1. Conversion Table
from : Present Tense
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, “It’s cold today.”
Present continuous
She said, “I am now teaching
English online.”
Present perfect
She said, “I have posted on this
web since 2005.”
Past simple
She said that it was cold that
day.
Past continuous
She said that she was then
teaching English online.
Past perfect
She said that she had posted
on that web since 2005.”

2. Conversion Table
from : Past Tense
Direct speech Indirect speech
Past simple
She said, “I taught online
yesterday.”
Past continuous
She said, “I was teaching here.”
Past perfect
She said, “The lesson had
already started when he
arrived.”
Past perfect
She said that she had taught
online the day before.
Past perfect continuous
She said that she had been
teaching there.
Past perfect
She said that the lesson had
already started when he
arrived.

3. Conversion Table
Adverbs / Adverbial Phrases of Time & Place
Direct speech Indirect speech
now
today
this (evening)
these (days)
yesterday
(a week) ago
last weekend
next (week)
tomorrow
here
then
that day
that (evening)
those (days)
the day before
(a week) before
the previous weekend
the following (week)
the next / following day
there

4. Reported Speech
Reported commands
*The teacher said, “Do/Don’t do it!”
The teacher asked you to/not to do it.
Reported questions
*The teacher asked, “What problems do you have?”
The students were asked what problems they had.
Reported statements
One finding of the survey is that xx% of the students
said/revealed that they have family problems.
It was found that xx% of the students… (passive voice)