This document summarizes a report on child survival efforts. It discusses:
1) Progress made in reducing child mortality rates globally over the past two decades, but unfinished work remains as 19,000 children still die daily.
2) Three priority actions to meet child survival goals: sharpening country plans, strengthening accountability, and mobilizing social support.
3) This report analyzes trends in child mortality, causes of death, country examples of progress, and strategies to meet new goals for 2035 under the global initiative "A Promise Renewed."
Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed - Progress Report 2013UNICEF Publications
The annual number of under-five deaths fell from 12.6 million in 1990 to 6.6 million in 2012. But much faster progress is needed to reduce preventable diseases that cause child mortality. This is the second report in a series intended to track progress on child survival and promote accountability for global commitments.
This document is the second issue of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Card, which analyzes data on child well-being in industrialized nations. It finds that injury is the leading cause of death for children ages 1 to 14 in all developed countries, accounting for around 20,000 deaths per year. The report ranks countries based on their child injury death rates, with Sweden having the lowest rate and the United States and Portugal having rates over twice as high as the top countries. Reducing injury deaths in all countries to Sweden's level could prevent around 12,000 child deaths annually.
Thank you for your insightful letter. You raise several important points about technology and development in Africa. While iconic brands like Apple may resonate more in wealthy nations, providing practical and affordable options is crucial for closing digital divides in the developing world. I agree that companies must find culturally appropriate ways to make legitimate software accessible at low costs through mobile payments and other familiar methods. Overall this highlights how a one-size-fits-all approach will not work - development requires understanding local needs, capabilities and customs. Your perspective offers a thoughtful contribution to discussions on these issues.
This document summarizes Jamaica's progress in upholding children's rights 20 years after ratifying the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It finds that Jamaica has made positive strides through new legislation, institutions, and policies, but that many challenges remain due to issues like poverty, economic hardship, and violence. Key achievements include the Child Care and Protection Act, Early Childhood Commission, and National Plan of Action for Children. However, rights to protection from violence and participation require further strengthening. Overall, Jamaica has made progress upholding children's rights but still faces significant threats that require urgent national attention.
The document is the April 2012 issue of the Global South Development Magazine. It includes articles on topics such as peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo, gender equality in Argentina, mobile health technologies, and challenges to women's participation in development in Nepal. It also features a photo essay from Pencils of Promise showing school children in Laos and Central America, as well as letters to the editor discussing measures of failed states and the role of technology in reducing corruption.
Although the state of the world's indigenous peoples is alarming, there is some cause for optimism. The international community increasingly recognizes indigenous peoples' human rights, most prominently evidenced by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous peoples themselves continue to organize for the promotion of their rights. They are the stewards of some of the world's most biologically diverse areas and their traditional knowledge about the biodibversity of these areas is invaluable. As the effects of climate change are becoming clearer, it is increaslingly evident that indigenous peoples must play a central role in developing adaptation and mitigation efforts to this global challenge.
The State of the World's Indigenous Peoples is the result of a collaborative effort, organized by the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. The Chapters were written by independent experts.
The Children's Trust faced a profound threat in 2008 - it would disappear unless voters reauthorized it. This would eliminate hundreds of programs serving hundreds of thousands of children. However, the campaign's leaders had learned painful lessons from previous efforts. In 1988, voters approved establishing a children's board but then rejected funding it. This taught them they must show how the programs benefit the entire community. The Trust's chairman, David Lawrence, drew on these experiences to make the case for reauthorization during an economic downturn, showing its impact went beyond just helping children. His leadership was pivotal in the campaign's success.
This document analyzes what it will take for Afghanistan to end preventable child and newborn deaths by 2030. At current rates, Afghanistan will reach this goal in 2038 for under-five deaths and 2053 for newborn deaths, which is too late. National averages hide disparities for vulnerable groups. The government must commit to prioritizing maternal and child health, increasing funding for quality healthcare, and expanding coverage of essential services, especially for rural communities. It must also strengthen accountability and target interventions to vulnerable groups, as skilled birth attendance, birth registration, and nutrition show large inequalities between rich and poor, urban and rural, and educated and uneducated populations. Reaching the goal requires renewed commitment to counting,
Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed - Progress Report 2013UNICEF Publications
The annual number of under-five deaths fell from 12.6 million in 1990 to 6.6 million in 2012. But much faster progress is needed to reduce preventable diseases that cause child mortality. This is the second report in a series intended to track progress on child survival and promote accountability for global commitments.
This document is the second issue of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Card, which analyzes data on child well-being in industrialized nations. It finds that injury is the leading cause of death for children ages 1 to 14 in all developed countries, accounting for around 20,000 deaths per year. The report ranks countries based on their child injury death rates, with Sweden having the lowest rate and the United States and Portugal having rates over twice as high as the top countries. Reducing injury deaths in all countries to Sweden's level could prevent around 12,000 child deaths annually.
Thank you for your insightful letter. You raise several important points about technology and development in Africa. While iconic brands like Apple may resonate more in wealthy nations, providing practical and affordable options is crucial for closing digital divides in the developing world. I agree that companies must find culturally appropriate ways to make legitimate software accessible at low costs through mobile payments and other familiar methods. Overall this highlights how a one-size-fits-all approach will not work - development requires understanding local needs, capabilities and customs. Your perspective offers a thoughtful contribution to discussions on these issues.
This document summarizes Jamaica's progress in upholding children's rights 20 years after ratifying the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It finds that Jamaica has made positive strides through new legislation, institutions, and policies, but that many challenges remain due to issues like poverty, economic hardship, and violence. Key achievements include the Child Care and Protection Act, Early Childhood Commission, and National Plan of Action for Children. However, rights to protection from violence and participation require further strengthening. Overall, Jamaica has made progress upholding children's rights but still faces significant threats that require urgent national attention.
The document is the April 2012 issue of the Global South Development Magazine. It includes articles on topics such as peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo, gender equality in Argentina, mobile health technologies, and challenges to women's participation in development in Nepal. It also features a photo essay from Pencils of Promise showing school children in Laos and Central America, as well as letters to the editor discussing measures of failed states and the role of technology in reducing corruption.
Although the state of the world's indigenous peoples is alarming, there is some cause for optimism. The international community increasingly recognizes indigenous peoples' human rights, most prominently evidenced by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous peoples themselves continue to organize for the promotion of their rights. They are the stewards of some of the world's most biologically diverse areas and their traditional knowledge about the biodibversity of these areas is invaluable. As the effects of climate change are becoming clearer, it is increaslingly evident that indigenous peoples must play a central role in developing adaptation and mitigation efforts to this global challenge.
The State of the World's Indigenous Peoples is the result of a collaborative effort, organized by the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. The Chapters were written by independent experts.
The Children's Trust faced a profound threat in 2008 - it would disappear unless voters reauthorized it. This would eliminate hundreds of programs serving hundreds of thousands of children. However, the campaign's leaders had learned painful lessons from previous efforts. In 1988, voters approved establishing a children's board but then rejected funding it. This taught them they must show how the programs benefit the entire community. The Trust's chairman, David Lawrence, drew on these experiences to make the case for reauthorization during an economic downturn, showing its impact went beyond just helping children. His leadership was pivotal in the campaign's success.
This document analyzes what it will take for Afghanistan to end preventable child and newborn deaths by 2030. At current rates, Afghanistan will reach this goal in 2038 for under-five deaths and 2053 for newborn deaths, which is too late. National averages hide disparities for vulnerable groups. The government must commit to prioritizing maternal and child health, increasing funding for quality healthcare, and expanding coverage of essential services, especially for rural communities. It must also strengthen accountability and target interventions to vulnerable groups, as skilled birth attendance, birth registration, and nutrition show large inequalities between rich and poor, urban and rural, and educated and uneducated populations. Reaching the goal requires renewed commitment to counting,
Global South Development Magazine January 2011globalsouth
The article discusses Ethiopia's new five-year plan to reduce HIV infections. Key points:
- The plan aims to halve new HIV infections, quadruple annual condom distribution, and put 85% of people needing treatment on medication.
- Ethiopia has already reduced new HIV infections by over 25% since 2001 according to UNAIDS.
- However, the plan does not include specific programming for men who have sex with men, who face legal repercussions and are at high risk for HIV. Advocates call for including this group in HIV prevention efforts.
This document provides a summary of the 2005 World Youth Report published by the United Nations. It discusses key topics related to youth worldwide such as poverty, education, employment, health, participation, and armed conflict. Some of the main points covered include:
- Nearly half of the global population is under 25 years old, with 1.2 billion young people currently living in poverty, unemployed, or illiterate.
