The document discusses the relevance of information technology in the effective management of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that the use of information technology by SME managements can help improve productivity, market shares, and management effectiveness. However, SMEs in Nigeria have yet to fully harness the benefits of information technology for functions like efficient management, customer service, and business operations. The study recommends education and training to increase awareness and literacy of information technology among SME managers and employees.
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aims at measuring the effects of information technology on the transformation of businesses in communication companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of companies' directors as well as their deputies, assistants, advisors, in addition to department managers and their assistants. The total number of the study subjects is 3 designated communication companies in Jordan; these are: Zain, Umniah, and Orange. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire which comprises of 45 items covering the three factors of the independent variable (Information Technology): infrastructure, developmental environment, and executive support systems and applications, as well as the three factors of the dependent variable (Transformation of Businesses): operations, organization change, and workers' competence. In order to test the hypotheses, the following three criteria were adequately used: The Medians, the Standard Deviations, as well as the Regression Analysis. The study has reached a number of results; the most notable amongst these results is that there is a positive effect that is statistically significant of information technology on the elements of business transformation in Jordanian communication companies and all of their relating elements.
Neither Information technologies determine organisational structure merely, nor does organisational structure. There is a mutual interaction between there variables. Using information technologies is a must for the organisations in this century. However how information technologies evolved over the time brings a question of what effect can technology bring towards organisations and their structure. This study discusses the conceptual issues that raise the importance of technological tools, views and ways that followed by organisations and changed over the time. It also examines technological, organisational and interactive ties that connect organisational structure and the information technology. It concludes that information technologies have an impact on the organisational structure via centralisation and decentralisation, authority and control, space of control, change in organisational level, departmental structure, decision making process, communication, and organising the work.
Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Cargo Industries A Stud...ijtsrd
The modern trend towards E commerce and computerization that they give you an idea about the way cargo industries Trucking and freight services , this paper establishes an “Impact of information and communication technology on cargo industries” In terms of commerce, logistics and fleet management, and proposes invented mechanisms of influence. The authors note that the speedy increase of E commerce and freight fleet management system compose it not easy to arrive next to firm, statistics based conclusion in relation to their impact of cargo industries, however suggest that more complicated government management of transportation demand over and above freight fleet management systems could call off out the pessimistic impact of E commerce on road transportation. Dr. Nandisha H. D "Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Cargo Industries - A Study in Bengaluru" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35731.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/mis-and-retail-management/35731/impact-of-information-and-communication-technology-on-cargo-industries--a-study-in-bengaluru/dr-nandisha-h-d
In this modern era Information Technology has become an important part of life as it allows the users to easily access, store, transfer and manipulate information. Read this document, we have mentioned some useful information regarding Information Technology.
https://www.instantassignmenthelp.com.au/it-assignment-help
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aims at measuring the effects of information technology on the transformation of businesses in communication companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of companies' directors as well as their deputies, assistants, advisors, in addition to department managers and their assistants. The total number of the study subjects is 3 designated communication companies in Jordan; these are: Zain, Umniah, and Orange. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire which comprises of 45 items covering the three factors of the independent variable (Information Technology): infrastructure, developmental environment, and executive support systems and applications, as well as the three factors of the dependent variable (Transformation of Businesses): operations, organization change, and workers' competence. In order to test the hypotheses, the following three criteria were adequately used: The Medians, the Standard Deviations, as well as the Regression Analysis. The study has reached a number of results; the most notable amongst these results is that there is a positive effect that is statistically significant of information technology on the elements of business transformation in Jordanian communication companies and all of their relating elements.
Neither Information technologies determine organisational structure merely, nor does organisational structure. There is a mutual interaction between there variables. Using information technologies is a must for the organisations in this century. However how information technologies evolved over the time brings a question of what effect can technology bring towards organisations and their structure. This study discusses the conceptual issues that raise the importance of technological tools, views and ways that followed by organisations and changed over the time. It also examines technological, organisational and interactive ties that connect organisational structure and the information technology. It concludes that information technologies have an impact on the organisational structure via centralisation and decentralisation, authority and control, space of control, change in organisational level, departmental structure, decision making process, communication, and organising the work.
Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Cargo Industries A Stud...ijtsrd
The modern trend towards E commerce and computerization that they give you an idea about the way cargo industries Trucking and freight services , this paper establishes an “Impact of information and communication technology on cargo industries” In terms of commerce, logistics and fleet management, and proposes invented mechanisms of influence. The authors note that the speedy increase of E commerce and freight fleet management system compose it not easy to arrive next to firm, statistics based conclusion in relation to their impact of cargo industries, however suggest that more complicated government management of transportation demand over and above freight fleet management systems could call off out the pessimistic impact of E commerce on road transportation. Dr. Nandisha H. D "Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Cargo Industries - A Study in Bengaluru" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35731.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/mis-and-retail-management/35731/impact-of-information-and-communication-technology-on-cargo-industries--a-study-in-bengaluru/dr-nandisha-h-d
In this modern era Information Technology has become an important part of life as it allows the users to easily access, store, transfer and manipulate information. Read this document, we have mentioned some useful information regarding Information Technology.
https://www.instantassignmenthelp.com.au/it-assignment-help
BUSINESS OWNERS’ PERCEPTION OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROCESS ADOPTION IN...IAEME Publication
Practitioners are convinced that information technology adoption can make
manufacturing companies grow and are competitive in the global era; however, there
are still many entrepreneurs who do not have the intention of adopting information
technology. This study investigates manufacturing business owners’ perception that
makes them reluctant to adopting information technology. These days, there is a
phenomenon in which entrepreneurs are convinced of the benefits of adopting
information technology, but do not plan to practice it. This conflict is interesting to be
more thoroughly examined. The results of the study show that there are two negative
perceptions causing business people reluctant to adopt information technology, they are
high investment cost and cultural factors that cause difficulties in finding information
technology workers. The results can be used to overcome mid-scale manufacturing
companies’ problems of information technology adoption in Indonesia.
Information Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) in IndiaIndianWildlifeClub.com
this presentation was made in Washington at the 50th World Conference of International Council of Small Business, at Washington D.C from 15-18 June 2005
Mediating and moderating factors affecting readiness to io t applications the...IJMIT JOURNAL
Although IOT seems to be the upcoming trend, it is still in its infancy; especially in the banking industry. There is a clear gap in literature, as only few studies identify factors affecting readiness to IOT applications in banks in general, and almost negligible investigations on mediating and moderating factors. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the main factors that affect employees’ readiness to IOT applications, while highlighting the mediating and moderating factors in the Egyptian banking sector. The importance of Egypt stems from its high population and steady steps taken towards technology adoption. 479 valid questionnaires were distributed over HR employees in banks. Data collected was statistically analysed using Regression and SEM. Results showed a significant impact of ‘Security’, ‘Networking’, ‘Software Development’ and ‘Regulations’ on ‘readiness to IOT applications. Thus, the readiness acceptance level is high‘Security’ and ‘User Intention’ were proven to mediate the relationship between research variables and readiness to IOT applications, and only a partial moderation role was proven for ‘Efficiency’. The study contributes to increasing literature on IOT applications in general, and fills a gap on the Egyptian banking context in particular. Finally, it provides decision makers at banks with useful guidelines on how to optimally promote IOT applications among employees.
