This document summarizes international standards for the energy efficiency of low voltage AC motors. It introduces the International Efficiency (IE) classification system developed by IEC, which has 4 classes (IE1-IE4) with IE4 being the most efficient. The minimum efficiency requirements for 50Hz motors from IE1 to IE4 are presented for different motor sizes and pole configurations. European Union regulations requiring minimum IE classes for newly marketed motors are also summarized. A comparison between the older European EFF standard and the IE standard finds that the IE provides a more accurate determination of stray load losses.
Dongcogiamtoc.org là website cung cấp Động cơ - Motor ABB, Động cơ điện ABB, Biến tần Mitsubishi, Động cơ Baldor, giải pháp tiết kiệm điện và gia công lắp ráp tủ điều khiển, thiết bi đóng cắt ABB, Schneider
Công ty Dich vụ kỹ thuật Tương Lai xin gửi tới Quý công ty lới chào trân trọng nhất
Công ty chúng tôi là đại lý phân phối thiết bị của hãng ABB bao gồm : Biến tần, Động cơ điện hạ thế & trung thế của ABB và Baldor, thiết bi đóng cắt ABB. Schneider
Ngoài ra chúng tôi nhận lắp ráp chế tạo tủ điều khiển cho các ứng dụng điều khiển bơm, tủ điều khiển cho quạt công nghiệp, tủ điện thiết bi ngành nước, giấy, dệt vải, giải pháp tiết kiệm năng lượng.
Ứng dụng cuả ABB
ABB là một tập đoàn đứng đầu trên thế giới về sản xuất thiết bi công nghiệp, Đông cơ truyền động, chế tạo ROBOT công nghiệp và các thiết bi trong ngành truyền tải điện.
Các sản phẩm Tương Lai cung cấp và đại diện cho ABB:
- Đông cơ điện hạ thế ( AC và DC) , trung thế. chất liệu vỏ gang và nhôm tùy theo ứng dụng sản xuất.
- Biến tần điều khiển đông cơ- ABB, Mitsubishi
- thiết bi đóng cắt, Khởi đông mềm ABB và Schneider
- Ngoài ra Tương Lai còn cung cấp các sản phẩm khác:
- đông cơ giảm tốc Nord- Germany, Sumitomo-Japan , MCN- Taiwan
- thiết bị đo Instrument
chúng tôi luôn chuẩn bị lượng hàng có sẵn tại kho HCM một số lượng lớn nhằm đáp ứng các yêu cầu mua hàng nhanh nhất của khách hàng.
Mọi chi tiêt vui lòng liên hệ :
Trần Đức Nghĩa
Công ty TNHH TM DV Kỹ Thuật Tương Lai
HP: 0973 386 761
email: nghiatd.watt@gmail.com
website: www.dongcogiamtoc.org
Chuyên cung cấp: Động cơ điện - Motor điện, Động cơ ABB - Motor ABB
Energy Consumption Minimization of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Classi...ijtsrd
Energy insufficiency is one of the major problems in the world today due to the growing population. Induction motor is used in many industries due to its low cost, and low maintenance cost. The influence of these motors in terms of energy consumption in energy intensive industries is significant in total input cost. For the industry to remain in the competition, its running cost and power consumption must be minimized. When an induction motor work close to its rated torque, and speed at a light load, there is usually no balance between the copper and iron losses resulting in a reduction in efficiency of the motor and high power consumption, leading to temperature rise and noise is generated. This article focuses on minimizing the energy consumptions of the induction motor using the classical optimal controller technique. This was achieved by minimizing the stator current to the least possible value by optimizing the stator current for a given torque. The stator voltage values of the induction motor were varied by varying the modulation index Ma using the principle of constant flux. The classical optimal control system which uses information on the torque of the motor was used to generate the appropriate voltage amplitude that minimize the induction motor stator current. The classical optimal current controller models were configured for a set of experimental data using the information generated for the approximate minimum stator current value according to fitness functions. The models were implemented using MATLAB Simulink toolbox and were validated by simulation using a typical three phase induction motor of 4000W, 400V at a nominal frequency of 50Hz. From the result, it was observed that at minimum load torque of 2Nm and phase voltage of 230.94V, the power consumed was 1290W when the open loop method was used but it was reduced to 503.45W when the classical control method was used. Reducing the power consumed by 60.97 . Again, at a load torque of 10Nm, the power consumed was 1489W when the open loop method was used and 1173.17W when the classical control method. Minimizing the power consumed at a load torque of 10Nm by 21.2 . It was also observed that at load torque of 20Nm to the maximum torque of 26.7Nm, the amount of current drawn and the power consumed were the same when the open loop method and the classical control method were used. The results at different frequencies show that when implementing the classical optimal current control method, the stator current and power consumption were highly minimized when compared to the open loop method. Asiwe, Uchechukwu M. | Uju, Isidore U. | Iloh John Paul "Energy Consumption Minimization of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Classical Optimal Controller Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineer
This document summarizes information presented at a white paper on electric motor efficiency. It discusses various types of AC motors, factors that affect motor efficiency like materials and design tolerances, and standards for measuring and testing efficiency. Setting minimum efficiency standards could save 20 billion kWh per year in the US by using premium efficiency motors. Emerging motor technologies like copper rotor motors and electronically commutated permanent magnet motors may further improve efficiency.
