The document details a project on cognitive radio, emphasizing its significance in enhancing communication efficiency by accessing unused bandwidth. It describes the design and implementation of dual band and e-band antennas using IE3D software, highlighting the challenges faced during development. The project aims to provide user-friendly access to bandwidth information and proposes future enhancements such as satellite phone communication.

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Cognitive Radio- A
Multiband Approach
SVKM’s NMIMS,
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management &
Engineering,
Shirpur Campus, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (M.H.)
Guided By: Submitted By:
Prof. Dr. U. Ragavendran Rutwik Patil
Neelansh Srivastava
Debjyoti Saha
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC &
TELECOMMUNICATION
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management &
Engineering
SESSION: 2018-19

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this Project entitled
“Cognitive Radio” being submitted by
“Rutwik Patil” (Roll No –C221)
“Neelansh Srivastava” (Roll No –C246)
“Debjyoti Saha” (Roll No –C225)
for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B. Tech in
“Electronic & Telecommunication” discipline to “NMIMS, Mumbai
(M.H.)” during the academic year 2017-18 is a record of bonafide piece
of work, carried out by him under my supervision and guidance in the
“Department of Information Technology”, MPSTME, Shirpur
(M.H.).
APPROVED & SUPERVISED BY:
Prof. Dr. U. Ragavendran
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC &
TELECOMMUNICATION
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management &
Engineering

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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The Project entitled “Department Informative App” being submitted by
“Rutwik Patil” (Roll No –C221)
“Neelansh Srivastava” (Roll No –C246)
“Debjyoti Saha” (Roll No –C225)
has been examined by us and is hereby approved for the award of degree “B-Tech
in Electronic & Telecommunication”, for which it has been submitted. It is
understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or
approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but
approve the project only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC &
TELECOMMUNICATION
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management &
Engineering

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the completion of this Minor Project work, words are not enough to express our feelings
about all those who helped our group to reach the goal.
It’s a great pleasure and moment of immense satisfaction for us to express our profound gratitude
to Prof. Dr. U. Ragavendran faculty, Department of Electronic & Telecommunication,
MPSTME Shirpur, whose constant encouragement enabled us to work enthusiastically. Working
under their guidance has been a fruitful and unforgettable experience.
We express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dr. B. K Mohanty, Head, Electronic &
Telecommunication Engineering Department, MPSTME, Shirpur, for providing necessary
infrastructure and help to complete the project work successfully.
The successful completion of a Mini Project is generally not an individual effort. It is an
outcome of the cumulative effort of a number of persons, each having their own importance to
the objective. This section is a vote of thanks and gratitude towards all those persons who have
directly or indirectly contributed in their own special way towards the completion of this project.

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CONTENTS
Sr. No. NAME PAGE No.
1 Problem Definition 6
2 Originality of work 7
3 Project Description 8
4 Details of development 9
5 Applications - Advantages 17
6 Project Snapshots/Output 9-16
7 Future Work 18
8 References 19

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1. Problem Definition
1.Need for a software source.
Researchers often find it difficult to fetch out the resource and details on how to obtain an
adaptive network, intelligent radio, automatically channel detection and enabling more
communication. With help of Cognitive Radio researchers can access all of the above-mentioned
information without manually asking the authorities as it covers all the data in a precise manner.
2.Requirement of Bandwidth for communication.
With the usage of bandwidth and internet, the user can easily access the information about
unused spectrum and sharing it, and sense empty spectrum without any harmful interference. The
users can easily access the application and access the information.
3.Process.
The Minor Project is just a demonstration of Cognitive Radio using Multi-Band Antenna’s which
tells us about the working of both Dual Band & E- Band Antenna’s. While implementing the
same in hardware, which is the next step can have some authentication process such as
Bandwidth allocation, Satellite cell-phones. The impedances, frequencies and various parameters
conclude us that the Minor Project on demonstration of Cognitive Radio was successful.

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2. ORIGINALITY OF WORK
The whole work done is an original piece. Our work is original and is received from others
information and is based upon the work of Nokia (implemented in 2005). The idea behind this
project is totally original and not thought up by another person beforehand.
The main idea behind the project was brought up by Prof. Dr. U. Ragavendran. He consulted us
the software requirement part. Rutwik Patil & Debjyoti Saha contributed by designing the layout
of the Cognitive Radio. They were responsible for designing the simulation process of CR.
Neelansh Srivastava collected the information and formatted it in a way that user can easily
excess and understand them.

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3. Project Description
The “Cognitive Radio” for educational purpose is well-designed IE3D
application which provide users easy access to various details about the
Bandwidth savings, Telecomm Services, DSA, Military actions and its
respective requirements. The motive of this application is easy user-
friendly access to search for all the details with high security
preferences.
What we got?
1. Dual Band Antenna & E- Band Antenna
- Smith Chart Verification.
- S- Parameter Display & Verification
- VSWR Display & Verification
- Total Field Gain

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4. Details of development
The development of CR was tough at the initial phase where we were finding tough to design
Dual Band & E- Band Antenna as per our need. We started with designing E- Band Antenna
with NetSim v9 or v10 (beta) but implementing on NetSim v9 was not possible though for the
unavailability of the software in academic premises. After learning for couple of weeks we found
a clue that we can implement the Radio with the help of IE3D software, present in the academic.
We finally implemented two Multi-Band Antenna’s (Dual & E) in it with satisfied output.
1. E- Band Antenna:
IE3D E-band Antenna shows graphically the procedure and working. E- Band taking 3
input information of different bands and transmits it to destination without any
interruption.
E- Band antenna was designed with the help of coordinates. Firstly, designing a
rectangular surface (green) and the choosing a default color (orange). Getting the
accurate coordinates of x-axis, y- axis we have designed the E shape antenna.
2. Dual Band Antenna:
The Dual Band antenna in which the name suggests, the input of two signals are feed and
the output without any intersection or overlapping the signals are transmitted. The Dual
band antenna gives us the second verification about the process being successful.

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5. Advantages
1.Overcome radio spectrum scarcity
By sensing spectrum utilization (irrespective of channel allocation), cognitive radios can
broadcast on unused radio spectrum, while still avoiding interference with the operation of the
primary licensee.
2.Avoid intentional radio jamming scenarios.
By sensing channel availability and even predicting the jammer’s tactics , cognitive radios can
evade jamming by dynamically and preemptively switching to higher quality channels.
3.Switch to power saving mode.
By switching to protocols that trade off lower power consumption for lower bandwidth,
cognitive radios conserve power when slower data rates suffice.
4. Improve satellite communications.
By predicting rain fade and reconfiguring transmitters/receivers for optimum bandwidth,
cognitive radios improve communication quality when and where the information is needed
most.
5.Improves quality of service (QoS).
By sensing environmental and inadvertent man-made radio interferences, cognitive radios can
select frequency channels with a higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

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6. Snapshots and Output
1. E- Shape Antenna:

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2. Dual Band Antenna:

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7. Future Work
The CR can be further enhanced and several other functionalities can be added. Some of the
other functionality we are thinking about is:
 Implementing Multi-Band CR.
 Satellite Phone Communication.
 Security in transfer of information.

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8. References
 https://wp.wpi.edu/catalyst/2015/04/14/5-advantages-of-cognitive-radio/
 http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-
Cognitive-Radio.html
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5783948
 https://www.wipro.com/en-IN/product-engineering/cognitive-radio/
 https://www.wirelessinnovation.org/assets/documents/tut-cognitive_radio.pdf
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20wqZZaXG9o
 https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=e+band+antenna+ie3d
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlADXmVL0zc&t=708s