This document summarizes Jamaica's progress in upholding children's rights 20 years after ratifying the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It finds that Jamaica has made positive strides through new legislation, institutions, and policies, but that many challenges remain due to issues like poverty, economic hardship, and violence. Key achievements include the Child Care and Protection Act, Early Childhood Commission, and National Plan of Action for Children. However, rights to protection from violence and participation require further strengthening. Overall, Jamaica has made progress upholding children's rights but still faces significant threats that require urgent national attention.
The document discusses the impact of the global economic crisis on progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for small island states. It analyzes how the crisis has affected MDG targets related to poverty, infant mortality, and access to clean water in several small island developing states. It argues that the MDG framework needs to better account for differences in population size, costs of achieving targets, and other country-specific factors to effectively measure and support progress for small states. Overall, the document examines how small island states can get back on track to meet MDG targets in the wake of the economic crisis.
This document is a progress report on Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed. It provides an overview of global child mortality levels and trends. Key points:
- The global number of under-five deaths has fallen from 12 million in 1990 to an estimated 6.9 million in 2011, though more progress is still needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- Leading causes of under-five deaths include pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, neonatal conditions, undernutrition, and HIV/AIDS.
- Achieving the goal of reducing under-five mortality to 20 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births in every country by 2035 will require sharpening evidence-based country
This document summarizes the global progress made in reducing child mortality rates between 1990 and 2011. It highlights that the under-five mortality rate has declined globally from 12 million in 1990 to an estimated 6.9 million in 2011. However, 19,000 children still die daily from preventable causes. It outlines the three leading causes of child death as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. It also discusses strategies to further accelerate progress on child survival goals through strengthening country plans, accountability, and social support under the new global campaign called "A Promise Renewed".
This document discusses various topics related to population and demography, including:
1. It defines key population terms like population size, demography, census, and crude birth and death rates.
2. It provides data on population sizes and growth rates for some Caribbean countries. Factors that influence birth and death rates are also examined.
3. The document explores population characteristics like density, distribution, and age/sex structure through charts and diagrams. Concepts like dependency ratio and over/underpopulation are also introduced.
1. The document discusses topics related to population geography including the growth, density, and distribution of populations as well as their interactions with natural resources.
2. Key facts provided include that over 75% of people live on only 5% of Earth's surface and the world population was approximately 6.8 billion in 2010 with the most populous regions and countries being East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America.
3. Demographic concepts discussed include overpopulation, rates of natural increase, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, doubling time, life expectancy, and the demographic transition model.
The document provides information on Bangladesh, including:
1) Bangladesh has a population of 118 million and relies heavily on agriculture, particularly rice farming.
2) The country experiences annual flooding due to monsoon rains, and developed a Flood Action Plan after severe flooding in the late 1980s to help manage flood waters.
3) The Grameen Bank, founded in 1976, provides microloans primarily to women in Bangladesh and has over 2 million borrowers with a 98% repayment rate.
The world population reached 7 billion in 2011 and is projected to reach 8 billion between 2025-2040. It took 12 years for the population to increase from 6 to 7 billion, showing rapid growth compared to previous increases. Lower fertility rates could stabilize and potentially decrease population in mid-century, but higher rates would lead to continued growth. Family planning programs that increase access to contraception are needed to lower fertility in developing countries and avoid even larger populations in the future.
The newsletter provides updates on several initiatives of the Galilee Society, including:
1) The launch of the one-year report of the 'Ataa Hotline at a study day, which provided legal, health and psychological support to Arab citizens affected by the 2006 Lebanon war.
2) Advocacy efforts against Mekorot's policy of collective water shutoffs in Arab villages, including a request to the Knesset committee which found the policy "appalling and degrading".
3) A breast cancer awareness project coordinator's tour of the US to share experiences and strategies from the Galilee Society's pioneering breast cancer awareness project among Arab women in Israel.
The document discusses the impact of the global economic crisis on progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for small island states. It analyzes how the crisis has affected MDG targets related to poverty, infant mortality, and access to clean water in several small island developing states. It argues that the MDG framework needs to better account for differences in population size, costs of achieving targets, and other country-specific factors to effectively measure and support progress for small states. Overall, the document examines how small island states can get back on track to meet MDG targets in the wake of the economic crisis.
This document is a progress report on Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed. It provides an overview of global child mortality levels and trends. Key points:
- The global number of under-five deaths has fallen from 12 million in 1990 to an estimated 6.9 million in 2011, though more progress is still needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- Leading causes of under-five deaths include pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, neonatal conditions, undernutrition, and HIV/AIDS.