This document provides information on electric motor specifications, including nameplate markings, insulation classes, frame sizes, and other technical details. It describes the key information that should be included on motor nameplates according to NEMA and IEC standards, such as voltage, current, speed, power rating, and insulation class. It also explains the NEMA system for standardized motor frame sizes and provides tables matching frame sizes to horsepower ratings.
The document discusses guidelines for designing energy efficient motor control systems according to EU regulations. It provides guidance on using high efficiency IE3 motors and determining whether a variable speed drive (VSD) or motor starter is most suitable for a given application. A system-level analysis is needed to evaluate the energy losses and select the most efficient solution based on the application's specific speed and load requirements.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, uses, starting methods, and protection requirements. It discusses the main components of asynchronous motors, such as the stator, rotor, and bearings. Common starting methods include direct-on-line, star-delta, and auto-transformer starting. The document also outlines relevant standards for motor protection and coordination, and definitions for terms like direct-on-line starters, reduced voltage starters, and star-delta starters. Finally, it provides information on ABB equipment and solutions for motor coordination.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, typical applications, starting methods, and coordination of protective devices according to relevant standards. It discusses the main components of asynchronous motors, such as the stator, rotor, and chassis. Common starting methods include direct-on-line, star-delta, auto-transformer, and soft starting. The document also outlines considerations for motor protection and coordination based on standards like IEC 60947, including definitions for motor starters, circuit breakers, and coordination between protective devices.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, protection, starting methods, and ABB's coordination equipment and solutions. It discusses the main motor types, applications, standards, starting methods like star/delta and soft starting. ABB offers motors, coordination devices, and tables to help with selection and coordination of protection based on motor characteristics and duty type. Annexes provide additional details on motor theory, starting time calculation, thermal protection, duty types, and UL coordination standards.
Dongcogiamtoc.org là website cung cấp Động cơ - Motor ABB, Động cơ điện ABB, Biến tần Mitsubishi, Động cơ Baldor, giải pháp tiết kiệm điện và gia công lắp ráp tủ điều khiển, thiết bi đóng cắt ABB, Schneider
Công ty Dich vụ kỹ thuật Tương Lai xin gửi tới Quý công ty lới chào trân trọng nhất
Công ty chúng tôi là đại lý phân phối thiết bị của hãng ABB bao gồm : Biến tần, Động cơ điện hạ thế & trung thế của ABB và Baldor, thiết bi đóng cắt ABB. Schneider
Ngoài ra chúng tôi nhận lắp ráp chế tạo tủ điều khiển cho các ứng dụng điều khiển bơm, tủ điều khiển cho quạt công nghiệp, tủ điện thiết bi ngành nước, giấy, dệt vải, giải pháp tiết kiệm năng lượng.
Ứng dụng cuả ABB
ABB là một tập đoàn đứng đầu trên thế giới về sản xuất thiết bi công nghiệp, Đông cơ truyền động, chế tạo ROBOT công nghiệp và các thiết bi trong ngành truyền tải điện.
Các sản phẩm Tương Lai cung cấp và đại diện cho ABB:
- Đông cơ điện hạ thế ( AC và DC) , trung thế. chất liệu vỏ gang và nhôm tùy theo ứng dụng sản xuất.
- Biến tần điều khiển đông cơ- ABB, Mitsubishi
- thiết bi đóng cắt, Khởi đông mềm ABB và Schneider
- Ngoài ra Tương Lai còn cung cấp các sản phẩm khác:
- đông cơ giảm tốc Nord- Germany, Sumitomo-Japan , MCN- Taiwan
- thiết bị đo Instrument
chúng tôi luôn chuẩn bị lượng hàng có sẵn tại kho HCM một số lượng lớn nhằm đáp ứng các yêu cầu mua hàng nhanh nhất của khách hàng.