Chapter 1: Current SMBs and IT scenario in INDIA
Chapter 2: IT adoption Scenario in India’s SMBs
Chapter 3: Usages of IT in SMBs
Chapter 4: Barriers to Technology Adoption and its Remedies
Computacenter commissioned independent research to understand how businesses are responding to workplace change and where their challenges reside. The emphasis
of the research was to compare perspectives from the next generation of end users and those of IT professionals devising workplace strategy for organisations today. The findings in the report provide interesting results that should help inform next steps for businesses in enabling a contemporary workplace.
Top 5 ICT issues identified by iCIO for Indonesia to address to in order to better drive economic growth. Presented to Minister of Information nd Communications. Detailed report and recommendations are available.
The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Business Manage...Dr. Nazrul Islam
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an integral part of business management now-a-day. It is inevitable for the smooth running of business irrespective of size and complexity all over the world. Due to the rapid development of ICT and its huge use in all spheres of our lives, businesses are also influenced by it. Now, businesses are managing their resources by using ICT support that is helping them to perform their tasks faster and accurate than before. But the developing countries like Bangladesh are still struggling to introduce ICT supports in all areas of businesses. But due to a very strong culture at work place, this effort is hindered substantially. Therefore, this paper aims at identifying the present status of the use of ICT in business management and its challenges it faces. Secondary data have been primarily used for conducting this study which was collected from the different business reports and the journal papers. An experience survey was also conducted among the senior administrators of the business houses were also included in the study. Results show that the use of ICT is very low in the small and medium business enterprises while the large businesses houses are using ICT supports. Results also show that the use of ICT primarily depends on the complexity and the nature of the business. The entrepreneurs who have ICT literacy, they are mostly using ICT supports in the management of their businesses. This study suggests that the business houses in Bangladesh should use ICT support in order to increase the efficiency at their work. But this is often depends on the ICT infrastructure of the country as a whole.
BUSINESS OWNERS’ PERCEPTION OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROCESS ADOPTION IN...IAEME Publication
Practitioners are convinced that information technology adoption can make
manufacturing companies grow and are competitive in the global era; however, there
are still many entrepreneurs who do not have the intention of adopting information
technology. This study investigates manufacturing business owners’ perception that
makes them reluctant to adopting information technology. These days, there is a
phenomenon in which entrepreneurs are convinced of the benefits of adopting
information technology, but do not plan to practice it. This conflict is interesting to be
more thoroughly examined. The results of the study show that there are two negative
perceptions causing business people reluctant to adopt information technology, they are
high investment cost and cultural factors that cause difficulties in finding information
technology workers. The results can be used to overcome mid-scale manufacturing
companies’ problems of information technology adoption in Indonesia.
Information Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) in IndiaIndianWildlifeClub.com
this presentation was made in Washington at the 50th World Conference of International Council of Small Business, at Washington D.C from 15-18 June 2005
Mediating and moderating factors affecting readiness to io t applications the...IJMIT JOURNAL
Although IOT seems to be the upcoming trend, it is still in its infancy; especially in the banking industry. There is a clear gap in literature, as only few studies identify factors affecting readiness to IOT applications in banks in general, and almost negligible investigations on mediating and moderating factors. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the main factors that affect employees’ readiness to IOT applications, while highlighting the mediating and moderating factors in the Egyptian banking sector. The importance of Egypt stems from its high population and steady steps taken towards technology adoption. 479 valid questionnaires were distributed over HR employees in banks. Data collected was statistically analysed using Regression and SEM. Results showed a significant impact of ‘Security’, ‘Networking’, ‘Software Development’ and ‘Regulations’ on ‘readiness to IOT applications. Thus, the readiness acceptance level is high‘Security’ and ‘User Intention’ were proven to mediate the relationship between research variables and readiness to IOT applications, and only a partial moderation role was proven for ‘Efficiency’. The study contributes to increasing literature on IOT applications in general, and fills a gap on the Egyptian banking context in particular. Finally, it provides decision makers at banks with useful guidelines on how to optimally promote IOT applications among employees.
Chapter 1: Current SMBs and IT scenario in INDIA
Chapter 2: IT adoption Scenario in India’s SMBs
Chapter 3: Usages of IT in SMBs
Chapter 4: Barriers to Technology Adoption and its Remedies
Computacenter commissioned independent research to understand how businesses are responding to workplace change and where their challenges reside. The emphasis
of the research was to compare perspectives from the next generation of end users and those of IT professionals devising workplace strategy for organisations today. The findings in the report provide interesting results that should help inform next steps for businesses in enabling a contemporary workplace.
Top 5 ICT issues identified by iCIO for Indonesia to address to in order to better drive economic growth. Presented to Minister of Information nd Communications. Detailed report and recommendations are available.
The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Business Manage...Dr. Nazrul Islam
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an integral part of business management now-a-day. It is inevitable for the smooth running of business irrespective of size and complexity all over the world. Due to the rapid development of ICT and its huge use in all spheres of our lives, businesses are also influenced by it. Now, businesses are managing their resources by using ICT support that is helping them to perform their tasks faster and accurate than before. But the developing countries like Bangladesh are still struggling to introduce ICT supports in all areas of businesses. But due to a very strong culture at work place, this effort is hindered substantially. Therefore, this paper aims at identifying the present status of the use of ICT in business management and its challenges it faces. Secondary data have been primarily used for conducting this study which was collected from the different business reports and the journal papers. An experience survey was also conducted among the senior administrators of the business houses were also included in the study. Results show that the use of ICT is very low in the small and medium business enterprises while the large businesses houses are using ICT supports. Results also show that the use of ICT primarily depends on the complexity and the nature of the business. The entrepreneurs who have ICT literacy, they are mostly using ICT supports in the management of their businesses. This study suggests that the business houses in Bangladesh should use ICT support in order to increase the efficiency at their work. But this is often depends on the ICT infrastructure of the country as a whole.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an integral part of business management now-a-day. It is inevitable for the smooth running of business irrespective of size and complexity. Due to the rapid development of ICT and its huge use in all spheres of our lives, businesses are also substantially influenced by it. Now, the resources of the businesses are primarily managed by using ICT supports that helps perform tasks faster and more accurate than before. But the developing countries are still struggling to introduce ICT supports in all areas of business management processes as the effort is substantially hindered by a strong but ineffective work culture. Therefore, to use ICT in business management we need to know the issues and challenges of it.