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) relate directly to issues impacting youth well-being such as poverty, education, and health. Progress on the MDGs is critical for both current and future generations of young people.
- The report is divided into three parts covering youth in the
The document summarizes activities undertaken by Member States, civil society organizations, and UN entities to commemorate the 2010 International Year of Youth. It describes how over 350 events were held worldwide with themes like youth participation, empowerment, and generating mutual understanding. Member States organized national youth conferences and competitions, as well as launching special initiatives to invest in youth programs and engage youth in policymaking. The International Year of Youth provided an opportunity to advocate for young people and strengthen commitments to national youth development agendas.
Life at the BoP study: findings and statisticsMovirtu
This document summarizes key findings from research conducted with farmers, entrepreneurs, and youth in India, Senegal, and Tanzania between June and October 2011. The research involved expert interviews, focus groups, and surveys. Key findings include:
- Education is seen as important for better opportunities but secondary school attendance is low, especially in rural areas. School quality is also an issue.
- Farmers face many challenges including unpredictable weather, pests, rising costs, and debt. Many feel marginalized.
- Women entrepreneurs are motivated to support their children's education but have less access to formal groups and information.
- Youth are enthusiastic about technology's benefits but cost and content concerns exist. Internet and
World Fertility Patterns 2009 presents the data available to assess the change in fertility taking place in countries of the world. For the 224 countries or areas for which data are available, it displays unadjusted data on total fertility, age-specific fertility and the mean age at childbearing for two points in time: the first as close as possible to 1970 and the second showing the latest available data.
Hidden in plain_sight_statistical_analysis_en_3_sept_2014_1MunisaRayimova
This document is a statistical analysis of violence against children from UNICEF. It analyzes data from around the world on the various forms of violence children experience, including physical, sexual and psychological violence. Some key findings are that physical violence is a leading cause of death and injury for children, sexual violence affects both girls and boys but is often hidden, and corporal punishment is the most common form of violence experienced by children worldwide. The report aims to make violence against children visible through data in order to inform policies and programs to better protect children.
This document summarizes disaster risk reduction efforts related to education in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It finds that while some countries have integrated disaster risk reduction into their education systems, capacity gaps remain across the region. The report recommends promoting knowledge of disaster management and risk behaviors through both formal and non-formal education, as well as strengthening partnerships to further disaster risk reduction initiatives in education.
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) over several decades. It describes how UNICEF was originally established in 1946 to provide emergency relief to children in war-torn Europe. It then expanded its mission to helping children worldwide, focusing on combating diseases and improving child health, nutrition, and education. The document highlights how in the 1980s under Executive Director James Grant, UNICEF adopted an ambitious goal of cutting worldwide child mortality in half by prioritizing simple and cost-effective interventions like breastfeeding promotion, oral rehydration, immunizations, and growth monitoring (the "GOBI" program). This strategic shift helped UNICEF generate significant
This document provides an overview and introduction to the 10th anniversary edition of the World Happiness Report. It summarizes the key findings and developments in happiness research over the past decade. Specifically, it notes that interest in happiness and well-being as policy goals has grown substantially in recent years. However, global life evaluations have remained relatively stable on average, though there is variation between countries. The report also highlights several promising new areas of research that could further understanding of happiness, such as analyzing text to measure emotions and examining the biological factors associated with well-being.
This annual report summarizes the activities of Terre des Hommes International Federation for 2009. It conducted over 1,100 development and humanitarian aid projects in 70 countries, delivering protection, care, health, education and development opportunities to children. Key priorities included protecting children from exploitation and violence, ensuring access to health and education, enabling child development and potential, and assisting children in emergencies. Terre des Hommes also engaged in advocacy and lobbying governments to strengthen children's rights legislation and raise awareness about violations of children's rights. The organization worked to consolidate its plans and continue its mission despite challenges from the international financial crisis.
AIDSTAR-One Protecting Children Affected by HIV Against Abuse, Exploitation, ...AIDSTAROne
This document is intended to explore strategies to protect children orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV (OVC) from abuse, exploitation, violence, and neglect. The report draws from lessons learned by OVC program managers, designers, and policy developers—particularly those associated with the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
http://www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/OVC/reports/protecting_children_affected_by_HIV
This document summarizes a presentation on a case study of maternal health in rural Rwanda. The presentation discusses:
- Research conducted in two rural districts over 5 months using ethnographic techniques and interviews.
- Key assumptions about components of safe motherhood that were examined.
- Results showing that Rwanda has low maternal mortality, no recorded deaths since 2008, widespread family planning use, and most births occurring in health centers.
- Quantitative data demonstrating improvements in maternal and reproductive health indicators from 1992 to 2010.
- Factors contributing to Rwanda's success, including coherent policies, effective monitoring and incentives, and collaborative problem-solving between local actors and the state.
This document from the World Health Organization provides an overview of current global health indicators and goals. It outlines key health issues such as child malnutrition and mortality, maternal mortality, and infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. The status and trends of these issues are presented, along with important health interventions and factors that impact outcomes. Overall, the document reports on the state of major health challenges worldwide and progress toward reducing their burden.
The document discusses the applications of Bayesian statistics in clinical research and decision making. It provides 3 case studies that demonstrate how Bayesian and frequentist analyses can lead to different conclusions from the same data. The case studies show that Bayesian analysis provides the probability that a hypothesis is true given the data, while frequentist analysis does not. Overall, the document argues that Bayesian statistics is better aligned with clinical decision making compared to conventional frequentist statistics.
Menopause is defined as amenorrhea for at least one year associated with elevated FSH levels. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. It is important to evaluate for signs of osteoporosis like height loss or kyphosis on exam. Differential diagnoses include premature ovarian failure, thyroid disorders, autoimmune disorders, and hyperprolactinemia. An elevated FSH level is consistent with menopause. Hormone replacement therapy can effectively treat vasomotor symptoms but is associated with increased risks of venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Non-hormonal options and lifestyle modifications should be discussed.
This document discusses family planning, including its definition, objectives, and scope of services. It covers topics like eligible couples, contraceptive methods, health aspects, small family norms, and national population policies/goals. The key methods discussed are male/female condoms, diaphragms, IUDs, pills, and sterilization. The document provides details on each method's use, effectiveness rates, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes the goal of adopting a small family norm to stabilize population growth in India.
Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, come in combined and progestogen-only formulations. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen, while progestogen-only pills only contain progestogen. Their main mechanisms of action are to prevent ovulation and make cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm. Potential adverse effects include cardiovascular risks, changes in serum lipids, and metabolic effects. Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease risks of some cancers while their effects on other cancers are still debated.
The document outlines lessons learned and strategies for improving measurement of maternal mortality. Key strategies discussed include increasing completeness of vital registration systems, reducing misclassification of causes of death, introducing nationwide verbal autopsy programs, and shortening the time between data collection and analysis. The document also notes progress made in reducing global maternal deaths but indicates this progress would have been greater without HIV/AIDS.
This document summarizes the UNICEF report "Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2012". It outlines the global effort to accelerate reductions in preventable child deaths. Since the 2012 Child Survival Call to Action, over 100 governments and many organizations have pledged to redouble efforts. The report details strategies to meet the goals of the initiative, including strengthening evidence-based country plans, increasing transparency and accountability, and boosting social mobilization. It also reviews levels and causes of under-five mortality, and provides examples of countries that have significantly reduced child deaths. The overall aim is to help sustain commitment to ending preventable child deaths.
This document summarizes the 2013 progress report of "A Promise Renewed", a global movement to end preventable child deaths. It discusses that over 176 governments and many organizations have signed a pledge to accelerate efforts to reduce child mortality. The report tracks progress on child survival goals, presenting trends in under-five mortality rates, analysis of progress toward UN goals, descriptions of leading causes of child death, and examples of national initiatives to save children's lives. It acknowledges more effort is still needed to fulfill the promise to end preventable child deaths.
MAIS DE 12 MIL BEBÉS MORREM POR ANO NO PRIMEIRO DIA DE VIDA EM ANGOLAVentura Dias Dos Santos
The document summarizes the key findings of Save the Children's 14th annual State of the World's Mothers report. It finds that over 1 million babies die on their first day of life, making it the most dangerous day. Three million newborn babies die each year from preventable causes like infection, birth complications, and prematurity. While maternal and child deaths have declined overall, progress has been slower in reducing newborn deaths. The report identifies proven, low-cost interventions that could save millions of lives if made universally available to mothers and newborns.