Mọi chi tiêt vui lòng liên hệ :
Trần Đức Nghĩa
Công ty TNHH TM DV Kỹ Thuật Tương Lai
HP: 0973 386 761
email: nghiatd.watt@gmail.com
website: www.dongcogiamtoc.org
Chuyên cung cấp: Động cơ điện - Motor điện, Động cơ ABB - Motor ABB
Energy Consumption Minimization of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Classi...ijtsrd
Energy insufficiency is one of the major problems in the world today due to the growing population. Induction motor is used in many industries due to its low cost, and low maintenance cost. The influence of these motors in terms of energy consumption in energy intensive industries is significant in total input cost. For the industry to remain in the competition, its running cost and power consumption must be minimized. When an induction motor work close to its rated torque, and speed at a light load, there is usually no balance between the copper and iron losses resulting in a reduction in efficiency of the motor and high power consumption, leading to temperature rise and noise is generated. This article focuses on minimizing the energy consumptions of the induction motor using the classical optimal controller technique. This was achieved by minimizing the stator current to the least possible value by optimizing the stator current for a given torque. The stator voltage values of the induction motor were varied by varying the modulation index Ma using the principle of constant flux. The classical optimal control system which uses information on the torque of the motor was used to generate the appropriate voltage amplitude that minimize the induction motor stator current. The classical optimal current controller models were configured for a set of experimental data using the information generated for the approximate minimum stator current value according to fitness functions. The models were implemented using MATLAB Simulink toolbox and were validated by simulation using a typical three phase induction motor of 4000W, 400V at a nominal frequency of 50Hz. From the result, it was observed that at minimum load torque of 2Nm and phase voltage of 230.94V, the power consumed was 1290W when the open loop method was used but it was reduced to 503.45W when the classical control method was used. Reducing the power consumed by 60.97 . Again, at a load torque of 10Nm, the power consumed was 1489W when the open loop method was used and 1173.17W when the classical control method. Minimizing the power consumed at a load torque of 10Nm by 21.2 . It was also observed that at load torque of 20Nm to the maximum torque of 26.7Nm, the amount of current drawn and the power consumed were the same when the open loop method and the classical control method were used. The results at different frequencies show that when implementing the classical optimal current control method, the stator current and power consumption were highly minimized when compared to the open loop method. Asiwe, Uchechukwu M. | Uju, Isidore U. | Iloh John Paul "Energy Consumption Minimization of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Classical Optimal Controller Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineer
This document summarizes information presented at a white paper on electric motor efficiency. It discusses various types of AC motors, factors that affect motor efficiency like materials and design tolerances, and standards for measuring and testing efficiency. Setting minimum efficiency standards could save 20 billion kWh per year in the US by using premium efficiency motors. Emerging motor technologies like copper rotor motors and electronically commutated permanent magnet motors may further improve efficiency.
This document provides information on electric motor specifications, including nameplate markings, insulation classes, frame sizes, and other technical details. It describes the key information that should be included on motor nameplates according to NEMA and IEC standards, such as voltage, current, speed, power rating, and insulation class. It also explains the NEMA system for standardized motor frame sizes and provides tables matching frame sizes to horsepower ratings.
The document discusses guidelines for designing energy efficient motor control systems according to EU regulations. It provides guidance on using high efficiency IE3 motors and determining whether a variable speed drive (VSD) or motor starter is most suitable for a given application. A system-level analysis is needed to evaluate the energy losses and select the most efficient solution based on the application's specific speed and load requirements.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, uses, starting methods, and protection requirements. It discusses the main components of asynchronous motors, such as the stator, rotor, and bearings. Common starting methods include direct-on-line, star-delta, and auto-transformer starting. The document also outlines relevant standards for motor protection and coordination, and definitions for terms like direct-on-line starters, reduced voltage starters, and star-delta starters. Finally, it provides information on ABB equipment and solutions for motor coordination.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, typical applications, starting methods, and coordination of protective devices according to relevant standards. It discusses the main components of asynchronous motors, such as the stator, rotor, and chassis. Common starting methods include direct-on-line, star-delta, auto-transformer, and soft starting. The document also outlines considerations for motor protection and coordination based on standards like IEC 60947, including definitions for motor starters, circuit breakers, and coordination between protective devices.
This document provides an overview of three-phase asynchronous motors, including their structure, protection, starting methods, and ABB's coordination equipment and solutions. It discusses the main motor types, applications, standards, starting methods like star/delta and soft starting. ABB offers motors, coordination devices, and tables to help with selection and coordination of protection based on motor characteristics and duty type. Annexes provide additional details on motor theory, starting time calculation, thermal protection, duty types, and UL coordination standards.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
The influence of optimum generation on transient stabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the influence of optimum generation on transient stability in the Iraqi National Super Grid power system. The study used a Matlab simulation to analyze transient stability under different fault conditions with ordinary and optimum generation levels. It found that optimum generation improved transient stability for three generating plants compared to ordinary generation levels, with improvements ranging from 16.6% to 84% depending on the specific plant and fault scenario. Optimum generation was calculated to minimize power losses using an optimal power flow analysis prior to evaluating transient stability performance under faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The new “Champion” for energy efficiency & reliability - Siemens Motortwinkleerai
Checkout Siemens Motor catalogue for Siemens 1LA8 Series, Siemens Dual Speed Motors 1LA0 2Speed, SiemensN Compact Motors at Shopelect. Check Siemens Motor price list and buy Siemens Motor online from Shopelect.