In this study, the researcher evaluated the challenges of e-governance implementation in
Nigerian aviation industry, using Dana Airline. The objectives of the study are; to examine the
factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in the selected airline in
aviation industry in Nigeria; and to examine if the factors identified in the implementation of egovernance
have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry
in Nigeria. Recorded population of the study is 850, and the study used Yaro Yamane formula
at 95% confidence level to obtain a sample size of 272. Cronbach alpha was employed to obtain
a reliability instrument that yielded an index coefficient of 0.843, which made the instrument
reliable. In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were
analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were
answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The
hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, it was
concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor that hinders the implementation of egovernance
in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that without proper ICT infrastructure, it is
impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation industry in a developing country like
Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the users of the e-governance system, it is
impossible to set up an effective e-governance system. Non-acceptability of IT systems, Low
financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access, Lack of
training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that hinder the effective implementation of
e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study also concluded that the
factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected
the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study therefore
recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is paramount to have a
proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should take appropriate steps
to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing seminar meeting and
other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE SURVIVAL OF SMA...ijmpict
This study is to examine the role of ICT in the survival of selected SMEsin Koforidua, Ghana The study employed descriptive technique to conduct the survey. Using a sample of 100 SMEs, an accidental sampling of a non-probability technique was used to gathered data and information. The study argues out that majority of the SMEs operators do use at least one ICT tool in supporting their operations within the New Juaben Municipality. The study revealed that ICT is good and helps business survival in difficult times and become competitive in support of literature reviewed. The study suggested that periodic training in the form of workshops and sensitization programs on the benefits and the use ICT resources in business growth strategies should be organized by National Board for Small-Scale Industries (NBSSI). SME operators, can also outsource their ICT delivery systems by engaging ICT consultants in order to avoid the problem of funding relating to the setting up of their own ICT system which usually requires huge initial capital outlay.The primary policy recommendation arising out of this is that applications for SMEs need to be developed using mobile phones.
ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE SURVIVAL OF SMA...ijmpict
This study is to examine the role of ICT in the survival of selected SMEsin Koforidua, Ghana The study employed descriptive technique to conduct the survey. Using a sample of 100 SMEs, an accidental sampling of a non-probability technique was used to gathered data and information. The study argues out that majority of the SMEs operators do use at least one ICT tool in supporting their operations within the New Juaben Municipality. The study revealed that ICT is good and helps business survival in difficult times and become competitive in support of literature reviewed. The study suggested that periodic training in the form of workshops and sensitization programs on the benefits and the use ICT resources in business growth strategies should be organized by National Board for Small-Scale Industries (NBSSI). SME operators, can also outsource their ICT delivery systems by engaging ICT consultants in order to avoid the problem of funding relating to the setting up of their own ICT system which usually requires huge initial capital outlay.The primary policy recommendation arising out of this is that applications for SMEs need to be developed using mobile phones.
Present study aims to investigate the influence of ICTs dimensions (Information Technology (IT),
Management Information System (MIS), Office automation (OA), Intranet and Internet) on workforce
productivity for a group of industrial organizations in Alexandria - Egypt. The population of the study was
managers and staff members working in different areas related to ICTs in the selected industrial
organizations at various managerial levels. Descriptive-statistical combined research study was conducted.
The selection of the participating industrial organization done using simple random sampling technique.
Data collection done using questionnaires. In order to check the validity of the study instrument expert
comments were used and the reliability of the questions calculated as 79% using Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficient. The analysis of instrument data done using single variable t-test, Friedman and variance
analysis. The study findings revealed that the specified dimensions of ICTs positively affect workforce
productivity of industrial organizations in Alexandria - Egypt.
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
What affects digitalization process in developing economies? An evidence from...journalBEEI
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the SMEs’ leader perspective about the basic factors influencing the transformation into digitalization by SMEs they lead, using technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) Model. The data were collected from 61 SMEs leaders in Oman, to achieve the study objective TOE model has been adopted. Internal consistency and data normality, and factor analysis were implemented. Structural equation modeling (SEM) used to test the proposed hypotheses. The outcomes of SEM indicate that TOE factors are significantly affects the ability of SMEs to digitalize their business process. The study findings come in the context of Omani definition of SMEs. More, no control was made for industry type to which SMEs participants are belong. Leaders of SMEs should frame strategies to simplify the digital transformation of their enterprises and attempt to provide organizational and technological facilities that will smooth their digitalization which will improve SMEs capabilities, as well as, increasing the international competitiveness of the SMEs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the first that investigated the digital transformation among SMEs from the leaders’ perspective in Oman.
The Impact of Information Technology on Business Transformation in the Operat...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aims at measuring the effects of information technology on the transformation of businesses in communication companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of companies' directors as well as their deputies, assistants, advisors, in addition to department managers and their assistants. The total number of the study subjects is 3 designated communication companies in Jordan; these are: Zain, Umniah, and Orange. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire which comprises of 45 items covering the three factors of the independent variable (Information Technology): infrastructure, developmental environment, and executive support systems and applications, as well as the three factors of the dependent variable (Transformation of Businesses): operations, organization change, and workers' competence. In order to test the hypotheses, the following three criteria were adequately used: The Medians, the Standard Deviations, as well as the Regression Analysis. The study has reached a number of results; the most notable amongst these results is that there is a positive effect that is statistically significant of information technology on the elements of business transformation in Jordanian communication companies and all of their relating elements.
The last decade of the twentieth century and the turn of twenty-first century witnessed significant progress in technology in general and information technology and communication in particular. Such progress still continues until today, accelerating with wide quick strides more than ever. This age has produced many mechanisms for manufacturing knowledge and more advanced technological means that have made the globe as a small village. Communication technology, which is represented by the internet, has played a huge rule in transferring information and technological revolution from the north to the south passing by the east and the west at the same time. All of that have had an impact on all political, economic, educational, teaching, social, media, and advertisement systems in all communities.
The term technology is derived from Greek. It consists of two parts, techno, which means skills or art, and logy, which means science or study. Thus, the word technology means the science of performance, science of implementation, or the technical methods to achieve a practical purpose, the science of industrial operation.
Top Cited Articles International Journal of Managing Information Technology (...IJMIT JOURNAL
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas
Factors Affecting the Adoption of e-Commerce among Small Medium Enterprises (...Julius Noble Ssekazinga
To investigate and analyse the factors that affect e-commerce adoption among small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania and the magnitude of these constraints in Tanzania using the systems framework. as researched by Julius Noble Ssekazinga.
Online Technology and Marketing of Financial Services in Nigeria: An Impact A...IOSR Journals
This study extracts and analyse basic information from Service providers and customers reporting the performance and challenges of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria. Staff and customers of twelve (12) out of the leading financial institutions in Nigeria, with track records of online activities were purposively sampled with the aid of structured questionnaires, to elicit ex post facto facts for use in this study. The resultant data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 16. The study reveals low impact; meaning the country has not realises her full potentials in harnessing online technology for marketing of financial services. It also reveals incidence of challenges associated with implementation and performance of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria which include fluctuation in online services due to poor infrastructure, high rate of online fraudsters, slim awareness on the part of the customers, e-payment bottleneck, among others. Finally, this study expounds a number of management options to stimulate the impacts of online technology in marketing financial services in Nigeria.
