Representation theory
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The document discusses the concept of representation and mediation in media texts. It explains that all media representations involve three key processes: selection, where certain elements are chosen over others; organization, where elements are arranged in particular ways; and focusing, where the media directs audience attention. It also discusses three views of representation - the reflective view which sees media as accurately reflecting reality, the intentional view which sees representation as intentional portrayal, and the constructionist view which sees representation as a complex interaction between the object, creator, audience and societal context. Representations are never exact reflections of reality but mediated portrayals that audiences interpret based on their own perspectives and societal influences.
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2. The theory suggests that women are often denied agency and identity in films, existing primarily as objects for the male gaze. This can influence how women see themselves.
3. The male gaze is argued to be prevalent in many mainstream films and media, potentially reinforcing patriarchal social norms and power dynamics by influencing how both men and women see gender roles.
Representation slideshare
The document discusses representation and stereotypes in media texts. It summarizes Richard Dyer's theory that stereotypes reduce the complexity of groups to a few exaggerated characteristics that are then applied to all group members. These characteristics are communicated through media language. The document also discusses whether those in power still stereotype minority groups, the benefits of stereotypes as media shorthand, and how representations and stereotypes are communicated to audiences semiotically through signs and systems of meaning that take into account audience ideology.
Technical Research
The document discusses the importance of mise-en-scene elements in photography for different genres. It focuses on using mise-en-scene elements like setting, costume, facial expressions, lighting, and composition to create professional-looking pop magazine photos. Specifically, it notes that settings aren't important for cover photos since backgrounds are removed, costumes are casually bright colors, expressions are laid back, lighting is bright with normal contrast, and subjects are centered. The document also discusses using Photoshop to remove backgrounds, enhance skin and reduce defects to make celebrities look better for magazine covers.
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Similar to Representation theory
Representation Intro Handout
The document discusses representation in media texts. It makes three key points:
1. All media texts involve mediation which alters reality and creates representations rather than showing the true reality. Mediation involves selection, organization and focusing of elements.
2. Representations are influenced by the intentions of their creators, the views of individuals consuming the media, and the dominant ideology of society.
3. Stereotyping is a natural human tendency that simplifies groups into prototypes. Media representations exploit this by emphasizing appearances, behaviors, and constructing stereotypes that fit each medium. People tend to conform new information to existing stereotypes.
Representation Revision Booklet
The document discusses the concept of representation in media studies. It begins by explaining that representation refers to how media depict or symbolize people, events, and ideas rather than showing reality directly. It then discusses three views of representation: the reflective view which sees media as accurately reflecting reality, the intentional view which sees representation as intentional by the creator, and the constructionist view which sees it as influenced by the creator, audience, and societal context. The document goes on to discuss how media can rely on and promote stereotypes as a way to simplify complex ideas, and the role of dominant ideology and hegemony in influencing representations.
Representation key concepts
This document discusses the concept of representation in media studies. It begins by defining representation as how media depict or describe people, places, and events to call them up in our minds. This is done through a process of mediation where reality is altered and changed into a media text. When analyzing representations, it is important to look at how they are selected, organized, and focus attention in particular ways. Representations do not show objective reality but rather symbolize and substitute for reality. They affect how audiences perceive people and issues in society. Different views see representations as reflecting society, intentionally shaping society, or actively constructing social meanings. Stereotypes are oversimplified representations that leave out diversity.
Representation
The document discusses the concept of representation in media studies. It begins by explaining that representation refers to how media depict or symbolize people, events, and ideas rather than showing reality directly. It then discusses three views of representation: the reflective view which sees media as accurately reflecting reality, the intentional view which sees representation as intentional by the creator, and the constructionist view which sees it as influenced by the creator, audience, and societal context. The document goes on to discuss how media can rely on and influence stereotypes as a way of simplifying complex ideas for audiences. It also discusses the concepts of hegemony, where a dominant group influences ideology, and pluralism, where multiple groups and ideas can coexist.
Representation
This document discusses the concept of representation in media studies. It begins by defining representation as how media depict or describe people, places, and events to call them up in our minds. This is done through a process of mediation where reality is altered and changed into a media text. When analyzing representations, it is important to look at how they are selected, organized, and focus attention in particular ways. Representations do not show objective reality but rather symbolize and substitute for reality. They affect how audiences perceive people and issues in society. Different views see representations as reflecting society, intentionally shaping society, or actively constructing social meanings. Stereotypes are oversimplified representations that emphasize certain traits, but countertypes can provide alternative representations.