find out here now : http://www.shopelect.com/motors/special-application/siemens
The document discusses the EU ErP Directive 2009/125/EC and Regulation EC 640/2009, which mandate increasingly higher minimum efficiency levels for electric motors. Starting in 2015, most motors must meet the IE3 efficiency level, which has led to design changes in motors that also impact the protection systems used with them. The white paper aims to help users understand how IE3 motor design impacts protection systems and select appropriate switchgear that safely meets the new requirements.
IRJET- Power Generation using GYM Equipment (Lat Pull Down)IRJET Journal
1. Students at the D.Y.Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology developed a system to generate electricity from a lat pull down gym machine.
2. The system works by connecting the pulley of the lat pull down machine to a generator via a gear mechanism. As the user exercises on the machine, the pulley turns, rotating the generator and producing electricity.
3. Testing showed the system could produce an average of 4.2 watts of power per hour of machine use, which could provide enough energy to power a LED bulb in the gym for 2 hours if the machine was operated for 8 hours. The electricity is stored in batteries and has potential applications to power small appliances.
The document provides details about the ISO 9001-2008 certified electric loco shed located in Santragachi, India. It maintains WAP-4 electric locomotives. The shed has three main sections: E-3 inspects and overhauls traction motors; E-4 maintains relays, speedometers, and microprocessors; E-5 inspects and services transformers, graduators, and SMGRs. The shed ensures locomotives are properly inspected and maintained to operate throughout the year.
Comparative Analysis of Different Methods of Starting Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document compares different methods for starting induction motors, including direct online (DOL), star-delta, autotransformer, capacitor, and soft starting. It analyzes the current, torque, and speed characteristics of each method through simulations. The results show that no single method is universally better, as there is a tradeoff between factors like starting current, torque, speed, and cost for each approach. While DOL and capacitor starting produce high currents and torque but reach rated speed quickly, star-delta, autotransformer, and soft starting gradually increase current and torque but take longer to start. The document concludes that the optimal starting method depends on the specific application and power system constraints.
Braking of Three Phase Induction Motorsby Controlling Applied Voltage and Fre...IJPEDS-IAES
Braking of three phase induction motors is required in many industrial applications. This paper introduces braking of three phase induction motors using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The objective is to determine the optimum values of the applied voltage and frequency during braking to stop the motor in a certain time with minimum braking energy losses to limit any excessive thermal heating. The proposed technique is important and more useful in applications of repeated braking cycles. The results are compared with that obtained using plugging braking method and it's found that the proposed technique gives lower braking energy and shorter braking time. The braking energy losses with the proposed method are about 20% of the plugging braking energy losses with the same braking time. The proposed method determines the variation of optimal values of applied voltage and frequency to have a certain braking time of three phase induction motor at a certain load torque with minimum braking energy losses. The characteristics of the motor are simulated using SIMULINK/MATLAB.
Century Motors Bulletin 1505B_Single-ThreePhase_Integral_HPJim Milbaugh
This document provides information on Century electric motors that are suitable for inverter duty applications. It discusses how variable frequency drives can cause premature failure in standard motors and introduces Century's Speed Engineered motors. The Speed Engineered motors are specially designed to be corona-free and eliminate the destructive effects of voltage spikes from VFDs. They are available in both E-Plus and E-Plus 3 versions to meet various efficiency standards and application needs.
Minimization of Starting Energy Loss of Three Phase Induction Motors Based on...IJPEDS-IAES
The purpose of this paper is to minimize energy losses consumed by three
phase induction motors during starting with wide range of load torque from
no load to full load. This will limit the temperature rise and allows for more
numbers of starting during a definite time. Starting energy losses
minimization is achieved by controlling the rate of increasing voltage
and frequency to start induction motor under certain load torque within a
definite starting time. Optimal voltage and frequency are obtained by particle
swarm optimization (PSO) tool according to load torque. Then, outputs of the
PSO are used to design a neuro-fuzzy controller to control the output voltage
and frequency of the inverter during starting for each load torque. The
starting characteristics using proposed method are compared to that of direct
on line and V/F methods. A complete model of the system is developed using
SIMULINK/MATLAB.