The Importance of E-Commerce in Terms of Local Development: A Study in Turkey1inventionjournals
Internet is a great technology as well as a vast information storage, communication tool, trading platform, education field, business and entertainment environment. Internet is also the front door of the change and development and especially of the information community that is the bearer and courier of the development existing in the scientific and technologic fields. For this reason, E-commerce, which leaves its mark on the world market and gains more importance against the classic type of trade, also occupies a quite important position in national economy. The objective of our study is; to examine this commerce platform that is established as of today in city of Gümüşhane (Turkey) and to research the potential of E-commerce with regards to national economies and the factors that effect this potential.
Similar to Relevance of information technology in the effective management of selected sm es in lagos state nigeria (20)
Agwu, M. E., & Onwuegbuzie, H. (2017). Strategic Importance of Functional Level Strategies as Effective Tools for the Achievement of Organizational Goals. Archives of Business Research, 5(12), 338-348. Available at: http://scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ABR/article/view/4012/2412
Agwu, M. E., Onwuegbuzie, H. N., & Ezeifeka, P. (2017). Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on New Ventures Creation - A Case Study. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, (425) 98-114. Available at: http://scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ASSRJ/article/view/4014
Agwu, M. E., Onwuegbuzie, H. N., & Onasanya, A. Y. (2017). Effect of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Organizational Growth. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, (425) 115-133. Available at: http://scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ASSRJ/article/view/4014
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been active in the inauguration of policies and schemes to foster the
implementation of the cashless policy in Nigeria. However the current transition to cashless economy raises a lot
of concerns with no substantial evidence yet to justify its implementation. This study was carried out in order to
appraise the implementation of the cashless policy since its introduction into the Nigerian financial system in
2012 and also to examine the persistent challenges facing its implementation. In view of the above stated
objective, primary data were collected with the aid of the questionnaire, which was randomly administered to 120
respondents ranging from First Bank, Zenith Bank and United Bank for Africa. The banks were selected based on
their total assets and the information collected covered the activities of the CBN and that of these banks towards
implementation of the cashless policy from 2012 till date.The data collected were presented and analyzed with the
aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test. The
results led to the conclusion that despite the need to operate cashless transactions dominating the modern
Nigerian economy, the cashless policy will have the desired impact only if a lot is done to ensure the
implementation of an effective cashless system.
As the world economy continues to become more globalized, foreign direct investment (FDI) continues to gain importance as a form of international economic transactions and as an instrument of international economic integration. In recent years, developing countries like Nigeria with large home markets and some entrepreneurial skills have produced a large number of rapidly growing and profitable multinational enterprises (MNEs). These MNCs are looking for markets where they have comparative advantage to invest in. It is therefore important to create the conditions that would attract FDI from such MNCs. In this context, this study attempts to detail the reasons why Nigerian MNEs have decided on outward FDI, their levels of success, and what other countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa must do to attract FDI from Nigeria.
It also examines the flow of FDI to Africa since the 1970s and looks at the determinants of FDI with a view to understanding whether the existing policy and operational framework are sufficient for attracting investments. It defines foreign direct investment, discusses the factors that influence FDI, the role of FDI, FDI trends in Africa, sectorial allocation of FDI in Africa, why Africa has lagged behind in receiving FDI, and the various modes of entry.
The internet banking services is an innovative financial transaction channel that has assumed a new urgency
and relevance in today’s world of business. The developed countries have embraced these services with little
difficulty while the developing countries are beginning to see the benefits. The objective of this research
hinged on the exploration of the supply and demand of internet banking services in the United Kingdom with
special emphasis on three cities: London, Birmingham and Manchester. The study primarily probed into the
extent to which the internet banking services has been adopted in the three major cities of the UK – London,
Birmingham and Manchester. Secondly, it looked at the factors that are driving this adoption and thirdly, the
reasons for non-usage by some segments of the selected regions. The consumer resistance theory by Ram
and Sheth (1989) was therefore used as a framework of the study. As the focus is to ascertain the reasons for
non-usage, and based on this framework, the following divisions were arrived at based on the non-users: 1)
those that intends to use the services and 2) those that have no intention to use the services. The study data
shows that there are significant differences based on the reluctant/resistance paradigm. The reluctant group
falls into those that want to use but have not wholly made up their minds to do so while the resistance groups
are those that have no intention of using the internet banking system at all. The study in a nutshell, provides
financial managers and the academic community with a tool to engage these non-users through product
designs and promotions.
There has been tremendous growth in mobile banking penetration in many countries in the developed and
developing economies and most interestingly in a number of developing countries such as Nigeria. Yet there are numbers of opportunities and threats in the mobile banking systems. However the major threat of mobile banking is its non-adoption by the banking customers. This research focuses on the perceived barriers to mobile banking adoption in Nigeria as a developing economy. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative method and this was conducted among banking customers spread across three regions of North, West and East of Nigeria. The basis of participants’ selection was being active customers of the Nigerian banks. Findings indicate that there is intention to adopt the mobile banking services; unfortunately, the
intentions cannot be translated into action due mainly to lack of trust on issues such as the delivery
channels/technology, communication infrastructures, government policies, etc. Findings further revealed
that majority of respondents do not use internet and mobile banking services, due to several identified
barriers. There is however a preference for the traditional banking approaches as opposed to the mobile
banking services. The study recommends that banks and other financial institutions embark on massive
awareness campaign.
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Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Relevance of information technology in the effective management of selected sm es in lagos state nigeria
1. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
1 1939-6104-17-1-174
RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN
THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED
SMES IN LAGOS STATE NIGERIA
Agwu ME, Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University
ABSTRACT
Internet, computers and telecommunication systems have become very important delivery
systems and productivity tools of electronic data and information. SMEs in Nigeria are yet to
fully harness the potential benefits of adopting information technology to bring about prompt
delivery of services, efficiency and the ability of customers to be served in any part of the country
without any encumbrance. This study investigated the relevance of information technology in the
effective management of selected SMEs in Lagos. The survey involves one hundred and fifty
respondents comprising of managers and employees in selected SMEs within Lagos State.
Questionnaires were used as a data collection tool. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested
using descriptive analysis and regression analysis through the Statistical Package For Social
Science (SPSS). Findings from the data analyzed shows that use of information technology by
managements of SMEs helps to improve productivity and market shares thereby increasing the
effectiveness of management. This study recommends proper education and training for
managers and employees to create more awareness and improve the e-literacy of SMEs
operators.
Keywords: Information Technology, SMEs, Management Efficiency, Competitiveness,
Technology Adoption.