Introduction to representation
The document discusses key concepts for analyzing representations in media, including mediation, language, institutions, audiences, theories and ideologies. It examines how representations are mediated and can be understood from reflective, intentional and constructionist perspectives. Stereotypes are discussed as simplifications that media uses to represent groups, with four typical parts: appearance, behavior, fitting the medium, and comparison to a norm. Changing representations over time through countertypes is also mentioned.
Introduction to representation
The document discusses representation and how it relates to concepts like mediation, ideology, and stereotypes. It addresses three views of representation - reflective, intentional, and constructionist. Representation is seen as a complex process influenced by the subject being represented, the person/group doing the representing, and the societal context. Media representations often rely on stereotypes which oversimplify groups through common traits related to appearance, behavior, how they are constructed for the specific medium, and in comparison to a norm. Countertypes in media can help challenge existing stereotypes.
Representation
Here are some ways those products might be gendered through advertising:
- A sports car could be advertised using images of attractive young men driving aggressively.
- A diving watch might show rugged masculine men engaging in water sports.
- Bottled beer could feature groups of laughing, athletic young men enjoying the beer socially.
- Toilet paper could emphasize softness, gentleness, and freshness in a feminine way.
- Deodorant ads may feature masculine men engaging in physical activities or attractive women in carefree settings.
- Cigarette ads may historically have portrayed smoking as sophisticated and masculine.
- A hi-fi system could be advertised showing mainly male audiences enjoying the power and control of
MediaFilmExchange.co.uk Powerpoint
The document discusses different views of how representations work:
1. The reflective view sees representations as accurately reflecting reality.
2. The intentional view sees representations as intentionally depicting the creator's perspective.
3. The constructionist view sees representations as influenced by reality, intentions, and societal/individual contexts. Representations are never entirely objective or subjective.
It then provides an example of how the constructionist view analyzes the representation of British people in the movie Independence Day.
Advertising booklet MS1
- Advertisements have four basic characteristics: they are commercial to make money, have an ideology or set of messages/values, their purpose is to sell products or services, and advertisers seek a wide target audience.
- There are four basic advertising formats: product information, product image, personalised format that gives products human qualities, and lifestyle format that links products to lifestyles.
- Advertisers use persuasive techniques like celebrity endorsements, expert endorsements, nostalgia, lifestyle fantasies, music/sound effects to target audiences.
Presentation on audiences
The document discusses three major media theories:
1) The Hypodermic Needle Theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences by "injecting" them with messages. It is now seen as too simplistic.
2) Reception Theory, developed by Stuart Hall, argues that meaning is constructed differently by each individual based on their own experiences and interpretations, rather than being inherent in the text.
3) Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why people use media rather than media effects, proposing that audiences are active and use media selectively to fulfill personal needs like surveillance, identity, relationships, and diversion.
Representation theory
This document discusses key concepts related to representation and stereotyping that are important to consider for a documentary production. It defines representation as the portrayal of people or topics from a particular perspective. Representation can be problematic if it is biased or does not fairly represent all groups. The document also discusses the concepts of mediation, dominant ideology, intentional view, and stereotyping. Specifically, it notes that mediation, the selection and organization of what is shown, is unavoidable but should aim for balanced representation. When producing the documentary, the document recommends capturing more footage than needed to allow for selective representation, and avoiding pushing a single intentional view in order to encourage debate.
Bjmc i, cp, unit-iii, mass audience
1. Early theories viewed media audiences as easily manipulated masses that could be persuaded through advertising or propaganda. However, others saw media as having less influence and working in more subtle ways.
2. Historically, media like photography, film, radio, and television allowed entertainment and art to reach vast audiences, unlike older forms restricted by space. This led to concepts of audiences as atomized masses receiving identical content anywhere.
3. However, these "mass audience" theories have been questioned, as media exposure often occurs alone rather than as true crowds, and experiences are sometimes shared with others not present. Individual experiences also vary rather than all being equally influenced.
MediaFilmExchange.co.uk Powerpoint
The document discusses several theories about how audiences interact with and are influenced by media texts. It describes the hypodermic syringe model which views audiences as passive and easily manipulated masses. It also outlines cultivation theory which suggests that repeated exposure to certain themes or issues can shape audiences' views over time. Additionally, it discusses uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active in choosing media content to fulfill specific needs or gratifications.
Audiences
The document discusses different theories about how media audiences interact with media content. Early theorists viewed audiences as easily manipulated masses that could be influenced by advertising or propaganda. However, others see audiences as having less influence and interacting with media in more subtle ways. The document goes on to discuss the idea that audiences were once seen as atomized individuals consuming the same media alone, and theories about audiences as masses comparable to crowds. It questions how well these theories describe modern audiences.
Representation in the Media
The document discusses representation in media. It makes three key points:
1. All media texts are representations of reality that are intentionally composed by their producers and are artificial versions of reality.