- Achieving the goal of reducing under-five mortality to 20 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births in every country by 2035 will require sharpening evidence-based country
This document summarizes the global progress made in reducing child mortality rates between 1990 and 2011. It highlights that the under-five mortality rate has declined globally from 12 million in 1990 to an estimated 6.9 million in 2011. However, 19,000 children still die daily from preventable causes. It outlines the three leading causes of child death as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. It also discusses strategies to further accelerate progress on child survival goals through strengthening country plans, accountability, and social support under the new global campaign called "A Promise Renewed".
This document discusses various topics related to population and demography, including:
1. It defines key population terms like population size, demography, census, and crude birth and death rates.
2. It provides data on population sizes and growth rates for some Caribbean countries. Factors that influence birth and death rates are also examined.
3. The document explores population characteristics like density, distribution, and age/sex structure through charts and diagrams. Concepts like dependency ratio and over/underpopulation are also introduced.
1. The document discusses topics related to population geography including the growth, density, and distribution of populations as well as their interactions with natural resources.
2. Key facts provided include that over 75% of people live on only 5% of Earth's surface and the world population was approximately 6.8 billion in 2010 with the most populous regions and countries being East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America.
3. Demographic concepts discussed include overpopulation, rates of natural increase, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, doubling time, life expectancy, and the demographic transition model.
The document provides information on Bangladesh, including:
1) Bangladesh has a population of 118 million and relies heavily on agriculture, particularly rice farming.
2) The country experiences annual flooding due to monsoon rains, and developed a Flood Action Plan after severe flooding in the late 1980s to help manage flood waters.
3) The Grameen Bank, founded in 1976, provides microloans primarily to women in Bangladesh and has over 2 million borrowers with a 98% repayment rate.
The world population reached 7 billion in 2011 and is projected to reach 8 billion between 2025-2040. It took 12 years for the population to increase from 6 to 7 billion, showing rapid growth compared to previous increases. Lower fertility rates could stabilize and potentially decrease population in mid-century, but higher rates would lead to continued growth. Family planning programs that increase access to contraception are needed to lower fertility in developing countries and avoid even larger populations in the future.
The newsletter provides updates on several initiatives of the Galilee Society, including:
1) The launch of the one-year report of the 'Ataa Hotline at a study day, which provided legal, health and psychological support to Arab citizens affected by the 2006 Lebanon war.
2) Advocacy efforts against Mekorot's policy of collective water shutoffs in Arab villages, including a request to the Knesset committee which found the policy "appalling and degrading".
3) A breast cancer awareness project coordinator's tour of the US to share experiences and strategies from the Galilee Society's pioneering breast cancer awareness project among Arab women in Israel.
Minister of Youth and Culture Lisa Hanna - Sectoral Presentation (2013 )Rodje Malcolm
The document is the presentation by Hon. Lisa Hanna MP, Minister of Youth and Culture, at the 2013 Sectoral Debate in the House of Representatives.
In the summary, Hanna highlights achievements in her constituency over the past year and thanks various groups for their support. She then states that she will focus on policy changes to improve efficiency at her Ministry.
Hanna says that many children in Jamaica are having children without being able to care for them properly. She argues that changing mindsets around early childbearing is needed. The document notes it costs the state $1.7 billion annually to support the Child Development Agency due to issues like unwanted children. Hanna concludes by calling for radical conversations to move Jamaica
* You are given: Amount received in future = $300,000
* Time period until receipt = 3 years
* Interest/Discount rate = 10%
* To calculate present value (PV), we use the formula:
PV = Future Value / (1 + Discount Rate)^Time Period
* Plugging in the values:
PV = $300,000 / (1 + 0.10)^3
= $300,000 / 1.331
= $225,000
So the present value of receiving $300,000 three years from now at a 10% discount rate is $225,000.
The present value is less than the future value, because discounting future cash flows at a
This document is an introduction to a book providing practice questions, answers, and explanations to help prepare for the PMP certification exam. It includes 18 mock exams and quizzes covering the 10 PMBOK knowledge areas. The exams are designed to be completed in 1 hour or less to help students efficiently use their study time and adjust to the pace and difficulty of the real exam.
This document provides an overview of project management frameworks and concepts. It introduces key topics such as the definition of a project, project lifecycles, organizational structures for managing projects, and the five process groups of project management. It also discusses project stakeholders and deliverables. The document was compiled by Waleed El-Naggar and includes information on obtaining PMP certification from the Project Management Institute.