Global South Development Magazine January 2011globalsouth
The article discusses Ethiopia's new five-year plan to reduce HIV infections. Key points:
- The plan aims to halve new HIV infections, quadruple annual condom distribution, and put 85% of people needing treatment on medication.
- Ethiopia has already reduced new HIV infections by over 25% since 2001 according to UNAIDS.
- However, the plan does not include specific programming for men who have sex with men, who face legal repercussions and are at high risk for HIV. Advocates call for including this group in HIV prevention efforts.
This document provides a summary of the 2005 World Youth Report published by the United Nations. It discusses key topics related to youth worldwide such as poverty, education, employment, health, participation, and armed conflict. Some of the main points covered include:
- Nearly half of the global population is under 25 years old, with 1.2 billion young people currently living in poverty, unemployed, or illiterate.
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) relate directly to issues impacting youth well-being such as poverty, education, and health. Progress on the MDGs is critical for both current and future generations of young people.
- The report is divided into three parts covering youth in the
The document summarizes activities undertaken by Member States, civil society organizations, and UN entities to commemorate the 2010 International Year of Youth. It describes how over 350 events were held worldwide with themes like youth participation, empowerment, and generating mutual understanding. Member States organized national youth conferences and competitions, as well as launching special initiatives to invest in youth programs and engage youth in policymaking. The International Year of Youth provided an opportunity to advocate for young people and strengthen commitments to national youth development agendas.
Life at the BoP study: findings and statisticsMovirtu
This document summarizes key findings from research conducted with farmers, entrepreneurs, and youth in India, Senegal, and Tanzania between June and October 2011. The research involved expert interviews, focus groups, and surveys. Key findings include:
- Education is seen as important for better opportunities but secondary school attendance is low, especially in rural areas. School quality is also an issue.
- Farmers face many challenges including unpredictable weather, pests, rising costs, and debt. Many feel marginalized.
- Women entrepreneurs are motivated to support their children's education but have less access to formal groups and information.
- Youth are enthusiastic about technology's benefits but cost and content concerns exist. Internet and
World Fertility Patterns 2009 presents the data available to assess the change in fertility taking place in countries of the world. For the 224 countries or areas for which data are available, it displays unadjusted data on total fertility, age-specific fertility and the mean age at childbearing for two points in time: the first as close as possible to 1970 and the second showing the latest available data.
Hidden in plain_sight_statistical_analysis_en_3_sept_2014_1MunisaRayimova
This document is a statistical analysis of violence against children from UNICEF. It analyzes data from around the world on the various forms of violence children experience, including physical, sexual and psychological violence. Some key findings are that physical violence is a leading cause of death and injury for children, sexual violence affects both girls and boys but is often hidden, and corporal punishment is the most common form of violence experienced by children worldwide. The report aims to make violence against children visible through data in order to inform policies and programs to better protect children.
This document summarizes disaster risk reduction efforts related to education in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It finds that while some countries have integrated disaster risk reduction into their education systems, capacity gaps remain across the region. The report recommends promoting knowledge of disaster management and risk behaviors through both formal and non-formal education, as well as strengthening partnerships to further disaster risk reduction initiatives in education.
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) over several decades. It describes how UNICEF was originally established in 1946 to provide emergency relief to children in war-torn Europe. It then expanded its mission to helping children worldwide, focusing on combating diseases and improving child health, nutrition, and education. The document highlights how in the 1980s under Executive Director James Grant, UNICEF adopted an ambitious goal of cutting worldwide child mortality in half by prioritizing simple and cost-effective interventions like breastfeeding promotion, oral rehydration, immunizations, and growth monitoring (the "GOBI" program). This strategic shift helped UNICEF generate significant
This document provides an overview and introduction to the 10th anniversary edition of the World Happiness Report. It summarizes the key findings and developments in happiness research over the past decade. Specifically, it notes that interest in happiness and well-being as policy goals has grown substantially in recent years. However, global life evaluations have remained relatively stable on average, though there is variation between countries. The report also highlights several promising new areas of research that could further understanding of happiness, such as analyzing text to measure emotions and examining the biological factors associated with well-being.
This annual report summarizes the activities of Terre des Hommes International Federation for 2009. It conducted over 1,100 development and humanitarian aid projects in 70 countries, delivering protection, care, health, education and development opportunities to children. Key priorities included protecting children from exploitation and violence, ensuring access to health and education, enabling child development and potential, and assisting children in emergencies. Terre des Hommes also engaged in advocacy and lobbying governments to strengthen children's rights legislation and raise awareness about violations of children's rights. The organization worked to consolidate its plans and continue its mission despite challenges from the international financial crisis.
AIDSTAR-One Protecting Children Affected by HIV Against Abuse, Exploitation, ...AIDSTAROne
This document is intended to explore strategies to protect children orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV (OVC) from abuse, exploitation, violence, and neglect. The report draws from lessons learned by OVC program managers, designers, and policy developers—particularly those associated with the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
http://www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/OVC/reports/protecting_children_affected_by_HIV
This document summarizes a presentation on a case study of maternal health in rural Rwanda. The presentation discusses:
- Research conducted in two rural districts over 5 months using ethnographic techniques and interviews.
- Key assumptions about components of safe motherhood that were examined.
- Results showing that Rwanda has low maternal mortality, no recorded deaths since 2008, widespread family planning use, and most births occurring in health centers.
- Quantitative data demonstrating improvements in maternal and reproductive health indicators from 1992 to 2010.
- Factors contributing to Rwanda's success, including coherent policies, effective monitoring and incentives, and collaborative problem-solving between local actors and the state.
This document from the World Health Organization provides an overview of current global health indicators and goals. It outlines key health issues such as child malnutrition and mortality, maternal mortality, and infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. The status and trends of these issues are presented, along with important health interventions and factors that impact outcomes. Overall, the document reports on the state of major health challenges worldwide and progress toward reducing their burden.
The document discusses the applications of Bayesian statistics in clinical research and decision making. It provides 3 case studies that demonstrate how Bayesian and frequentist analyses can lead to different conclusions from the same data. The case studies show that Bayesian analysis provides the probability that a hypothesis is true given the data, while frequentist analysis does not. Overall, the document argues that Bayesian statistics is better aligned with clinical decision making compared to conventional frequentist statistics.
Menopause is defined as amenorrhea for at least one year associated with elevated FSH levels. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. It is important to evaluate for signs of osteoporosis like height loss or kyphosis on exam. Differential diagnoses include premature ovarian failure, thyroid disorders, autoimmune disorders, and hyperprolactinemia. An elevated FSH level is consistent with menopause. Hormone replacement therapy can effectively treat vasomotor symptoms but is associated with increased risks of venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Non-hormonal options and lifestyle modifications should be discussed.
This document discusses family planning, including its definition, objectives, and scope of services. It covers topics like eligible couples, contraceptive methods, health aspects, small family norms, and national population policies/goals. The key methods discussed are male/female condoms, diaphragms, IUDs, pills, and sterilization. The document provides details on each method's use, effectiveness rates, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes the goal of adopting a small family norm to stabilize population growth in India.
Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, come in combined and progestogen-only formulations. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen, while progestogen-only pills only contain progestogen. Their main mechanisms of action are to prevent ovulation and make cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm. Potential adverse effects include cardiovascular risks, changes in serum lipids, and metabolic effects. Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease risks of some cancers while their effects on other cancers are still debated.
The document outlines lessons learned and strategies for improving measurement of maternal mortality. Key strategies discussed include increasing completeness of vital registration systems, reducing misclassification of causes of death, introducing nationwide verbal autopsy programs, and shortening the time between data collection and analysis. The document also notes progress made in reducing global maternal deaths but indicates this progress would have been greater without HIV/AIDS.
This document summarizes the UNICEF report "Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2012". It outlines the global effort to accelerate reductions in preventable child deaths. Since the 2012 Child Survival Call to Action, over 100 governments and many organizations have pledged to redouble efforts. The report details strategies to meet the goals of the initiative, including strengthening evidence-based country plans, increasing transparency and accountability, and boosting social mobilization. It also reviews levels and causes of under-five mortality, and provides examples of countries that have significantly reduced child deaths. The overall aim is to help sustain commitment to ending preventable child deaths.
This document summarizes the 2013 progress report of "A Promise Renewed", a global movement to end preventable child deaths. It discusses that over 176 governments and many organizations have signed a pledge to accelerate efforts to reduce child mortality. The report tracks progress on child survival goals, presenting trends in under-five mortality rates, analysis of progress toward UN goals, descriptions of leading causes of child death, and examples of national initiatives to save children's lives. It acknowledges more effort is still needed to fulfill the promise to end preventable child deaths.