2. It is important to remember that every media form, from videos to magazines, represents someone's concept of existence through signs and symbols.
3. Representation is a fluid, two-way process where producers position a text in relation to reality and audiences assess the text based on its relationship to their own reality. Representation mediates ideas of people, places, and events in various ways.
A level media representation Mediation and ideology
The document discusses the concept of mediation in media studies. It begins by defining mediation as the process by which any form of media constructs a representation of a person, event, or place by intervening or altering the raw reality. Mediation involves the selection, focusing, and organization of content by media outlets. It is explained that through mediation, audiences do not see objective reality but a mediated version constructed by the media to push a certain viewpoint. All media content, even genres thought to be objective like news, involve mediation in their framing of issues and stories. The document also discusses how mediation can oversimplify concepts and intentionally or unintentionally misrepresent reality due to biases or the need to condense information
Audience Theory
The document summarizes four theories about how audiences interact with and make sense of media:
1) Uses and gratifications theory from 1959 suggests people seek out media to fulfill personal needs like entertainment, social comparison, identity, and surveillance.
2) Cultivation theory from 1975 argues long-term exposure to media shapes peoples' views of the real world.
3) Encoding/decoding theory from 1980 says audiences make sense of media based on their social positions like gender, age, class, and ethnicity.
4) Modeling theory from 2004 proposes media influence behaviors as audiences may copy violent or antisocial acts they see portrayed.
Media audiences
Media audience theory has evolved over time from seeing audiences as passive receivers easily manipulated by media (the hypodermic syringe model) to recognizing that audiences are active meaning-makers who bring their own experiences and perspectives. More recent models (uses and gratifications, reception analysis) see audiences as choosing media to fulfill various needs and individually interpreting meanings in texts based on factors like gender, social position and context. No single theory can fully explain the complex relationship between audiences and media.
2012 representation
Representation is how media portray reality through specific portrayals of people, places, and issues. It is not necessarily an accurate reflection but a constructed version. Media representations shape how audiences view things by selecting what to include and exclude and using language, images, and editing to guide audience understanding in a particular way. Representations reflect the views and values of their creators and can influence audience attitudes if they promote biased or unfair portrayals of groups.
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A level media representation Mediation and ideology
A level media representation Mediation and ideology
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Audience trends 2010
The document discusses trends in UK cinema audiences based on research conducted by Pete Buckingham of the UK Film Council. It finds that cinema audiences tend to be young (15-24 years old), from upper-middle class backgrounds, and frequent moviegoers. Buckingham notes some common ways the audience is clustered or segmented (such as "Hero Seekers" or "Youth of Today") but argues this provides limited help for filmmakers. The research aimed to better understand audience behaviors and identify tools to assess a film project's viability. It involved qualitative interviews that explored what motivates general filmgoers to see different movies.
Narrative theory (2)
This document discusses several narrative theories, including:
- Todorov's theory that narratives follow an equilibrium-disruption-restoration structure
- Barthes' theory that narratives employ codes like hermeneutic (raising questions), proairetic (anticipating actions), semantic, symbolic, and cultural
- Levi-Strauss' theory that narratives use binary oppositions like good vs evil
- Propp's analysis identifying character types like hero and villain, and narrative functions like lack, mediation, struggle, and return in folk tales
Media language2
Media language refers to the codes and conventions used in media to communicate meaning. Codes can be technical, relating to production elements like camera shots, or symbolic, relating to implied meanings. Conventions are generally accepted practices within a genre, like using interviews in news articles. Analyzing a text requires understanding how these codes and conventions work together to construct meaning, such as how horror movies conventionally use lighting codes to build suspense.
Genre theory (2)
This document discusses genre theory in media. It defines genre as a category or class that media products can be classified into, based on common distinguishing features like setting, characters, and technical elements. Audiences recognize genres and expect certain conventions, while producers use genres to market to niche audiences. However, genres are not static and evolve over time through hybrid subgenres as society and production change.
Audience theory
The document discusses several models of how audiences interact with and make meaning from media texts, moving from early passive models to more recent active models. It describes the hypodermic needle model, two-step flow model, uses and gratifications model, and reception theory model, noting how each successive model viewed audiences as more active and complex in their engagement with media.
How to get a top grade in your media cw
This document provides guidelines for students on how to get a top grade in their Media Studies coursework in 2008-2009. It outlines the criteria for the different sections - Research and Planning, Construction, and Evaluation - and what is required to receive an excellent mark in each area. Research and Planning focuses on research into similar products, organization, and use of technology. Construction evaluates technical skills like shot composition and editing. Evaluation examines understanding of conventions, audience feedback, and presentation skills.
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