, in uncontrolled situations,
for the students not the follow the instructions of the author.
Examples of these are Holland and skinner’s analysis of
behavior, the tutor text series and terrace series.

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2. Simple Manually Operated Teaching
Machines: these can employ linear or simple
branching sequences. The programmes material is
presented in such a waythat the student does not
have been free access to it so that he is required to
follow the presented introduction and cheating is
normally eliminated. Examples of this type of
machine are the disk or the min-max, the
discoverer, the concept-o-graph, the instructor and
the Aberdeen machines.

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3. Electrically Operated Teaching Machines:
employing 35mm, projection techniques: these
machines ensure that the student obeys the
operating instructions and makes a definite over
response. They virtually elimination the possibility
of cheating, because the programme is presented on
film, a very large number of frames can be stored in
the machine and has a consequence, branching
techniques can be employed. Examples of such
machines are the auto-tutor marks I and II, the
Grundy-Tutor and the Redi-Tutor

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4. Electrically Operated Machines: This allow a
variety of presentations and responses linear or
branching sequences can be employed in this type of
machine and constructed or multiple of these
machines is that fact can be presented to the student
through a variety of media such as film, film-strip,
synchronized tape
recorders, animated model or written text. Similarly
the students’ response can take form of a written oral
or manipulation activity. Such machines other
tremendous flexibility to the programme an example
is the Lamson “Empirical” tutor.

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5. Complex Computer-Centered Machines:
These are in the very early stages of
development and are restricted, for the use of a
computer to control a battery of presentation.
Examples of such systems are the university of
Illionis “Plato II” machine, which uses a multi-
million dollar IIIiac computer as a centre control
of and can handle 128 students at one time, and
Saki, the self-adaptive keyboard instructor.

18. Programmed Learning
The programmed learning emerged out of
experimental researches on operant conditioning. It
incorporates the principle of operant conditioning in
human learning. The basic principle of operant
conditioning may be summarized as the principle of
reinforcement to effect behavioral changes in
successive approximation to the desired goal. The
total behavior is broken into meaningful operands
which are chained together to form the whole.
Programmed learning and programmes instruction
have been used interchangeable in the literature.

19. Principles of Programmed Learning
We have briefly mentioned the development of
programmed learning in historical perspective and
compared programmed learning and traditional
method. It is in the fitness of things to analyzed the
principles of programmed learning.
Five Principals of Programmed Learning:
1. Active Learner response
To what extent learner can understand is judged by
making him/her answer questions. The extent of a
learner’s understanding is ascertained from what is
demonstrated in the responses.

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2. Immediate Feedback
Let a learner know whether his/hr answer is
correct or incorrect immediately. Give the learner
the sub-segment question after his/her known
his/her response is right
or wrong.
3. Small Steps
Set small steps in order to prevent a learner from
stumbling as much as possible, when he/she
makes a mistake there is the risk of being labeled
a failure.

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4. Self Pacing
Let the learner decide the speed of learning so that
he/she can learn at his/her own pace. Consider that an
appropriate speed varies from learner to learner.
5. Learner Verification
Whether the program is good or bad is judged not
based on a specialists opinions but when weather
learning is actually established or not. To that end get
learners who have yet to learners the subject matter to
try the program under development. Based on the
trials improve the material is necessary

22. Computer Assisted Instructions
 Computer assisted instruction, abbreviated as CAI, is a term
that refers to interactive instructional strategies that use
computers to convey and teach instructional material to
students, as well as monitor their learning.
 Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) is to convey a vast amount
of information in a very short period of time. It is a powerful
method of reinforcing concepts and topics first introduced to
you through your assisted learning and in a powerful way to
comprehend complex concepts.
Types of CAI
1. Logo
2. Stimulation
3. Controlled Learning

23. Advantages of CAI
Instruct large number of students
simultaneously
Reduces the work load of teachers
Multiple dimensional learning
Recording, reviewing and ready reference
Interactive
Active learning
Immediate feedback

24. Problem Solving
Problem solving presents material in such a way as
to develop problem solving rationale this
approach helps children develop specific problem
solving skills and strategies. Usually, focuses on a
specific type of problem solving and provides
practice on a number of varieties of problems.
Problem solving applications sometime focus on
specific topics area and they are designed to
promote problem solving abilities.

25. Merits of Programmed Learning
 A well programmed instruction is a great thrust in the
direction of individualized instruction, as it is tailored
to the needs of the individual learner in the class.
 Since a programme requires continues response from
the learner, it overcomes the inertia and passivity on the
part of the learner.
 The teacher can give explanation in the classroom if the
error is common or he may arrange individual
conferences on specific points.
 A well programmed instruction is a great thrust in the
direction of individualstudents of the class.

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The introduction of programmed as it is tailored
to categorized to the needs of the developing
countries which are set on the path of education
millions of learners and are short of teachers.
Programme instruction enables the teacher to
diagnosis the of the individual
learner.
Certain mirror skills and intellectual abilities
normally taught by frequent drills and rate
memorization can be very efficiently taught by
self instructional devices.

27. Question/ Answer
THE END
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