MAIS DE 12 MIL BEBÉS MORREM POR ANO NO PRIMEIRO DIA DE VIDA EM ANGOLAVentura Dias Dos Santos
The document summarizes the key findings of Save the Children's 14th annual State of the World's Mothers report. It finds that over 1 million babies die on their first day of life, making it the most dangerous day. Three million newborn babies die each year from preventable causes like infection, birth complications, and prematurity. While maternal and child deaths have declined overall, progress has been slower in reducing newborn deaths. The report identifies proven, low-cost interventions that could save millions of lives if made universally available to mothers and newborns.
The document summarizes the key findings of Save the Children's 14th annual State of the World's Mothers report. It finds that over 1 million babies die on their first day of life, making it the most dangerous day. Three million newborn babies die each year from preventable causes like infection, birth complications, and prematurity. While maternal and child deaths have declined overall, progress has been slower for newborns. Proven, low-cost interventions could save over 2 million newborn lives annually but lack of political will and funding is preventing delivery of solutions to all who need them. The report examines which countries are succeeding and failing to save mothers and newborns and identifies investments that can make a difference.
This document provides an overview of Facts for Life, a publication that delivers essential information to families and communities on how to prevent child and maternal deaths, diseases, injuries, and violence. It discusses the purpose, structure, and key messages of the publication, which aims to educate those who influence children's safety and well-being through simple, life-saving messages. The document also provides details on the topics covered in Facts for Life's 14 chapters and lists some of the UN agencies and organizations involved in its production and dissemination.
The fourth edition of Facts for Life contains essential information that families and communities need to know to raise healthy children. This handbook provides practical advice on pregnancy, childbirth, childhood illnesses, child development and the care of children. This edition also features a new chapter on child protection. The book is intended for parents, families, health workers, teachers, youth groups, women’s groups, community organizations, government officials, employers, trade unions, media, and non-governmental and faith-based organizations.
This document is Save the Children's 2004 "State of the World's Mothers" report, which focuses on the challenges faced by young mothers around the world. It finds that pregnancy is the leading cause of death for adolescent girls in poor countries and their babies face higher risks of death. Millions of girls drop out of school early and marry young. The report ranks 50 countries where early motherhood is especially severe, with Niger ranked as most perilous. It recommends keeping girls in school longer and increasing access to reproductive healthcare as ways to help young mothers and their children.
Passport to Protection: A Guide to Birth Registration ProgrammingUNICEF Publications
A Passport to Protection: A guide to birth registration programming provides practical guidance to development staff and staff of other agencies on how the inequities found in the assessment may be addressed. It outlines eight steps for understanding the programme task and ways to implement organisational and legal changes, stimulating demand and strengthening collaboration. These actions aim to support the characteristics of a well-functioning birth registration process within the civil registry: free, universal, permanent and continuous, confidential, timely and accurate.
Het slechtste land om moeder te worden: Niger
Moederdagrapport Save the Children: rangschikking positie moeders
Het beste land om een kind te krijgen is Noorwegen; het land met de slechtste omstandigheden om moeder te worden is Niger. Dat staat in een rapport van kinderrechtenorganisatie Save the Children dat vandaag ter gelegenheid van Moederdag wordt uitgebracht onder de naam State of the World’s Mothers 2012. Het rapport bevat een lijst van 165 landen die gerangschikt zijn op de toegankelijkheid tot gezondheidszorg, onderwijs en economische mogelijkheden. Van de onderste 10 landen van de index, worden zeven landen op dit moment hard getroffen door de voedselcrisis. Ook Niger kampt met de gevolgen van de voedselcrisis, waardoor miljoenen kinderen het gevaar lopen om ondervoed te raken. Door de ernstige droogte en de slechte oogst stegen de prijzen voor voedsel waardoor met name de allerarmste kinderen hard getroffen worden.
In veel landen zijn vaccins, antibiotica en verzorging tijdens de zwangerschap voor grote aantallen vrouwen onbereikbaar, als gevolg waarvan de sterftepercentages van moeders en kinderen bij geboorten hoog zijn. Ondervoeding is een van de belangrijkste oorzaken van deze moeder en kindersterfte. Moeders die in hun kinderjaren ondervoed zijn geweest, brengen vaker kinderen ter wereld met een laag geboortegewicht. Als een moeder in armoede leeft, overwerkt is, laag is opgeleid en een slechte gezondheid heeft, is de kans groot dat zij haar baby niet voldoende kan voeden. En dat heeft onomkeerbare gevolgen. In Afrika heeft zo’n 20% van de vrouwen een extreem laag gewicht, in Zuid-Azie ligt dit percentage op 35%. Deze vicieuze cirkel moet worden doorbroken. En de manieren om dit te kunnen doorbreken zijn vaak simpel: door het promoten van borstvoeding zouden we jaarlijks een miljoen kinderen kunnen redden. De eerste 1000 dagen van het leven van een kind zijn cruciaal. In die periode kun je het verschil maken door borstvoeding te promoten en locale gezondheidswerkers op te leiden.
www.savethechildren.nl
This document is the State of the World's Mothers 2012 report published by Save the Children. It focuses on the critical window of a child's development from pregnancy to age 2, known as the First 1,000 Days. The report finds that 171 million children worldwide do not reach their full potential due to poor nutrition during this crucial period. It examines the global malnutrition crisis and identifies six low-cost nutrition solutions that can save lives, including breastfeeding. The report also includes scorecards that rank countries on their infant and toddler feeding policies and practices as well as on policies supporting breastfeeding in industrialized nations.
This document outlines USAID's first policy on youth in development. The policy aims to improve youth's capacities and enable their aspirations so they can contribute to and benefit from stable, democratic, and prosperous communities. It does so by strengthening youth programming and participation, and mainstreaming youth issues across all of USAID's work. The policy is informed by best practices in youth development and aims to help countries capitalize on favorable demographics by empowering youth.
This document outlines USAID's first policy on youth in development. The policy aims to improve youth's capacities and enable their aspirations so they can contribute to and benefit from stable, democratic, and prosperous communities. It does so by strengthening youth programming and participation, and mainstreaming youth issues across all of USAID's work. The policy is informed by best practices in youth development and aims to help countries capitalize on favorable demographics by empowering youth.
This document presents USAID's first policy on youth in development. It recognizes that over half of the world's population is under 30 and that investing in youth is key to realizing a "demographic dividend" of economic growth. The policy aims to improve youth capacities and opportunities so they can contribute to prosperous, stable communities. It establishes the goal of strengthening youth programming and participation across USAID initiatives. The policy is based on best practices and consultations with youth, and informed by other strategies on gender equality, health, education, and other topics.
UNICEF's 2015 Annual Results Report summarizes the organization's work and progress on gender equality. It covers three key areas: 1) targeted programming to empower adolescent girls, such as addressing child marriage, education, health, and gender-based violence; 2) mainstreaming gender across UNICEF's sectors including health, education, and child protection; and 3) strengthening institutional capacity on gender issues.
Some notable accomplishments include reaching over 2 million women and children with gender-based violence prevention services, enrolling hundreds of thousands of girls in school in countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan, and improving access to maternal and child health services for hundreds of thousands of women in countries such as Sudan. However, challenges remain in fully mainstream
This document provides a summary regional strategy report by World Vision for Latin America and the Caribbean between 2016-2020. It outlines key figures for the region in 2015, including population statistics, religious demographics, and countries where World Vision has a presence. It then describes the problem of increased vulnerability and violence facing children in the region despite economic growth. It establishes World Vision's assumptions and goals of tenderly protecting children and promoting a more just society by 2030. Finally, it analyzes drivers of change expected in the regional context by 2030 and outlines the strategic goals and framework to guide World Vision's work in addressing the needs and vulnerability of children in the region.
This document provides an overview and background information for the 2015 International Day of the Girl Child. It discusses how adolescent girls are often left behind and invisible in development efforts despite their potential. Investing in adolescent girls' health, education and empowerment promotes gender equality and benefits communities and future generations. The briefing book outlines UNICEF's messaging and asks partners to promote empowering adolescent girls and recognizing their power to transform the world.
The sustainable development goals report 2019 - United NationsTheFoodChallenge
Since its inception in 2015, the 2030 Agenda has provided a blueprint for shared prosperity in a sustainable world—a world where all people can live productive, vibrant and peaceful lives on a healthy planet. The year 2030 is just over a decade away, and we must ask ourselves if our actions today are laying the right foundation to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 provides evidence-based insights to answer this question.