Green pmp exam prep questions answers explanations 2013 edition by christophe...mohamed mostafa
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "PMP Exam Prep—Questions, Answers & Explanations, 2013 Edition" by Christopher Scordo. The book contains 18 condensed mock exams and quizzes to help readers prepare for the Project Management Professional (PMP) certification exam. It covers the 10 knowledge areas and 5 process groups tested on the exam and provides answer keys and explanations. The book aims to help readers practice time management and test-taking skills for the updated July 2013 version of the PMP exam.
Labour law, or employment law, governs the relationship between employers, employees, and trade unions. It deals with issues like wages, working conditions, hiring/firing practices, and workers' rights to unionize. The goal of labour laws in India is to reduce conflicts between employers and employees and promote industrial growth and national development. Labour is a shared responsibility between the central and state governments in India. Some key labour laws cover issues like industrial relations, wages, working conditions, social security, and equality in the workplace. The laws aim to protect workers' interests while maintaining harmonious relations between workers and employers.
This document discusses population dynamics, specifically the demographic transition model. It begins by outlining the 5 stages of the demographic transition model: 1) high birth/death rates, 2) high birth rates and declining death rates, 3) declining birth and death rates, 4) low birth/death rates, and 5) declining population. It then provides context on factors that influence population growth such as fertility, mortality, education, economics and policy. The document concludes by presenting the UK as a case study, outlining how it progressed through the 5 stages of the demographic transition from the 1700s to 2000.
1. Demography is the study of population statistics like size, density, and age distribution. It uses metrics like birth and death rates to understand factors influencing population growth or decline.
2. Key factors that affect human population growth are birth rates, death rates, economic development, access to family planning and women's education. The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.
3. Population pyramids provide information on a population's age structure and future growth trends based on the proportion of people of reproductive age. Achieving population stabilization requires increasing access to healthcare, family planning and women's education.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics from historical, current, and projected perspectives. It covers topics like the rise of agriculture and cities, industrialization, global population growth rates and projections, factors influencing population growth, methods of birth control, global patterns of population growth, and models of demographic transition.
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
In October 2011, Earth’s population reaches 7 billion. This global milestone is both a great opportunity and a great challenge. Although people are living longer and healthier
lives, and couples worldwide are choosing to have fewer children, huge inequities persist.
Ageing&migrationin cambodia26dec2013 (1)Sopheak Sem
The document discusses population aging in Cambodia and how recent demographic trends have impacted and will continue to impact the country's age structure. It notes that while Cambodia currently has a smaller elderly population than other countries, it will experience rapid aging in the coming decades. This is due to declining fertility rates as well as the legacy of high mortality during the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s and subsequent baby boom, which set in motion demographic changes that will result in a large aging population in the future. The document uses population pyramids and birth/death rate data to illustrate how events like the Khmer Rouge disrupted Cambodia's typical demographic patterns and age structure compared to other countries.
Global Realities Demand a New Emphasis_Freeman_5.3.12CORE Group
This document discusses the growing health needs of urban populations in developing countries and whether current community health systems are adequately meeting these needs. It notes that world population growth is concentrated in poorer countries and urbanization is increasing, especially in Africa and Asia. Common causes of child mortality in urban slums are similar to rural areas and include pneumonia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The document advocates strengthening community-based primary health care systems using intrinsic motivation rather than external incentives to encourage long-term commitment from community health workers.
Prospects and challanges of population management in bangladeshMd. Nazmul Alam
This document discusses population trends in Bangladesh and strategies for population management. It notes that Bangladesh has a population of over 158 million people, with high population densities concentrated in urban areas like Dhaka. To manage growth, it recommends improving access to family planning, promoting responsible parenthood, preventing early marriage, increasing education and employment opportunities for youth, and decentralizing industries and administrative centers. The overall goal is to achieve a sustainable population level through an integrated population management program.
Gender and social justice in development in kenya; mgd 170 - Njoroge KamauNjoroge
1) Women in Kenya face numerous social and economic challenges including high rates of gender-based violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, and underrepresentation in political and economic decision-making positions.
2) Key issues include female genital mutilation, physical and sexual violence against women, lack of access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance, and open defecation practices that negatively impact women's health.
3) Traditional patriarchal attitudes have limited women's participation in leadership and prevented them from owning land and businesses, perpetuating poverty especially in female-headed households.
1. The document analyzes the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in Ethiopia using household panel data from 1994 to 1997, a period of economic recovery driven by improved conditions.
2. Unlike many developing countries, urban and rural poverty levels in Ethiopia are similar. The analysis finds that asset ownership, education, crop choice, dependency levels, and location are important determinants of poverty.
3. Decomposing changes in poverty, the analysis shows that while economic growth reduced poverty, this effect was partly offset by worsening income distribution, highlighting the need for pro-poor, equitable growth policies.
