environmental remediation

1. Biomass & Biofuels

3. Technology
• Biomass technology today serves many markets
that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly
reduces their use
• Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical
power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol
and biodiesel) and other products.
• Primary focus of the Biomass Program –
development of advanced technologies.

4. Current Focus
• Platform technologies
• Sugar Platform Technology
• Thermochemical Platform Technology

5. Bio-refinery
• A facility that integrates biomass conversion
processes and equipment to produce fuels,
power, and chemicals from biomass.
• Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
• It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the
“Thermochemical Platform“

7. Bio-diesel
• Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable
oil with alcohol .
• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
• Directly substituted for diesel either as neat
fuel or as an oxygenate additive

8. Modified Waste Vegetable Fat
• Designed for general use in most compression
ignition engines .
• The production of MWVF can be achieved in a
continuous flow additive process.
• It can be modified in various ways to make a
'greener' form of fuel

9. E-Diesel
• Uses additives in order to allow blending of
ethanol with diesel.
• Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
• Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel
from separating at very low temperatures or
if water contamination occurs.

10. Jatropha
• Biodiesel from Jatropha
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.

12. Gasification Technology
• Gobar gas Production
• Biogas
• Synthesis gas

13. Gasification
• A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to
convert materials directly into a gas composed
primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• Gasification technologies rely four key engineering
factors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen
or air content).
2. Reactor design.
3. Internal and external heating.
4. Operating temperature.

14. Gasification
• Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based
materials, and organic materials.
• The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or
slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.
• The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and
either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment
within the gasifier.

15. Raw Materials for Gasification

16. Gasification
• Products of gasification :
* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
• Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume)
and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and
methane

17. Gasifier Plant

18. Gasifier Plant

20. Types of Gasifiers
• Updraft Gasifier

21. Types of Gasifiers
• Downdraft Gasifier

22. Types of Gasifiers
• Twin-fire Gasifier

23. Types of Gasifiers
• Crossdraft gas producers

24. Gobar gas
• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic
process
• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,
closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester

28. Wood
• Domestic heating with wood is still by far
the largest market for bio-energy
• Dramatic improvements of technology in
domestic heating equipment
• Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood
boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and
pellet stoves.
• Pourable wood-based fuel is also available

29. Woodchip boilers

30. Environmental Concerns
• Air Pollution
• Soil Deterioration

31. Air Concerns
• Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the
potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
o Increase in Nox emissions
•Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
•Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric
concentrations of carcinogens
• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter

32. Soil Concerns
• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow
• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing
•Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy
crops contaminate ground and surface water
o Affects fish and wildlife

33. Environmental Benefits
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

34. Socio-Economic Benefits
• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
• Increase in jobs
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser
dependence on foreign resources

35. BIO FUELS
THE WORLD SCENARIO

36. BRAZIL
•World leader in production and export of
ethanol.
•Ethanol produced per day equivalent to
200,000 barrels of gasoline.
•24% blend ethanol mandatory.
•Competitiveness
•Bio diesel initiatives underway

37. U.S.A.
• Ethanol : a big boost to economy
• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
• MTBE phased out in many states
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

38. E.U.
• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
• 3-15% blended petrol
• France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax
• Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons
• Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

39. The Significant Others
• China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol
producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting
90,000 tons in 2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used
as a significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-
scale production from palm oil.

40. India
• Sources of ethanol:
• Sugarcane
• Molasses
• Agricultural waste
• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion
litres

41. • Sources of biodiesel:
• Honge
• Jatropha
• High capital, broad scale production plan initiated
• Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
India (Contd.)

42. Bio Mass
• Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s
primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing
countries.
• USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around
9000 MW
• INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government to
import oil.

43. • Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste,
forest residue and municipal waste.
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio
gas
• Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s
capable of producing.
• Fertilizers as by product.
• Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow
per day!!

44. Thank You