Hunger is growing worldwide. And this is a major problem for the humanity.
This document discusses the links between population dynamics, climate change, and sustainable development in Africa. It finds that Sub-Saharan Africa's population is growing rapidly, driven by high fertility rates, and is projected to double by 2050. Rapid population growth and climate change are exacerbating environmental degradation on the continent and undermining development efforts. The document examines these links through case studies of Kenya and Malawi and recommends that governments and donors invest more in integrated population, climate change, and development policies and programs. Addressing population challenges, such as by expanding access to family planning, can increase resilience to climate change impacts and help achieve sustainable development goals.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2021-22
Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World
POSTED ON: SEPTEMBER 08, 2022
We live in a world of worry. The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, having driven reversals in human development in almost every country, continues to spin off variants unpredictably. War in Ukraine and elsewhere has created more human suffering. Record-breaking temperatures, fires, storms and floods sound the alarm of planetary systems increasingly out of whack. Together, they are fuelling a cost-of-living crisis felt around the world, painting a picture of uncertain times and unsettled lives.
Uncertainty is not new, but its dimensions are taking ominous new forms today. A new “uncertainty complex” is emerging, never before seen in human history. Constituting it are three volatile and interacting strands: the destabilizing planetary pressures and inequalities of the Anthropocene, the pursuit of sweeping societal transformations to ease those pressures and the widespread and intensifying polarization.
This new uncertainty complex and each new crisis it spawns are impeding human development and unsettling lives the world over. In the wake of the pandemic, and for the first time ever, the global Human Development Index (HDI) value declined—for two years straight. Many countries experienced ongoing declines on the HDI in 2021. Even before the pandemic, feelings of insecurity were on the rise nearly everywhere. Many people feel alienated from their political systems, and in another reversal, democratic backsliding has worsened.
There is peril in new uncertainties, in the insecurity, polarization and demagoguery that grip many countries. But there is promise, too—an opportunity to reimagine our futures, to renew and adapt our institutions and to craft new stories about who we are and what we value. This is the hopeful path forward, the path to follow if we wish to thrive in a world in flux.
Co-author.
This Framework responds to the demands of country leaders, partners, and
youth organizations worldwide, for the Bank to generate new ‘evidence-based’ knowledge for the benefit of children
and youth—especially in the areas of economic and social benefits, costs, and the impact of investment—and to shape
subsequent policy responses across the development spectrum. Through wide consultation at country, regional and
global levels, the Framework also reflects the broad priorities identified by young people from every continent.
The Framework reflects years of operational experience by the World Bank and its partners in helping improve the
lives of young people through the more traditional means of Education, Health, Social Protection, and overall poverty
reduction. This accumulated body of evidence allows us to know what works, and how best to scale up these interventions.
However, it also highlights our gaps in knowledge and resources, and where we need a more integrated and
cross-sectoral approach to develop policies and interventions that can make a difference in tackling the development
issues facing children and youth today that have, thus far, proven hardest to solve.
O documento lista os resultados de um processo seletivo para o 6o ano do ensino fundamental de uma universidade, dividindo os aprovados em listas de aprovados sem necessidades educacionais especiais, aprovados com NEE, suplentes sem NEE e suplentes com NEE.
Este documento apresenta os resultados de um processo seletivo para o 6o ano do ensino fundamental, dividindo os aprovados em listas sem e com necessidades educacionais especiais e listas de suplentes nas mesmas categorias. A lista contém os nomes e números de inscrição dos selecionados por ordem classificatória.
O documento apresenta trechos de obras literárias que retratam situações de discriminação e preconceito sofridos por mulheres. No primeiro trecho, uma mulher negra é humilhada por uma senhora após engravidar do filho dela. No segundo trecho, uma peça teatral mostra o sofrimento de mulheres casadas com homens abusivos na época. Já no terceiro trecho, uma atriz negra interpretará um papel antes feito por atriz branca, mas enfrenta resistência.
O documento apresenta a programação de atividades do Espaço Ciência para as férias de julho e agosto, incluindo passeios de barco, bicicleta, oficinas e observações no pavilhão de exposições sobre temas como manguezais, energia renovável e montagem da Terra. As atividades ocorrem diariamente nos períodos da manhã e tarde, com exceção dos fins de semana pela manhã.
Este documento apresenta o resultado final de classificação de um concurso público para professores na cidade de Olinda. A lista contém os nomes dos candidatos classificados em ordem de nota final, com seus respectivos dados e pontuações. Foram classificados 91 candidatos para o cargo de Professor I.
Este relatório parcial da Polícia Federal analisa material apreendido com Mauro Cid e encontrou:
1) Fotografias de um documento apócrifo sobre decretar estado de sítio e GLO que continha ideias antidemocráticas.
2) Arquivos recebidos por Cid sobre GLO e garantia dos poderes, incluindo artigos e documentos da constituinte.
3) Mensagens trocadas entre Cid e o Tenente-Coronel Marcelino Haddad sobre esses temas.
A análise levantou suspe
Este edital define as regras e cronograma para o processo seletivo do Prouni no segundo semestre de 2023, incluindo período de inscrições de 27 a 30 de junho e divulgação dos resultados da primeira chamada em 4 de julho e da segunda chamada em 24 de julho. Os candidatos devem ter feito o Enem 2021 ou 2022 e atender requisitos de renda e modalidade de ensino médio.
Este documento lista los nombres de candidatos aprobados en un concurso público para el cargo de profesor en la Secretaría de Educación y Deportes del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Los candidatos están clasificados por disciplina y municipio de asignación. El documento también incluye la lista de secretarios de estado del gobierno de Pernambuco.
O projeto de lei complementar propõe aumentar os valores nominais de vencimento base para professores públicos em Pernambuco de acordo com novas tabelas salariais. Os aumentos teriam efeito financeiro retroativo a janeiro de 2023 e seriam pagos de forma escalonada até agosto.
Six candidates have been called in the 2nd call for the undergraduate course in Social Communication at UFPE's Agreste campus for the full-time modality. The candidates are listed with their ENEM registration number, name, score and admission preference. Isabelly Nayara do Nascimento ranked first with a score of 608.28.
The document shows a table with the number of occupied and unoccupied vacancies for various undergraduate courses offered at the Caruaru campus for the 2023 regular call of the Unified Selection System (SISU). It displays data on courses, degree, shift, modality, occupied vacancies and unoccupied vacancies. The table contains information on several bachelor's and licentiate degree courses offered in integral, morning, evening and night shifts.
This document summarizes enrollment data for various courses at a university campus in Vitória for the 2023 regular call of the SISU program. It lists each course, degree type, schedule, modality, number of seats filled and unfilled. Many courses had seats remaining unfilled after the regular call enrollment period. The data is organized by course and broken down by the different degree levels (A0, L1, etc.) within each course.
The document is a panel showing the number of occupied and unoccupied vacancies for courses in the regular call of Sisu 2023 at the Recife campus. It lists the courses, degree, shift, modality and number of vacancies occupied and unoccupied. Many courses had more occupied vacancies than unoccupied ones. The document provides a detailed breakdown of enrollment data for different undergraduate courses.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
5. Overview
BACKGROUND developed for countries to adapt to their own priorities. National
To advance Every Woman Every Child, a strategy launched by Unit- governments and local partners are encouraged to take the lead
ed Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, UNICEF and other UN in applying the template to national monitoring efforts.
organizations are joining partners from the public, private and civil
society sectors in a global movement to accelerate reductions in Global communication and social mobilization: Governments
preventable maternal, newborn and child deaths. and partners will mobilize broad-based social and political sup-
The Child Survival Call to Action was convened in June 2012 by port for the goal of ending preventable child deaths. As part of
the Governments of Ethiopia, India and the United States, togeth- this effort, the search for small-scale innovations that demon-
er with UNICEF, to examine ways to spur progress on child survival. strate strong potential for large-scale results will be intensified.