Neuro-Genetic Adaptive Optimal Controller for DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
Conventional speed controllers of DC motors suffer from being not adaptive; this is because of the nonlinearity in the motor model due to saturation. Structure of DC motor speed controller should vary according to its operating conditions, so that the transient performance is acceptable. In this paper an adaptive and optimal Neuro-Genetic controller is used to control a DC motor speed. GA will be used first to obtain the optimal controller parameter for each load torque and motor reference speed. The data obtained from GA is used to train a neural network; the inputs for the neural network are the load torque and the motor reference speed and the outputs are the controller parameters. This neural network is used on line to adapt the controller parameters according to operating conditions. This controller is tested with a sudden change in the operating conditions and could adapt itself for the conditions and gave an optimal transient performance.
2on cicle tèncic d'energia a la indústria
Jornada eficiència energètica en motors elèctrics
Ponents: Ana Marañon. Enginyera Indsutrial EIC
Toni Garcia. Dr. enginyer industrial. Professor UPC
This document provides information on air motors and gearmotors produced by Gast Manufacturing Inc., including:
- Descriptions of lubricated air motor and gearmotor models with details on horsepower, speed, torque, pressure and other specifications.
- Typical applications for air motors like mixing equipment, conveyors, pumps, packaging machines, and more.
- Information on selecting the right air motor based on required power, speed, torque and pressure. Factors like output varying with speed and pressure are addressed.
- Safety information for using air motors in hazardous environments, noting their non-sparking nature and cooling from compressed air. Maximum surface temperatures are specified.
- Recommended accessories to ensure
This document discusses the design of a smart shock absorber that can generate electricity from the vibration energy of a vehicle's suspension system. It proposes using a rack and pinion gear connected to an alternator to convert the reciprocating motion of the shock absorber into rotational motion that can power the alternator. The system would charge the vehicle's battery to provide power for vehicle accessories. It estimates that installing such a system on all four wheels could generate 7.5 kWh of electricity from a suspension displacement of 25mm per meter traveled. The system would reuse vibration energy that is currently lost as heat and provide electricity without drawing power from the vehicle engine.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This document provides information about electric motors manufactured by FFD, including:
- Single and three phase motors are available in frame sizes 56 to 315 with power outputs from 0.06kW to 200kW.
- Details are given on the construction of the motors, including the housing, end shields, rotor, terminal boxes, fans, cooling, and protection levels.
- Standards that the motors are manufactured according to are listed.
- Performance data is provided for three phase motors in a table including rated speed, power output, efficiency, torque, sound levels, weight and more.
Induction motor is a veritable machine in the industries today, since is the most widely used electric motor in the
industry. It offers a reasonable performance, manageable torque/speed characteristics and a better efficiency. The aim of this
paper is to examine a comparative analysis of a three phase induction motor for performance evaluation. The computer simulation
and experimental methods were used to carry out the investigations, validation and evaluation of the behavioural characteristics of
the machine. The simulation and experimental results obtained were compared to validate the results obtained from the
experimental method. It was shown that the results from the simulation and experimental methods were in agreement with the
theoretical values of the three phase induction motor. Thus, the results indicated that the relative errors were negligible and the
proposed simulation models accurately predict the equivalent circuit parameters of the induction motor.
This document provides details about an internship project at Siemens Kalwa involving testing of induction motors at their Advanced Motor Test Centre (AMTC). It includes descriptions of routine tests and type tests performed on motors to check electrical and mechanical functioning. Key specifications of 3-phase induction motors like synchronous speed, slip, torque, and efficiency are defined. The roles of the nameplate, insulation class, IP rating, and frame size are also explained. Inventory management procedures are outlined. In conclusion, the intern gained hands-on experience applying classroom knowledge in an industrial setting.
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
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Similar to Report on International Efficiency Efficiency Classes for Low Voltage AC Motors.pdf
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
The influence of optimum generation on transient stabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the influence of optimum generation on transient stability in the Iraqi National Super Grid power system. The study used a Matlab simulation to analyze transient stability under different fault conditions with ordinary and optimum generation levels. It found that optimum generation improved transient stability for three generating plants compared to ordinary generation levels, with improvements ranging from 16.6% to 84% depending on the specific plant and fault scenario. Optimum generation was calculated to minimize power losses using an optimal power flow analysis prior to evaluating transient stability performance under faults.
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Induction motor is a veritable machine in the industries today, since is the most widely used electric motor in the
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experimental method. It was shown that the results from the simulation and experimental methods were in agreement with the
theoretical values of the three phase induction motor. Thus, the results indicated that the relative errors were negligible and the
proposed simulation models accurately predict the equivalent circuit parameters of the induction motor.