INTRODUCTION
For many years, small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria have been faced with
management challenges and one of the major problems has been grossly attributed to the absence
of or inadequate use of Information Technology for effective management. The undoubted factor
which indicates the improvement of the competitiveness of most enterprises is the usage of IT,
(Bazhenova, Taratukhin & Becker, 2012). In Lagos State and Nigeria at large, the impact of IT
on SMEs operation performance has not been greatly explored (Akande & Yinus, 2013) as files
and folders are still in use for data storage and record keeping. In the same vein, Agwu & Murray
(2015) posit that some business and government transactions are still conducted manually and
lots of files and documents are shelved in large cabinets and handed from table to table. In this
information age manual compilation of records with files and folders should not be in vogue,
such a database system is prone to alterations and manipulations. Retrieval of such records
becomes a needle in a haystack when the files and folders become voluminous over a long period
of time. A comprehensive use of information technology in small and medium scale enterprises
in Nigeria will be a change in the positive direction for the industry as this will reform and
improve the efficiency of management of SMEs in Lagos state as well as Nigeria at large. The
objectives of this study among others are 1) determine if use of information technology leads to
increase in production output, 2) ascertain whether the application of Information technology
2. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
2 1939-6104-17-1-174
increases the efficiency of management of SMEs, 3) determine if Information Technology
enhances competitiveness of SMEs and 4) clarify the challenges involved in the implementation
of Information Technology and how it affects management. As this study is fixated on the
relevance of information technology in the effective management of selected SMEs with specific
reference to Lagos State, the scope of the study is therefore limited to the activities of selected
SMEs within Lagos as a metropolitan city. While there are so many literatures on information
technology and SMEs, none to the knowledge of the authors have discussed the relevance of IT
on the effective management of SMEs, hence this study closes this gap.
LITERATURE REVIEW
SMEs have been identified by various governments and organizations as a key
contributor to the sustainable development of any economy. SMEs drove job growth by the
creation of more jobs than large firms and contributed greatly to overall job additions. Agwu &
Murray (2015) in their submission identified E-commerce as a vital aspect of information
technology which is still a new development in Nigerian SMEs. The study described E-
commerce as a cost effective tool that streamlines the business process and makes use of
improved relationship networking to achieve competitive advantage. Adopters of E-commerce
are said to be at an advantage as it leads to improvement in the internal and external
communication as well as a better use of organizational resources. Agwu & Murray also revealed
that some of the reasons why E-commerce is adopted include access to virtual information,
online delivery and price comparison amongst others. Agwu & Murray (2015) in conclusion
recognized that some SME’s in Nigeria have not yet harnessed the full potential benefits
electronic commerce offers to the business world and factors such as illiteracy, cost and
maintenance, inadequate skills have been identified to be barriers to ecommerce adoption by
SMEs in Nigeria. According to Kumar (2014) who researched on the roles, advantages and
disadvantages of Information Technology (IT) in India identified IT has as a crucial tool that
supports the economy of the nation. One of the advantages of IT discussed in the work is
globalization, as the business world is now closer and barriers relating to geographical distance
have now been considerably reduced. It is easier for SMEs to focus on customers as market share
is now enlarged due to the global phenomenon. However, on the flip side a Kumar also identified
the disadvantages of the emergence of IT to include unemployment and lack of job security. A
lot of employees are laid off as a result of downsizing or outsourcing caused by IT. The major
categories affected in the chain of distribution are the middle men whose services are no longer
required as final consumers can be reached from a click of a button. Kumar (2014) concluded
that IT has brought about changes in the society and plays a key role in the world. Bazhenova,
Taratukhin & Becker (2012) presented in their work some analysis of how information
technology impacts business process management with SMEs as the major focus. They posit that
SMEs contribute to the sustainability of large industries and are also a means for social
diversification in the economy. The major factor for improved competitiveness in SMEs was
attributed to the adoption of information technology which leads to increase in efficiency of the
enterprise. Bazhenova, Taratukhin & Becker (2012) opine that information technology has not
been properly used in business process management in SMEs as it is in their larger counterparts
and concluded that more research is required on this study in order to come up with more
suitable BPM models for SMEs. In the exploratory study conducted by Khazanchi (2005) to
deduce information technology appropriateness, a contingency theory of fit was used to
determine conditions and criteria’s managers should look out for before adoption and
3. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
3 1939-6104-17-1-174
implementation of information technology. Rana (2013) also opined that various researches have
been conducted to identify factors that promote the adoption of IT in SMEs but no major light
has been shed on the issues of technology “fit” in relation to organizational performance. The
technology of focus in his research was Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) because of its
continuing importance in e-commerce with a notable presence in B2B commerce. Khazanchi
(2005) concluded that their findings showed a substantial indication of a relationship between
structural, contextual and organizational factors in the dimensions of IT appropriateness and it
was also consistent with that of the contingency theory of “fit”.
Information Technology
The continuous growth of innovation and the rise of information technology in the world
today have changed the way organizations compete. Amongst other factors, technology has been
recognized as one of the agents of change in the world (Ogbomo & Ogbomo, 2008). Business
enterprises in order to gain competitive advantage in their respective industries are making use of
information technology which requires managers to harness and implement its uses (Beheshti,
2004). Thus, the revolution of information technology has transformed operations of enterprises
that aim to achieve the five R’s which according to Rana (2013) which is to produce the right
product, with the right quality, in the right quantity, at the right price and at the right time. Annan
(2002) posits that information society has emerged as human capacity has been expanded,
nourished and built up with access to relevant tools and technologies as well as the appropriate
training for their effective use. According to Hansson (2015) the word technology is of Greek
origin, based on “techne” that means art or skill and “-logy” that means “knowledge of” or
“discipline of”. Information technology refers to anything related to computing technology, such
as networking, hardware, software, the internet or the people that work with these technologies
(Kumar, 2014). According to Anyakoha (1991) cited in Ogbomo & Ogbomo (2008) information
technology is the use of man-made tools for the collection, generation, communication,
recording, re-management and exploitation of information. It includes those applications and
commodities, by which information is transferred, recorded, edited, stored, manipulated or
disseminated. Rendulic (2011) affirms that ICT in everyday life comprises of the following: e-
mail, e-commerce, online banking, e-government, online shopping, e-learning, etc.