A modelling exercise presented at this event demonstrated that Once identified, local innovations will be tested, made public, and
all countries can lower child mortality rates to 20 or fewer deaths taken to scale. By harnessing the power of mobile technology, civil
per 1,000 live births by 2035 – an important milestone towards society and the private sector can encourage private citizens, es-
the ultimate aim of ending preventable child deaths. pecially women and young people, to participate in the search for
Partners emerged from the Call to Action with a revitalized innovative approaches to maternal and child survival.
commitment to child survival under the banner of A Promise Re-
newed. Since June, more than 100 governments and many civil ANNUAL REPORTS
society and private sector organizations have signed a pledge to In support of A Promise Renewed, UNICEF is publishing yearly re-
redouble their efforts, and many more are expected to follow suit ports on child survival to stimulate public dialogue and help sus-
in the days and months to come. This global movement will focus tain political commitment. This year’s report, released in conjunc-
on learning from and building on the many successes made in tion with the annual review of the child mortality estimates of the
reducing child deaths in numerous countries over the past two UN Inter-Agency Group on Mortality Estimation, presents:
decades. More details on A Promise Renewed are available at
<www.apromiserenewed.org>. • Trends and levels in under-five mortality over the past two
decades.
PRIORITY ACTIONS • Causes of and interventions against child deaths.
To meet the goals of A Promise Renewed, our efforts must focus • Brief examples of countries that have made radical reduc-
on scaling up essential interventions through the following three tions in child deaths over the past two decades.
priority actions: • A summary of the strategies for meeting the goals of A Prom-
ised Renewed.
Evidence-based country plans: Governments will lead the effort • Statistical tables of child mortality and causes of under-five
by setting and sharpening their national action plans, assigning deaths by country and UNICEF regional classification.
costs to strategies and monitoring five-year milestones. Develop-
ment partners can support the national targets by pledging to The analysis presented in this report provides a strong case for
align their assistance with government-led action plans. Private- proceeding with optimism. The necessary interventions and know-
sector partners can spur innovation and identify new resources how are available to drastically reduce child deaths in the next
for child survival. And, through action and advocacy, civil society two decades. The time has come to recommit to child survival and
can support the communities and families whose decisions pro- renew the promise.
foundly influence prospects for maternal and child survival.
Transparency and mutual accountability: Governments and
partners will work together to report progress and to promote ac-
countability for the global commitments made on behalf of chil-
dren. UNICEF and partners will collect and disseminate data on
each country’s progress. A global monitoring template, based on
the indicators developed by the UN Commission on Information
and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health, has been
5
7. Chapter 1: Levels and trends in child mortality
► The number of under-five deaths worldwide has decreased from The global under-five mortality rate fell by 41% from 1990 to 2011
nearly 12 million in 1990 to less than 7 million in 2011. FIG. 2
Global under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and neonatal mortality rate
(NMR), 1990-2011
100
► The rate of decline in under-five mortality has drastically 87
U5MR
accelerated in the last decade — from 1.8% per year during
Deaths per 1,000 live births
75
the 1990s to 3.2% per year between 2000 and 2011.
51
50
► Under-five deaths are increasingly concentrated in sub-
MD
G
NMR
Ta
Saharan Africa and South Asia. In 2011, 82% of under-five
rge
25 32
t: 2
Source: IGME 2012.
9
deaths occurred in these two regions, up from 68% in 1990. 22
All regional aggregates refer to UNICEF’s regional classification. 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
The progress regional progress
Much of the news on child survival is heartening. Reductions in The most pronounced falls in under-five mortality rates have oc-
under-five mortality rates, combined with declining fertility rates in curred in four regions: Latin America and the Caribbean; East Asia
many regions and countries, have diminished the burden (number) and the Pacific; Central and Eastern Europe and the Common-
of under-five deaths from nearly 12 million in 1990 to an estimated wealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS); and the Middle East and
6.9 million in 2011 (Figure 1). About 14,000 fewer children die each North Africa.2 All have more than halved their regional rates of un-
day than did two decades ago — a testimony to the sustained efforts der-five mortality since 1990. The corresponding decline for South
and commitment to child survival by many, including governments Asia was 48%, which in absolute terms translates into around 2
and donors, non-governmental organizations and agencies, the pri- million fewer under-five deaths in 2011 than in 1990 — by far the
vate sector, communities, families and individuals. highest absolute reduction among all regions (Figure 3).
The global burden of under-five deaths has fallen steadily since 1990 All regions have experienced marked declines in under-five mortality
rates since 1990
Global under-five deaths, millions, 1990-2011
FIG. 1 Under-five mortality rate by region, 1990 and 2011, and percentage FIG. 3
decline over this period
14
Millions of under-five deaths
12.0
10.8 178
Sub-Saharan Africa 109 39% decline
9.6
8.2 119
6.9 South Asia
7
Source: IGME 2012.
62 48% decline
Middle East 72
& North Africa 36 50% decline
East Asia 55
0 & Pacific 20 63% decline
1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
Latin America 53
& the Caribbean 19 64% decline
Central and Eastern Europe 48
Mortality rates among children under 5 years of age fell globally by 41% & the Commonwealth 21 56% decline
of Independent States 1990
between 1990 — the base year for the Millennium Development Goals (CEE/CIS) 2011
Source: IGME 2012.
(MDGs) — and 2011, lowering the global rate from 87 deaths per 1,000 87
World
live births to 51 (Figure 2). Importantly, the bulk of the progress in the past 51 41% decline
0 50 100 150 200
two decades has taken place since the MDGs were set in the year 2000,
with the global rate of decline in under-five mortality accelerating to 3.2% Deaths per 1,000 live births
annually in 2000-2011, compared with 1.8% for the 1990-2000 period.1
7
8. Levels and trends in child mortality
Sub-Saharan Africa, though lagging behind the other regions, has Twenty high-mortality countries have reduced their under-five
also registered a 39% decline in the under-five mortality rate. More- mortality rates by more than half since 1990
over, the region has seen a doubling in its annual rate of reduction FIG. 5
High-mortality countries* with the greatest percentage declines in
to 3.1% during 2000-2011, up from 1.5% during 1990-2000. In par- under-five mortality rates since 1990
ticular, there has been a dramatic acceleration in the rate of decline
Lao PDR 72
in Eastern and Southern Africa, which coincided with a substantial
Timor-Leste 70
scale-up of effective interventions to combat major diseases and
conditions, most notably HIV, but also measles and malaria. Liberia 68
Bangladesh 67
National progress Rwanda 65
Many countries have witnessed marked falls in mortality during the
Nepal 64
last two decades — including some with very high rates of mortality in
1990. Four — Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Timor-Leste, Liberia Malawi 64
and Bangladesh — achieved a reduction of at least two-thirds over Cambodia 64
the period (Figure 5). Over the past decade, momentum on lowering Madagascar 62
under-five deaths has strengthened in many high-mortality countries: Bhutan 61
45 out of 66 such countries have accelerated their rates of reduc- Ethiopia 61
tion compared with the previous decade. Eight of the top 10 high-
Niger 60
mortality countries with the highest increases in the annual rate
Bolivia
of reduction between 1990-2000 and 2000-2011 are in Eastern (Plurinational State of) 58
and Southern Africa (Figure 4). United Republic of
Tanzania 57
Zambia 57
Among high-mortality countries, most of the sharpest accelerations in
reducing under-five mortality have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa Mozambique 54
FIG. 4 Azerbaijan 53
Top 10 high-mortality countries* with the sharpest increases in the
annual rate of reduction in under-five mortality rate Senegal 52
Haiti 51
Country Annual rate of reduction (%) **
Eritrea 51
Source: IGME 2012.
1990-2000 2000-2011 0 25 50 75 100
Rwanda -1.6 11.1 % change
Cambodia -2.9 4.1 *Countries with an under-five mortality rate of 40 or more deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011.
Zimbabwe 1.4 7.9
Senegal 0.4 6.4 SOURCES OF PROGRESS
South Africa -1.7 4.2 Global progress in child survival has been the product of multiple
Lesotho -2.9 2.8 factors, including effective interventions in many sectors and more
supportive environments for their delivery, access and use in many
Kenya -1.5 4.0
countries. The progress is attributable not to improvements in just
Namibia -0.1 5.2 one or two areas, but rather to a broad confluence of gains — in
Swaziland -3.2 0.9 medical technology, development programming, new ways of deliv-
United Republic of 2.2 5.7 ering health services, strategies to overcome bottlenecks and inno-
Tanzania vation in household survey data analysis, along with improvements
in education, child protection, respect for human rights and eco-
IGME 2012.
nomic gains in developing countries. Underpinning all of these has
Source:
*Countries with an under-five mortality rate of 40 or more deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011.
**A negative value indicates an increase in the under-five mortality rate over the period. been the resolute determination of many development actors and
members of the international community to save children’s lives.