This document provides details about an internship project at Siemens Kalwa involving testing of induction motors at their Advanced Motor Test Centre (AMTC). It includes descriptions of routine tests and type tests performed on motors to check electrical and mechanical functioning. Key specifications of 3-phase induction motors like synchronous speed, slip, torque, and efficiency are defined. The roles of the nameplate, insulation class, IP rating, and frame size are also explained. Inventory management procedures are outlined. In conclusion, the intern gained hands-on experience applying classroom knowledge in an industrial setting.
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Report on International Efficiency Efficiency Classes for Low Voltage AC Motors.pdf
1. 1 of 13
Report on Study on International Efficiency (IE) Efficiency
Classes for Low Voltage AC Motors
Executive Summary
In Hong Kong, the Code of Practice for energy efficiency of Building Services Installation
(Code of Practice) specifies the minimum motor efficiency for single-speed three-phase
totally enclosed motor. These requirements serve to determine the baseline energy
performance on motor.
Internationally, there is a standard which stipulates the energy efficiency of low voltage
AC motors, namely the International Efficiency (IE). The purpose of which is to
promote higher energy efficiency to reduce the energy consumption and the energy
cost of low voltage AC motors. To facilitate the procurement of new motors with
higher energy efficiency, a study on the IE and its application was conducted.
In this paper, the IE standard for motors is introduced. In addition, with a view to better
understand the availability of existing motor products in the market, a survey was
conducted on the motor and its price of different classes from major suppliers in Hong
Kong. A case study on calculating the energy saving of replacement of energy
efficient motor is covered.
Background
In 1998, the European Committee of Manufacturers of Electrical Machines and Power
Electronics (CEMEP) developed three classes (i.e. EFF1, EFF2 and EFF3) to describe the
energy efficiency of motors. It is a voluntary agreement between the electrical motor
manufacturers and the European Commission. However, the agreement expired on
16 June 2011.
CEMEP’s EFF has been adopted in Europe and some other countries around the world.
In order to harmonize the standards describing motor energy efficiency, the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed the International
Efficiency (IE) classes through collaboration with the National Electrical Manufactures
Association (NEMA), CEMEP, the Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA),
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and other international
organizations.
The IE classes were initially developed in October 2008, namely IEC 60034-30:2008,
2. 2 of 13
which has been recently updated in June 2014, namely IEC 60034-30-1:2014, for the
purpose of expanding its scope of classification.
EFF Classification
The EFF has 3 classes, i.e. EFF1, EFF2 and EFF3 respectively. EFF1 is the most energy
efficient, while EFF3 is the least energy efficient. In other words, the lower class
number represents the higher motor efficiency. The testing method is based on IEC
60034-2-1:1996 – Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests
(excluding machines for traction power). The stray load loss, which varies with the
load, is assumed at 0.5% of the motor’s input power. However, it is lower than the
real losses from motors of lower rated power.
IE Classification
The IE Classification is defined by IEC 60034-30-1. The latest version of IEC
60034-30-1 was published in June 2014. The IE classes are shown in Table 1
Table 1 IE Classes
Class Type Class Number
Standard efficiency IE1
High efficiency IE2
Premium efficiency IE3
Super premium efficiency IE4
IE4 represents the highest energy efficiency whilst IE1 represents the least energy
efficiency. In other words, the higher the class number, the higher the motor
efficiency. IE5 is to be incorporated in the next edition of IEC 60034-30-1, with a goal
to obtain an energy loss reduction of 20% relative to IE4. However, it should be noted
that the drafting of the IE5 is in progress, thus, it is not available in the commercial
market now.
The scope of classification is defined for single speed, single and three phase, and
continuous duty electric motor with 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles. The rated output ranges from
0.12kW to 1,000 kW; the rated voltage is up to 1kV; and the frequency is between
50Hz and 60Hz. The scope also includes ambient temperature within the range of
-20o
C to +60o
C and an altitude of up to 4,000m above sea level.
3. 3 of 13
Some particular exemptions are highlighted as follows:
Single-speed motors with 10 or more poles or multi-speed motors are excluded;
Motors that are completely integrated into a machine, such as a pump, fan and
compressor, and frequency-converters that cannot be tested for its efficiency
individually shall be excluded from the IE standard;
Brake motors, which is an integral part of the inner motor construction, cannot be
removed nor supplied by a separate power source during the test shall be excluded;
and
Submersible motors and smoke extraction motors with a temperature class above
400o
C shall be excluded.
In accordance with the Hong Kong electricity supply context, 50Hz motor is the focus.
It is observed that the motors commonly used in Hong Kong are 4-poles. A graphical
presentation of this type of motor is shown in Figure 1 while the minimum energy
efficiency requirement of IE Efficiency Class of IE1 to IE4 of different poles is shown in
Table 2. .