Basic information technologies can be used to store, retrieve, organize, transmit and
algorithmically transform any type of information that can be digitized into numbers, text, video,
music, speech and programs to name a few (Brynjolfsson & Hitt, 2000). Frenzel (2009) observed
that information technology revolution has created innumerable opportunities as well as some
challenges for numerous organizations; therefore, managers must learn to adapt to and maximize
advantages offered by information technology in this information-based society while guarding
against the threats associated with it. Technology has leveled the playing field (Scumaci, 2010),
a world without PDAs, mobile phones and internet is unimaginable (Schubert & Leimstoll,
2007) as information technology has brought buyers and sellers closer together, thereby creating
intimacy characterized in earlier eras (Levy & Powell, 1998). IT can improve efficiency and
increase productivity in different ways leading to lower transaction cost, better resource
allocation and technical improvements (Olusola & Oluwaseun, 2013). To succeed in this
evolving environment, mangers must be proficient in the adoption of new practices and
improved techniques. IT saves money and time spent on repetitive tasks in an organization
(Chinomona, 2013). Information technology has altered management practices and the nature of
work in industrialized nations (Lohr, 2007). Proper dissemination of information via technology
4. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
4 1939-6104-17-1-174
empowers governments, institutions and individuals who sufficiently integrate it into their
organizational structure. These days, the flow of information across the globe as little restriction,
with access to internet, individuals can interrogate gigantic databases on super-information
highways which information technology opens up. Woherem (2000) affirms that through internet
connectivity business transactions can be carried out around the world without intermediaries or
physical acquaintance with the customer. The adoption of computers in organizations has gone
through four distinct phases (Scheimann, 2003): large central mainframes, personal computers
and distributed data processing, the networking of microcomputers and the networking of
networks. Each phase has added to, rather than superseded, the previous phase. The availability
and cost of information and the way it is utilized shapes a lot of sectors in a nation and the
business sector is not excluded. As a result of technological changes and innovation a lot of
industries are directly or indirectly subjected to possible restructuring. Many developing Nations
have hardly tasted the benefits of modern information technology. Information technology has
paved way for platforms such as Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) and E-commerce is a
technological innovation that enables Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to compete on the
same level with their larger counterparts (Agwu & Murray, 2015).
Importance of Information Technology in Business
In developing countries of the world IT plays a critical role in development (Olusola &
Oluwaseun, 2013). Adoption of IT in business processes has improved the overall operational
efficiency of firms (Barua et al., 2004). In preceding years the development of IT in areas such as
manufacturing, multimedia, communications and electronic service networks as created new
opportunities for firms thereby enhancing the way business transactions, processes, payment and
delivery services operate. It has affected the business in the following ways:
1. Office Automation: Information technology is a vital and integral part of a business which has assisted the
automation of several industrial and business systems.
2. Stores large amount of data: Business and commercial enterprises need to store, preserve and maintain
large records as these records can be used for various purposes such as payroll accounting, inventory
control, resources scheduling, sales analysis and generation of management reports to say the least.
Availability, visibility and accessibility to files already stored has been made easier by information
technology (Simchi-Levi et al., 2003) and can also be updated as at when necessary.
3. Improves Productivity: Computers have aided the automation of office tasks and procedures with the
introduction of word processing software. In manufacturing processes, information technology has enabled
shorter lead times and reduced scrap rates (Rana, 2013). This has improved the productivity of various
enterprises.
4. Sharing of data and information: Business operations are undergoing drastic changes with the advent of
social media which can be used to share data and information. The networking of computers (the
connection of a number of computers within the organization to share the data and information) and use of
e-mail have also played their part in sharing of information. This helps functional roles of transaction
execution, collaboration, coordination and decision Support in supply chain management possible,
(Auramo et al., 2005)
5. Competitiveness: Information Technology proffers a reliable and economical means of conducting business
electronically. Routine tasks can be automated. Customer relationships can be built on the platform of
information technology with the provision of “round the clock support”. IT successfully supports
competitive strategies (Schubert & Leimstoll, 2007) which have aided the spreading of organizations as
there are new strategies to entering markets which has increased their presence in the world.
6. Security: Security is always a critical issue in organizations. In order to prevent unauthorized personnel’s
from gaining illegal access to company’s information, virtually every organization has some security
5. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
5 1939-6104-17-1-174
programs put in place to prevent such access. The basic attributes of a security program are integrity,
availability and confidentiality which grants access to only authorized persons in an organization.
7. Cost Benefits: Companies now have a relatively large choice of suppliers as a result of the vast availability
of internet based information at their disposal which has led to a more competitive pricing. Information
technology reduces transaction costs (Kramer, Jenkins & Katz, 2007) and the major class affected by this
development is the “middleman” whose service becomes less important as company goods and services can
be distributed directly to customers.
8. Marketing: Companies that use e-business platforms to conduct commercial activities can create brand
awareness with their respective websites, thus, creating new opportunities for advertising and promotion of
their products. Furthermore, superior services such as after sales services can be offered to customer
through companies’ websites.
Therefore the following hypotheses are given:
Hypothesis one
H0: Use of information technology does not lead to increase in production output.
H1: Use of information technology leads to an increase in production output.
Hypothesis Two
H0: The application of information technology does not lead to an increase in management efficiency.
H1: The application of Information Technology leads to an increase in management efficiency.
An Overview of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises
According to Lawal (2002) there is no single, generally accepted definition of SMEs.
Definitions in terms of size (such as profitability, turnover, net worth and number of employees)
when applied to one sector can lead to the classification of all enterprises as small whereas when
applied to another sector may lead to a different result (Mahembe, 2011). A common definition
of SMEs according to International Finance Cooperation comprises of registered businesses with
less than 250 employees (IFC, 2009). The Small and Medium Sized Development Agency of
Nigeria (SMEDAN, 2005) cited in Abdullahi et al. (2015) defines SMEs based on the following
criteria: a micro enterprise as a business with less than 10 people with an annual turnover of less
than ₦5,000,000.00, a small enterprise as a business with 10-49 people with an annual turnover
of ₦5 to 49,000.000.00; and a medium enterprise as a business with 50-199 people with an
annual turnover of ₦50 to 499,000.000.00; however, based on section 3 of the Small Business
Act of 1953, cited in Saffu et al. (2008): An SME shall be deemed to be one which is
independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation.
Role of SMEs in Nation Building
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has continued to be a popular phrase in the
Business world (Kadiri, 2012). SMEs have been fully recognized by governments and
development experts as the main engine of economic growth and a major factor in promoting
private sector development and partnership (Udechukwu, 2003). They are the first step towards
development and industrialization in economies (Bashir, 2008). Small and medium scale
enterprises are sub sectors of the industrial sector which plays a crucial role in industrial
development (Ahmed, 2006). The state of poverty in a nation is as a result of inadequate income
6. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
6 1939-6104-17-1-174
and income is generated from employment which SMEs provide. SMEs can be used as a means
to tackle unemployment if properly promoted (Owualah, 1999). The economic contributions of
SMEs include employment generations, improved entrepreneurial skills, innovations, rise in
GDP and exports and increased production volumes (Mahembe, 2011). Sanda et al. (2006)
observed that SMEs are somewhat better at creating employment opportunities than large firms.
Fayad (2008) opines that several multi-million dollar companies have their roots in SMEs. The
industrial development of Nigeria as suffered in the past years as a result of absence of solid
small and medium enterprises. The first generation of SMEs recorded a minute progress in its
early stages which experienced a devaluation under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)
whose policies where rooted in neo-classical theory of perfect competitive market. Nigeria with
the population of over 120million, fertile land and rich variety in natural resources, SMEs should
thrive naturally but with the sluggish rate of development in areas such as technology,
communication and social infrastructure, that is not the case. Small and Medium Enterprises
Development Agency of Nigeria estimates that SMEs represent 96% of businesses in Nigeria
and contribute 75% of the National employment (SMEDAN, 2016)
Problems of Small and Medium Enterprises
1. Poor Implementation of Policies: Implementation is a vital aspect in any organization and it requires proper
execution. A good policy poorly executed will not yield the desired result. Past government have
formulated good policies to improve SMEs policies but such goals fail to take shape due to weak
implementation (Baadom, 2004).