8
9. Levels and trends in child mortality
The challenge The outlook for child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa is made more uncer-
tain by expected demographic changes: Of the world’s regions, it is the
There are worrying caveats to this progress. At 2.5%, the annual rate
only one where the number of births and the under-five population are
of reduction in under-five mortality is insufficient to meet the MDG 4
set to substantially increase this century. If current trends persist, by mid-
target. Almost 19,000 children under 5 still die each day, amount-
century, 1 in 3 children in the world will be born in sub-Saharan Africa,
ing to roughly 1.2 million under-five deaths from mostly preventable
and its under-five population will grow rapidly (Figure 7).3
causes every two months. Despite all we have learned about saving
children’s lives, our efforts still do not reach millions. The under-five population in sub-Saharan Africa will rise quickly
over the coming decades
A CONCENTRATED BURDEN FIG. 7
Number of children under age 5, by region, 1950-2050
You, D. and D. Anthony, Generation 2025 and beyond, UNICEF
Even as the global and regional rates of under-five mortality have fall-
250
en, the burden of child deaths has become alarmingly concentrated
Occasional Papers No. 1, UNICEF, September 2012.
in the world’s poorest regions and countries. A look at how the burden 200
Sub-Saharan Africa
Population (in millions)
of under-five deaths is distributed among regions reveals an increas-
ing concentration of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia; 150
South Asia
in 2011, more than four-fifths of all global under-five deaths occured
100 East Asia & Pacific
in these two regions alone (Figure 6). Sub-Saharan Africa accounted
Rest of the world
for almost half (49%) of the global total in 2011. Despite rapid gains in 50 Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
reducing under-five mortality, South Asia’s share of global under-five CEE/CIS
deaths remains second highest, at 33% in 2011. In contrast, the rest 0
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
of the world’s regions have seen their share fall from 32% in 1990 to
18% two decades later.
The highest regional rate of under-five mortality is found in sub-
Saharan Africa, where, on average, 1 in 9 children dies before GAPS IN PROGRESS
age 5. In some countries, the total number of under-five deaths The growing breach between the rest of the world and sub-
has increased: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Somalia, Saharan Africa and South Asia underscores the inequities that
Mali, Cameroon and Burkina Faso have experienced rises in their remain in child survival. In 2011, about half of global under-five
national burden of under-five deaths by 10,000 or more for 2011 deaths occurred in just five countries: India, Nigeria, the Demo-
as compared to 1990, due to a combination of population growth cratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China. Four of these
and insufficient decline of under-five mortality. (all but the Democratic Republic of the Congo) are populous
middle-income countries. India and Nigeria together accounted
for more than one-third of the total number of under-five deaths
The global burden of under-five deaths is increasingly concentrated
in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia worldwide (Figure 8). Across regions, the least developed coun-
FIG. 6 tries consistently have higher rates of under-five mortality than
Percentage share of under-five deaths by region, 1990-2011 more affluent countries.
Rest of the world
100 CEE/CIS 100
Latin America and the Caribbean Half of all under-five deaths occur in just five countries
Middle East and North Africa*
FIG. 8
East Asia and Pacific Number of under-five deaths by country (thousands and percentage
75 75
% share of under-five deaths
share of global total)
Source: UNICEF analysis based on IGME 2012.
50 50 India 1.7 million = 24%
South Asia Other 2.7 million
= 39%
25 25 Nigeria 756,000 = 11%
Afghanistan 128,000 = 2%
Source: IGME 2012.
Uganda 131,000 = 2% Democratic Republic
Bangladesh 134,000 = 2% of the Congo 465,000 = 7%
Sub-Saharan Africa
0 0 Indonesia 134,000 = 2% Pakistan 352,000 = 5%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011
Ethiopia 194,000 = 3% China 249,000 = 4%
*Excludes Djibouti and Sudan as they are included in sub-Saharan Africa.
9
10. Levels and trends in child mortality
Furthermore, in recent years, emerging evidence has shown alarm- Countries with low
ing disparities in under-five mortality at the subnational level in or very low child mortality
many countries. UNICEF analysis of international household sur-
vey data shows that children born into the poorest quintile (fifth) Much of the discourse around child survival is related to high-mortality
of households are almost twice as likely to die before age 5 as countries or regions, and rightly so. But the challenge of A Promise
their counterparts in the wealthiest quintile. Poverty is not the only Renewed also encompasses those countries that have managed to
divider, however. Children are also at greater risk of dying before reduce their rates and burden of child mortality to low, or even very
age 5 if they are born in rural areas, among the poor, or to a mother low, levels. The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
denied basic education (Figure 9). At the macro level, violence and (IGME) reports annually on 195 countries; 98 of these countries post-
political fragility (weakened capacity to sustain core state func- ed an under-five mortality rate of less than 20 per 1,000 live deaths
tions) also contribute to higher rates of under-five mortality. Eight in 2011. This contrasts with just 53 such countries in 1990. Under-
of the 10 countries with the world’s highest under-five mortality standing how countries can lower the under-five mortality rate to 20
rates are either affected markedly by conflict or violence, or are in per 1,000 live births can provide a beacon for those countries still suf-
fragile situations. fering from higher rates of child mortality, as well spurring all nations,
low and high mortality alike, to do their utmost for children’s survival.
Children who live in poorer households, in rural areas or whose mothers
have less education are at higher risk of dying before age 5 Low mortality levels
Under-five mortality rate by household wealth quintiles, mother’s FIG. 9 For the purposes of this report, low-mortality countries are de-
education and residence fined as those with under-five mortality of 10-20 deaths per 1,000
150 live births in 2011; very-low-mortality countries have rates below
146
10 per 1,000 live births. Many of the 41 countries in the low-
mortality category are commonly thought of as middle-income,
121 and the majority only reached this threshold in the current mil-
120
114 114
lennium. Populous members of this group include Brazil, China,
101 Mexico, the Russian Federation and Turkey, among others.
Deaths per 1,000 live births
90 90 91 Although countries in this group have achieved low rates of
under-five mortality, the group’s share of the global burden of un-
67 der-five deaths is still significant, numbering around 459,000 in
62
60 2011, about 7% of the global total; China accounts for more than
51 half of these deaths.
Secondary or higher
As a group, the low-mortality countries have demonstrated continued
Source: UNICEF analysis based on DHS data.
30 progress in recent years, with an annual rate of reduction of 5.6% in the
No education
Poorest 20%
Second 20%
Richest 20%
Middle 20%
fourth 20%
past two decades. This has resulted in a near-70% reduction in their over-
Primary
all under-five mortality from 47 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to
Urban
rural
0 15 in 2011. Twenty-two of the 41 low-mortality countries have more than
By houshold wealth quintile By mother’s education By residence
Calculation is based on 39 countries with most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted
halved their mortality rates since 1990 (see Figure 10 for top countries).
after 2005 with further analyses by UNICEF for under-five mortality rates by wealth quintile, 40 countries for
rates by mother’s education and 45 countries for rates by residence. The average was calculated based on
weighted under-five mortality rates. Number of births was used as the weight. The country-specific estimates Very low mortality levels
obtained from DHS refer to a ten-year period prior to the survey. Because levels or trends may have changed By 2011, 57 countries had managed to lower their national under-five
since then, caution should be used in interpreting these results.
mortality rate below 10 per 1,000 live births. The burden of under-
five deaths in very-low-mortality countries stood at around 83,000
in 2011, representing just over 1% of the global total; the United
States accounted for nearly 40% of the under-five deaths in very-low-
mortality countries in 2011. This group includes mostly high-income
countries in Europe and North America, joined by a small number of
high-income and middle-income countries in East Asia and South Amer-
ica. The Nordic countries — Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway and
Sweden — and the Netherlands were the earliest to attain under-five
mortality rates below 20 per 1,000 live births. Sweden achieved
10
11. Levels and trends in child mortality
Several populous middle-income countries have posted rapid The world’s lowest under-five mortality rates are in Singapore, the
declines in under-five mortality in recent decades Nordic countries, small European countries and Japan
FIG. 10 FIG. 11
Low-mortality countries* with the highest annual rates of reduction, 1990- Ten countries with the lowest under-five mortality rates in 2011
2011 (excluding countries with total population of less than 500,000) (excluding countries with total population of less than 500,000)
Country U5MR in 2011
Turkey
72
15 Singapore 2.6
Peru 75
18 Slovenia 2.8
El Salvador 60 Sweden 2.8
Source: UNICEF analysis based on IGME 2012.
15
Brazil 58 Finland 2.9
16
49
Cyprus 3.1
China
15
Norway 3.1
Tunisia 51
16 Luxembourg 3.2
49
Mexico
16 Japan 3.4
Romania 37 Portugal 3.4
13
Albania 41 1990 Denmark 3.7
14
2011
Source: IGME 2012.