Figure 1 Minimum Energy Efficiency Requirement of IE Efficiency Class of 4 poles, 50Hz
motor
5. 5 of 13
European Union Practice
According to European Union, the IE classes are implemented progressively. Below is
the summary of requirements of energy efficiency of motor in EU.
Table 3 Summary of requirements of energy efficiency of motor in EU
Commencement Date Requirements
16 June 2011 IE2 is the minimum efficiency class allowed to be
newly marketed in the European Economic Area.
New motors of IE1 are no longer allowed.
1 January 2014 IE3 is the minimum efficiency class for motors with
a rated output between 7.5kW and 375kW. IE2 is
also allowed if motors are operated or equipped
with variable speed drive (VSD).
1 January 2017 The scope of requirement of IE3 and IE2 with VSD
will be expanded to motors with a rated output
from 0.75kW to 375kW.
Comparison on EFF/ IE standards
The following comparison is based on the testing method of IEC 60034-2-1:1996 for
EFF and IEC 60034-2-1:2014 for IE.
Study findings of the testing methods reveal that the determination of stray load loss is
the major difference. For EFF, the stray load loss is assumed to be 0.5% of the total
power output; whilst for IE, the stay load loss is determined by indirect measurement.
It should be noted that in reality, the actual stray load loss is usually higher than 0.5% of
the total power output, especially for motors of lower power. It is obvious that the
energy efficiency of the motors with lower power were overestimated.
The EFF and IE classes could be aligned with each other. The motor of EFF1 could be
considered as equivalent to that of IE2, and the motor of EFF2 could be considered as
equivalent to that of IE1. Although discrepancies in energy efficiency requirements
can be found between EFF1 and IE2 and EFF2 and IE1, they are due to the difference in
the testing method as mentioned above. Table 4 describes the alignment of the
energy efficiency of EFF and IE, and Table 5 compares the energy efficiency requirement
of EFF and IE for 4-poles, 50Hz motor.
6. 6 of 13
Table 4 Alignment of the energy efficiency standard of CEMEP and IEC
Efficiency Class IEC CEMEP
Super Premium Efficiency IE4 -
Premium Efficiency IE3 -
High Efficiency IE2 EFF1
Standard Efficiency IE1 EFF2
Below Standard Efficiency - EFF3
Table 5 Comparison of IE and EFF for 4 poles 50Hz motors
Rated Power
(kW)
Comparison between
IE2 and EFF1
Comparison between
IE1 and EFF2
IE2 EFF1 IE1 EFF2
1.1 81.4 83.8 75.0 76.2
1.5 82.8 85.0 77.2 78.5
2.2 84.3 86.4 79.7 81.0
3 85.5 87.4 81.5 82.6
4 86.6 88.3 83.1 84.2
5.5 87.7 89.2 84.7 85.7
7.5 88.7 90.1 86.0 87.0
11 89.8 91.0 87.6 88.4
15 90.6 91.8 88.7 89.4
18.5 91.2 92.2 89.3 90.0
22 91.6 92.6 89.9 90.5
30 92.3 93.2 90.7 91.4
37 92.7 93.6 91.2 92.0
45 93.1 93.9 91.7 92.5
55 93.5 94.2 92.1 93.0
75 94.0 94.7 92.7 93.6
90 94.2 95.0 93.0 93.9
The IE standard is continuously developing for the future efficiency classes. As
mentioned above, the IE5 is currently under preparation so the IE classification is
expandable for future but the EFF classification is not.
7. 7 of 13
Requirements in Hong Kong
In accordance with the latest Building Energy Code1
(BEC), the minimum energy
efficiency requirements of motors with rated output not exceeding 7.5kW and above
7.5kW are IE2 and IE3 respectively.
Application Area
Low voltage motors are widely installed in various E&M appliances, such as the
compressors of chillers, AHUs, lifts and pumps. Installing energy efficient motors can
help to reduce the electricity consumption.
During the procurement of the afore-mentioned electric appliances, apart from looking
at the specific energy efficiency classes of the electric appliances, further attention could
be paid to the energy efficiency of the motor. For example, when procuring a water
pump, the energy efficiency of the motor equipped within the pump could significantly
affect the overall energy efficiency.
However, it should be noted that the energy efficiency of motor may not be easily
found during the procurement of the E&M product, as they may be integrated with the
machine and a breakdown of the energy efficiency of its parts may not be provided, e.g.
the motor of a chiller is installed in the compressor. During the procurement of the
chiller, the energy efficiency provided could be the overall energy efficiency of the chiller,
which is dependent on the different components of the chillers, but not solely the
motor’s. It is also mentioned in the IEC 60034-30-1:2014 that the energy efficiency of
a motor that is fully integrated with a machine cannot be determined by the IEC
standard. Therefore, specific energy efficiency classification for chiller, such as
coefficient of performance (COP), is more applicable in describing the energy efficiency.