2. Lack of Continuity: The form of most small scale enterprises is sole proprietorship and the moment the
owner loses interest or dies such business often comes to an end; hence, the risk of financing such business
is high.
3. Poor Capital Outlay: Small scale business is adversely affected by inadequate capital outlay. Financiers are
often unconvinced about committing their fund to it as the sector is regarded as a high risk area.
4. Poor Management Expertise: Due to lack of managerial competencies required to run the business in its full
capacity, going concern becomes an issue as the business may not remain in the foreseeable future.
Training of management and employees is usually not a priority in SMEs which hinders the performance of
the organization.
5. Inadequate Information Base: One of the basic functions of management is planning. Poor record keeping
which is usually characterized by SMEs leaves management short of vital information necessary to make
adequate planning to bridge the gap between goals and accomplishments.
6. Lack of Raw Materials: Some SMEs depend on external sources for raw materials and those who fall in
that category are subject to fluctuations of foreign exchange which makes planning difficult as rates may
change from time to time.
7. Poor Accounting System: Due to the lack of standard accounting system, there tends to be mismanagement
of the available resources in small and medium scale enterprises, which may lead to the pre-mature death of
the business. The poor accounting system also makes it difficult for proper appraisal of performance.
8. Unstable Policy Environment: The instability in government policies as militated against the growth of
existing small and medium scale businesses overtime. With the lack of adequate support and incentives
from the government, SMEs in their start-up phase face major difficulties of survival.
Costs-Benefit Analysis of Information Technology Adoption
The adoption of ICT by SMEs provides the ability of rapid access to data, assessment,
processing and dissemination of large data volumes (Bazhenova, Taratukhin & Becker, 2012).
SMEs are adopting information technology for cost-effectiveness and as a result of cheaper IT
products (Alam, 2009). However, a cost-benefit analysis allows a business to evaluate alternative
courses of action by weighing up the different measurable disadvantages and advantages of each
7. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
7 1939-6104-17-1-174
option. There is a likelihood of monetary cost to any change in IT profile of a business. This cost
might be in terms of price paid for the new software and hardware, cost of training staff or
continuous subscriptions to service providers like ISP or telephone services. These costs are
compared with the potential benefits of adoption which can be determined in monetary value in
terms of decrease in business cost or increase in revenue.
Hypothesis Three
H0: Information Technology does not enhance competitiveness of SMEs.
H1: Information Technology enhances competitiveness of SMEs.
Hypothesis Four
H0: Implementation challenges do not affect management.
H1: Implementation challenges affects management.
THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Diffusion is a process by which innovations are communicated through certain channels
over time among the members of a social system (Rogers, 2003). Oliveira & Martins (2011)
posit that DOI is a theory of how, why and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through
cultures, operating at the individual and firm level. The word “technology” and “innovation” are
used interchangeably by Rogers (Sahin, 2006). Diffusion of Innovations tries to describe how a
population takes up innovation (Robins, 2009). Furthermore, Rogers (2003) identified 5
attributes that determine the successful spread of an innovation:
1. Relative advantage
2. Compatibility with existing values and practices
3. Simplicity and ease of use
4. Trialability
5. Observable results
The degree of willingness to accept innovation differs from one individual to another;
thus, it is largely observed that the fraction of the population that adopts an innovation assumes a
normal distribution over time (Rogers, 2003). A category of five individual innovativeness
ranging from earliest to latest adopters is achieved by separating this normal distribution into the
following groups: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards (Rogers,
2003). This is shown in Figure 1 below.
8. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Volume 17, Issue 1, 2018
8 1939-6104-17-1-174
FIGURE 1
ADOPTER CATEGORIZATION ON THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVENESS
However, innovation process in the organizational environment is more complicated.
People fall into two categories as they are either for or against the adoption of innovation and as
such, play a major role in the final decision making. There are three independent variables that
influence innovativeness of an organization (Oliveira & Martins, 2011):
1. Individual characteristics which deals with the perspective of the leader regarding change.
2. Internal characteristics of organizational structure which can be further broken down to factors such as:
centralization, complexity, formalization, interconnectedness, organizational slack and size.
3. External characteristics of the organization which deals with the openness of the system.
METHODOLOGY
Questionnaires were designed and administered to seven different categories of SMEs
within Lagos (Table 1). The questionnaires were administered to the various respondents by self
and hand delivery. All the necessary arrangements were made to ensure that each category got
the adequate number of questionnaires delivered and returned to the researcher. A total of 150
questionnaires were distributed to senior managers and employees of 20 SMEs within Lagos
using a convenience sampling technique. Out of 150 questionnaires administered, 120 were
returned indicating a response rate of 80 percentages. 10 were distributed to Photographers with
response rate of 70 percentage, 15 were given to electronic shops with a response rate of 100
percentage, 20 were given to pharmacies with a response rate of 80 percentage, 20 were given to
bakeries with a response rate 75 percentage, 30 were given to private schools with a response
rate of 73.3 percentage, 35 were given to bookstores with a response rate of 25 percentage and
20 were given to boutiques with a response rate of 100 percentage
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ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS
Four hypotheses were postulated and examined in this study. This section presents the
findings.
Table 1
QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTION OF EACH ENTERPRISE
Business Sector Number of Questionnaires Handed Number Retrieved Response Rate (%)
Photographers 10 7 70
Electronic Shops 15 15 100
Pharmacy 20 16 80
Bakery 20 15 75
Private Schools 30 22 73.3
Bookstores 35 25 71.4
Boutiques 20 20 100
Total 150 120 80
Source: Author’s field survey results 2017
In terms of Age, 20-30 years have a frequency of 34 representing 28.3%. 31-40 years
have a frequency of 74 representing 61.7% and 42 and above has a frequency of 11 respondents
representing 10%. This shows that majority of the employees are middle aged people (31-40)
followed by young adults (20-30) while older people (41 and above) are the least represented in
the category. Therefore, the strength in manpower of SMEs in this region is in the middle aged
people. The marital status of the sampled population shows that a total number of 82 respondents
are married with a response rate of 35.8% while a total number of 38 respondents are single with
a response rate of 31.7 percentages. This shows that majority of the sample population are
married. Therefore, the labor force of the SMEs in this region appear to be family oriented
people who have responsibilities and obligations to attend to, which could serve as a motivating
factor in their work. The educational status, 51 respondents representing 12.8 percentages have
WASSCE/GCE, 62 representing 51.7% have BSc/HND, while 7 of the respondents have
MSc/PhD representing 5.8 percentage. It shows majority of the respondents are BSc/HND
holders. However, the combination of BSc/HND and MSc/PhD holders represent 57.5% which
implies that a greater number of the employees/management have tertiary level of education
compared to the number with just secondary educational certificates. Therefore, the employees
of this region can be said to be well educated. Majority of the sample population with 111
respondents representing 92.5 percentages have work experience of between 1-5 years, 9
respondents have work experience 6-10years constituting 7.5 percentage. This indicates that
majority of employees of SMEs in this region do not have long term plans to stay in the same
line of occupation for more than 5 years and only few of them (7.5%) end up not changing jobs
before the 5 year mark. Therefore, a greater number of the employees are there on a short term
base.