Thailand 35
12
0 20 40 60 80 The promise
Deaths per 1,000 live births The duality between the demonstrated advances in reducing under-
*Low-mortality countries are those with under-five mortality of 10-20 deaths per 1,000 live births. five deaths since 1990, and the major gaps that remain, poses two
linked challenges for the global child survival movement. The first is
to do all we can to save children’s lives, working at the global, national
this landmark first, in 1959; the other four, along with the Neth- and subnational levels, in the remaining years until the 2015 MDG
erlands, had all achieved this level by 1966. Next were France, deadline. The second is to leverage the MDGs as a driving force, with
Japan and Switzerland, all in 1968, followed by Australia, Canada, 2015 as a stepping stone, to sustain sharp reductions in under-five
Luxembourg, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1972, and deaths during the following two decades and provide universal access
Belgium, Singapore and the United States in 1974. Oman was the to essential health and nutrition services for the world’s children. That
last country to reach this threshold, in 2002. Figure 11 shows the is the promise renewed.
10 countries with the lowest under-five mortality rates. A diverse group of countries, including Oman, Estonia, Turkey,
Very-low-mortality countries have generally achieved substantial Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Peru and Egypt, among others, have been
progress in reducing under-five mortality from 1990 to 2011. Nota- able to sustain high annual rates of reduction in under-five mortal-
ble examples include Oman, with an 82% reduction during this pe- ity over two decades. Others, such as Rwanda, Cambodia, Zimbabwe
riod; Estonia, also with 82%; Saudi Arabia, with 78%; Portugal, with and Senegal, have succeeded in substantially accelerating their rates of
77%; and Serbia, with 75%. These successes challenge the long- reduction in mortality during the last decade. These facts underlie the
held conventional wisdom that, as under-five mortality rates fall, the promise of sharper progress in child survival in the future. The varied cir-
pace of decline is likely to slow as it becomes harder to make simi- cumstances of these countries suggest that it is possible to lower child
lar percentage gains on a lower base. From 1990 to 2011, very-low- mortality at an accelerated pace over long periods, even from high base
mortality countries posted an annual rate of reduction of 3.7%, com- rates, when concerted action, sound strategies, adequate resources
pared to just 2.5% globally. and resolute political commitment are consistently applied in support of
child and maternal survival and human and gender rights.
11
12. Under-five mortality rate league table 2011
Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Asia &Pacific
Countries and territories U5MR U5MR Countries and territories U5MR U5MR Countries and territories U5MR U5MR
rank rank rank
Sierra Leone 185 1 Djibouti 90 26 Afghanistan 101 23
Somalia 180 2 Sudan 86 29 Pakistan 72 39
Mali 176 3 Yemen 77 36 Myanmar 62 47
Chad 169 4 Iraq 38 67 India 61 49
Democratic Republic of the Congo 168 5 Morocco 33 69 Papua New Guinea 58 50
Central African Republic 164 6 Algeria 30 74 Bhutan 54 51
Guinea-Bissau 161 7 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 25 83 Timor-Leste 54 51
Angola 158 8 Occupied Palestinian Territory 22 87 Nepal 48 57
Burkina Faso 146 9 Egypt 21 91 Kiribati 47 58
Burundi 139 10 Jordan 21 91 Bangladesh 46 60
Cameroon 127 11 Libya 16 107 Cambodia 43 62
Guinea 126 12 Tunisia 16 107 Lao People's Democratic Republic 42 63
Niger 125 13 Syrian Arab Republic 15 115 Micronesia (Federated States of) 42 63
Nigeria 124 14 Kuwait 11 133 Nauru 40 66
South Sudan 121 15 Bahrain 10 135 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 33 69
Equatorial Guinea 118 16 Lebanon 9 141 Indonesia 32 71
Côte d'Ivoire 115 17 Oman 9 141 Mongolia 31 72
Mauritania 112 18 Saudi Arabia 9 141 Tuvalu 30 74
Togo 110 19 Qatar 8 145 Marshall Islands 26 80
Benin 106 20 United Arab Emirates 7 151 Philippines 25 83
Swaziland 104 21 Israel 4 169 Solomon Islands 22 87
Mozambique 103 22 Viet Nam 22 87
Gambia 101 23 Niue 21 91
Congo 99 25 Palau 19 100
Uganda 90 26 Samoa 19 100
Sao Tome and Principe 89 28 Fiji 16 107
Lesotho 86 29 China 15 115
Malawi 83 31 Tonga 15 115
Zambia 83 31 Vanuatu 13 125
Comoros 79 33 Sri Lanka 12 128
Ghana 78 34 Thailand 12 128
Liberia 78 34 Maldives 11 133
Ethiopia 77 36 Cook Islands 10 135
Kenya 73 38 Brunei Darussalam 7 151
Eritrea 68 41 Malaysia 7 151
United Republic of Tanzania 68 41 New Zealand 6 157
Zimbabwe 67 43 Australia 5 165
Gabon 66 44 Republic of Korea 5 165
Senegal 65 45 Japan 3 184
Madagascar 62 47 Singapore 3 184
Rwanda 54 51
South Africa 47 58
Namibia 42 63
Botswana 26 80
Cape Verde 21 91
Mauritius 15 115
Seychelles 14 122
DEFINITIONS OF INDICATORS
U5MR: Under-five mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
U5MR Rank: Country rank in descending order of U5MR.
Source: IGME 2012.
12
15. Chapter 2: Leading causes of child deaths
Overview
Understanding the causes of child mortality provides important
public health insights. Of the 6.9 million deaths in children under
► Four in 10 under-five deaths occur during the first month 5 that occurred in 2011,4 almost two-thirds (64%) were caused by
of life. Among children who survive past the first month, infectious diseases and conditions such as pneumonia, diarrhoea,
malaria, meningitis, tetanus, HIV and measles. Around 40% of all
pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria are the leading killers. under-five deaths occurred in the neonatal period (within the first
28 days of life), the majority from preterm birth complications and
intrapartum-related complications (complications during delivery).
Globally, more than one-third of under-five deaths are attributable
► Globally, infectious diseases account for almost two-thirds to undernutrition (Figure 12).
Worldwide, the leading causes of death among children under 5
of under-five deaths. include pneumonia (18% of all under-five deaths), preterm birth com-
plications (14%), diarrhoea (11%), intrapartum-related complications
(9%), malaria (7%), and neonatal sepsis, meningitis and tetanus (6%).
Cross-country comparisons show a wide variation among countries in
► Many of these deaths occur in children already weakened the proportions of under-five deaths attributable to specific causes.
Such variations indicate that optimal programmatic approaches for
by undernutrition; worldwide, more than one-third of all child survival will differ from country to country.
18
under-five deaths are attributable to this condition.
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are characteristically diseases of the poor and
The estimates on cause of death in this report were derived from the work of the Child Health Epidemiol- vulnerable who lack access to basic prevention and treatment inter-
ogy Reference Group (CHERG) pertaining to cause of death in 2010 and the work of the IGME pertaining
to all-cause child deaths in 2011. The numbers of deaths by cause have been updated by applying the ventions. Taken as such, the proportion of deaths due to infectious
percentage breakdown by cause provided by CHERG to the estimates of number of under-five deaths diseases is a marker of equity. For example, in countries with very
provided by IGME. This approach was used for comparability across diseases, and therefore these
estimates may differ from those presented elsewhere. high mortality (those with under-five mortality rates of at least 100
All regional aggregates refer to UNICEF’s regional classification. deaths per 1,000 live births), approximately half of child deaths are
due to infectious diseases. These deaths are largely preventable.
Almost two-thirds of all child deaths are attributable to infectious diseases; around 40% of deaths in children under 5 occur during the neonatal period
Global distribution of deaths among children under age 5, by cause, 2010 FIG. 12
Pneumonia 18%
Source: Adapted from Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) and IGME, 2012.
Pneumonia (post-neonatal) 14% Pneumonia (neonatal) 4%
Pneumonia Preterm birth complications 14%
18%
Other 18%
Intrapartum-related complications 9%
All Other 24% Neonatal 40%
Sepsis/meningitis/tetanus 6%
Measles 1%
AIDS 2% Other neonatal 2%
Meningitis 2% Congenital abnormalites 4%
Diarrhoea
Injury 5% Malaria 11%
Diarrhoea (neonatal) 1%
Diarrhoea 11%
Malaria 7%
7% Diarrhoea (post-neonatal) 10%
Globally, more than one-third of under-five deaths are attributable to undernutrition.
15