As discussed above, the efficiency of motors would significantly affect the overall
efficiency of the machine it serves. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the
energy efficiency of the motor installed in the E&M appliances separately.
A Concise Review of Retail Price
There are various manufacturers manufacturing motors in accordance with the IE
standard around the world. The listed price varies across brands for reasons such as
the quality, material and other features.
1
http://www.beeo.emsd.gov.hk/en/pee/BEC_2015.pdf
8. 8 of 13
Some motor manufacturers were invited to submit the motor prices during the Study.
A comparison of the prices collected in relation to IE2 with IE3 and IE4 motor was made.
A ratio of the prices is tabulated in Table 6. The motors are divided into 2 groups in
accordance with their rated power of 37kW due to the significant difference of their
shaft bearing design.
Table 6 Price ration comparison of IE2, IE3 and IE4 4-poles motor
Rated Power Price Ratio[1]
kW IE2[2][3]
IE3 IE4
≤37 1.00 1.17 1.32
>37 1.00 1.13 1.21
Notes:
[1] The listed prices are obtained from various manufacturers available in Hong Kong market in June 2015
[2] The listed price of IE2 4-poles 7.5 kW motor is around HK$6,000 in Hong Kong market.
[3] The listed price of IE2 4-poles 45kW motor is around HK$28,000 in Hong Kong market.
According to Table 6, the retail price of IE3 motor is higher than that of IE2 motor, with
an average ratio 1.17:1 and 1.13:1 for motor at lower or equal to 37kW and higher
than 37kW, respectively. The retail price of IE4 motor is costlier than IE2 motor with
an average ratio of 1.32:1 and 1.21:1 for motor at lower or equal to 37kW, respectively.
Detailed comparison can be found in Appendix A.
Market Available Products
The minimum requirement of energy efficiency of motor is rated at IE3 level (IE2 level
for motors with rated output not exceeding 7.5kW). No IE1 nor EFF2 motor is available
in the market. The IE2 and IE3 motors dominate the Hong Kong market due to its
lower price tag in comparison to IE4 motors.
The number of manufacturers supplying IE4 motors is limited in Hong Kong and would
have to be sourced from international motor manufacturers. Further, there are only a
few projects in Hong Kong that have required the use of IE4 motors.
There are some other additional features and function of motors, such as flexible
terminal box, corrosion proof and engineered-to-order, etc. These additional features
shall be taken into consideration during the procurement of new motors.
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Energy Saving by Energy Efficient Motor
The annual energy saving by upgrading to more efficient motor is calculated as the
formula below:
The percentage of energy saving can be calculated with the following formula:
If the annual energy consumption of motor is not available, it can be estimated with the
following formula:
Case Study
To demonstrate the calculation of energy cost saving and payback period, a case study
is provided below.
For Company A, the information regarding the old motor and the operation pattern is
shown in Table 7.
Table 7 Specification of old motor and operation pattern
Rated Power 37 kW
No. of Poles 4
Efficiency 91.2 (IE1)
Operating Hours per Day 10
Operating Days per Year 360
The Annual Energy Consumption is calculated below:
Therefore, the annual energy consumption of old motor is 146,052kWh.
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Company A is going to upgrade the motor to an IE3 motor as per the specification
shown in Table 3.4.
Table 8 Specification of new motor
Rated Power 37 kW
No. of Poles 4
Efficiency 93.9 (IE3)
Cost of Motor (including installation) HK$40,000
Designed Lifespan 400,000 hours
The percentage of energy saving and the anticipated annual energy saving is calculated
below:
Therefore, the percentage of energy saving and annual energy saving is 2.88% and
4,206kWh per year, respectively.
To evaluate the cost effectiveness, the payback period is calculated as follows:
Therefore, the payback period is 9.5 years, which equals to 34,675 operating hours. In
comparison with the designed lifespan of the motor (i.e. 400,000 hours), upgrading the
motor from IE1 to IE3 is considered to be cost effective.
Conclusion
International Efficiency (IE) is a new trend around the world in describing the energy
efficiency of motors. The IE classes IE1 to IE4 are well developed, while the IE5 is under
preparation. The classification method allows for further improvement in the energy
efficiency of motors. In Hong Kong, minimum energy efficiency requirements of motors
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with rated output not exceeding 7.5kW and above 7.5kW are IE2 and IE3 respectively.
Energy Efficiency Office
December 2015
12. 12 of 13
Appendix A
Study Note on Market Availability of High
Efficient Chillers and Unitary Air Conditioners in
Hong Kong