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Table 2
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
N Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std.
Deviation
Skewness
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std.
Error
Management/Employees
of the enterprise make
use of information
technology
120 1.00 2.00 134.00 1.1167 0.32237 2.419 0.221
Do you agree that the
use of information
technology has
improved the
productivity of your
enterprise
120 1.00 4.00 231.00 1.9250 0.50481 0.656 0.221
Information technology
is NOT a tool for
development in the
enterprise
120 1.00 5.00 456.00 3.8000 1.11219 -0.824 0.221
With the use of
computers and similar
devices, inventory
control is achieved
better in the enterprise
120 1.00 4.00 237.00 1.9750 0.69164 0.653 0.221
Internet has provided
decision relevant
information to
management in the
enterprise which has
improved services
120 1.00 5.00 180.00 1.5000 0.83011 1.703 0.221
Valid N (list wise) 120
Source: Author’s field survey results 2017
Table 2 presents information on questions that measure if the use of Information
Technology leads to increase in product output. The 87.5 percentages of the respondents strongly
agreed that they use Information in product output while 12.5 percentages agreed which is a
cumulative of 100 percentages. Majority of the respondents agreed that the use of Information
Technology has improved the productivity of their enterprise with a cumulative of 94.2
percentages agreeing and strongly agreeing. The table also showed that majority of the
respondents disagreed that Information Technology is NOT a tool for development in the
enterprise, Agreed that the use of computers and similar devices is achieved better in the
enterprise and that Internet has provided decision relevant information to management in the
enterprise which has improved services with a cumulative percentage rate of 71.9 percentage,
84.2 percentage, 85.8 percentage. Also the mean of the five questions “Management/Employees
of the enterprise make use of information in product output”, “Do you agree that the use of
Information Technology has improved the productivity of your enterprise”, “Information
Technology is not a tool development in the enterprise”, “With the use of computers and similar
devices, inventory control is achieved better in the enterprise”, “Internet has provided decision
relevant information to the Management of the enterprise which has improved services”.
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Analysis of the above further showed that the average respondent agreed that the use of
Information Technology leads to increase in output.
Table 3
THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INCREASES MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY
N Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std.
Deviation
Skewness
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std.
Error
Information
technology has
improved the skills of
employees/employers
in the enterprise
120 1.00 3.00 146.00 1.2167 0.48824 2.228 0.221
Information
technology has
enhanced work
speedily
120 1.00 4.00 228.00 1.9000 0.47456 0.173 0.221
Greater percentage of
the
employees/employers
appreciates
information
technology
120 1.00 4.00 186.00 1.5500 0.80805 1.196 0.221
Information
technology has
weakened the use of
brain and led to
fatigue in the work
place
120 1.00 4.00 252.00 2.1000 0.82401 0.819 0.221
Technology has
reduced stress and
work load
120 1.00 5.00 219.00 1.8250 0.99294 1.146 0.221
Valid N (list wise) 120
Source: Author’s field survey results 2017
Tables 3 present information on questions that measure if the application of Information
Technology increases management efficiency. The 81.7 percentages of the respondents strongly
agreed that Information technology has improved the skills of employees/employers in the
enterprise while 15 percentages agreed which is a cumulative of 96.7 percentages. The table also
showed that majority of the respondents agreed that Information technology has enhanced work
speedily with a cumulative of 95 percentages agreeing and strongly agreeing. Majority of the
respondents agreed that a Greater percentage of the employees/employers appreciate information
technology and that Technology has reduced stress with a cumulative percentage rate of 83.3
percentages, 78.3 percentages. Meanwhile, Information Technology has weakened the use of the
brain and led to fatigue in the work which is the only negative of Information Technology cited
in that section. Also the mean of the five questions “Information Technology has improved the
skills of employees/employers in the enterprise”, “Information Technology has enhanced work
speedily”, “Greater percentage of the employees/employers appreciates Information
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Technology”, “ Information Technology has weakened the use of the brain and led to fatigue at
work”, “Technology has reduced stress and work load”.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Study findings revealed that a bright future for SMEs in Nigeria is embedded in the
application of information technology. For SMEs in Nigeria to realize their full potential and
play their role accordingly, they cannot afford to ignore the application of information
technology. For SMEs to have teeth to bite in terms of competition there must be a means to
deliver their services online and in real time across and beyond the borders of the country. The
research findings show that information technology is vital for smooth performance of
management functions and better communication in the organization, which enhances the
effectiveness of decision making and also facilitates the accomplishment of goals and objectives
of the organization. The Nigerian government would do well to recognize SMEs as the backbone
of the economy which has the characteristics of a catalyst that can propel the growth and
development of the nation by providing employment, poverty alleviation, improving local goods
and increasing GDP to name a few. Therefore, major investments should be diverted to the
acquisition and implementation of information technology with a proper structure to facilitate
adequate training for managers, employees and all other stakeholders so as to ensure e-literacy.
Furthermore, SMEs who have adopted information technology also have their own challenges as
human beings are the main threats to information technology in an organization. Manipulation of
devices and gadgets can be used to commit fraud. The obstacles confronting the spread of
information technology are not technical but rather behavioral and in the cause of rejection of
technology, the human system is the one that resist change. However, from the survey results,
the disadvantages of using information technology surpass the disadvantages. Finally, it is safe to
draw conclusion from the results of this research that the use of information technology is
relevant in the effective management of SMEs in Nigeria. These findings validate the theories
utilized in this study which is the Diffusion of Innovation theory by Rogers (1995).
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proffered:
1. SMEs in Nigeria should do well to adopt and implement information technology in their business process
to enhance productivity.
2. There should be proper education and training of managers and employees to create more awareness and
improve the e-literacy of SMEs.
3. SMEs have been noted for their contribution to development, therefore there is a need for government to
provide the necessary infrastructures to assist the adoption of information technology in SMEs which will
in turn improve their participation in development.
4. Manpower should not be eliminated but rather be used side by side with information technology in order to
avoid unemployment in the country.
5. Government should improve on the electricity supply in the country so that the technology can be put to
maximum use to achieve maximum result.
6. There should be periodic enlightenment campaign for stakeholders.
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
This research focused on the relevance of information technology in the effective
management of selected SMEs in Lagos. The research is likely to provoke some other related
studies in an attempt to shed more light on the relationship between information technology and
management effectiveness. It is therefore important expand the scope in terms of sample size and
sampling technique used, it is suggested that the study is replicated by using a much larger and
broader sample. The conclusions of the study relate to a specific time in present and additional
studies are required on a longitudinal basis to eliminate obsoleteness, as we live in a world where
change is constant.
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