Deep Ford - Hunger: more than a bread and butter issueFAO
Presentación realizada en el "Diálogo regional en hambre, inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición en el Caribe: Desafíos en derecho a la alimentación y gobernanza", evento que se llevó a cabo en Antigua y Barbuda el 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.
Malcolm Potts Crisis in the Sahel: Where Population and Climate Change Are Co...LIDC
rofessor Malcolm Potts, renowned in the field of public health, gave a one-off keynote lecture for LIDC. The lecture, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, focused on the emerging humanitarian disaster in the Sahel. It has been central to the work of his team for several years.
Chapter 5: Hidden Momentum of Population Growth in India jstubblefield
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 on population growth in India. It discusses global population milestones from 1 billion in 1830 to 6 billion in 1999. It also covers demographic concepts like crude birth/death rates, population pyramids, and demographic transition. Specifically for India, it notes India's population growth from 1901-2000 and shifts to lower fertility rates from 1971-2000, despite continued growth due to demographic momentum.
Presentación realizada en el "Diálogo regional en hambre, inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición en el Caribe: Desafíos en derecho a la alimentación y gobernanza", evento que se llevó a cabo en Antigua y Barbuda el 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.
This document provides background information on housing conditions and issues in developing countries like Ethiopia. It discusses how inadequate housing can negatively impact health and quality of life. In Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia specifically, the document notes that most housing units are low quality, overcrowded and deteriorating. Between 1994 and 2007, the number of households grew significantly faster than the number of housing units, increasing pressure on available housing and facilities. The physical constraints of the landscape and potential displacement of thousands of families for development plans further exacerbate the town's housing problems.
Minister of Youth and Culture Lisa Hanna - Sectoral Presentation (2013 )Rodje Malcolm
The document is the presentation by Hon. Lisa Hanna MP, Minister of Youth and Culture, at the 2013 Sectoral Debate in the House of Representatives.
In the summary, Hanna highlights achievements in her constituency over the past year and thanks various groups for their support. She then states that she will focus on policy changes to improve efficiency at her Ministry.
Hanna says that many children in Jamaica are having children without being able to care for them properly. She argues that changing mindsets around early childbearing is needed. The document notes it costs the state $1.7 billion annually to support the Child Development Agency due to issues like unwanted children. Hanna concludes by calling for radical conversations to move Jamaica
* You are given: Amount received in future = $300,000
* Time period until receipt = 3 years
* Interest/Discount rate = 10%
* To calculate present value (PV), we use the formula:
PV = Future Value / (1 + Discount Rate)^Time Period
* Plugging in the values:
PV = $300,000 / (1 + 0.10)^3
= $300,000 / 1.331
= $225,000
So the present value of receiving $300,000 three years from now at a 10% discount rate is $225,000.
The present value is less than the future value, because discounting future cash flows at a
This document is an introduction to a book providing practice questions, answers, and explanations to help prepare for the PMP certification exam. It includes 18 mock exams and quizzes covering the 10 PMBOK knowledge areas. The exams are designed to be completed in 1 hour or less to help students efficiently use their study time and adjust to the pace and difficulty of the real exam.
This document provides an overview of project management frameworks and concepts. It introduces key topics such as the definition of a project, project lifecycles, organizational structures for managing projects, and the five process groups of project management. It also discusses project stakeholders and deliverables. The document was compiled by Waleed El-Naggar and includes information on obtaining PMP certification from the Project Management Institute.
Green pmp exam prep questions answers explanations 2013 edition by christophe...mohamed mostafa
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "PMP Exam Prep—Questions, Answers & Explanations, 2013 Edition" by Christopher Scordo. The book contains 18 condensed mock exams and quizzes to help readers prepare for the Project Management Professional (PMP) certification exam. It covers the 10 knowledge areas and 5 process groups tested on the exam and provides answer keys and explanations. The book aims to help readers practice time management and test-taking skills for the updated July 2013 version of the PMP exam.
Labour law, or employment law, governs the relationship between employers, employees, and trade unions. It deals with issues like wages, working conditions, hiring/firing practices, and workers' rights to unionize. The goal of labour laws in India is to reduce conflicts between employers and employees and promote industrial growth and national development. Labour is a shared responsibility between the central and state governments in India. Some key labour laws cover issues like industrial relations, wages, working conditions, social security, and equality in the workplace. The laws aim to protect workers' interests while maintaining harmonious relations between workers and employers.
This document discusses population dynamics, specifically the demographic transition model. It begins by outlining the 5 stages of the demographic transition model: 1) high birth/death rates, 2) high birth rates and declining death rates, 3) declining birth and death rates, 4) low birth/death rates, and 5) declining population. It then provides context on factors that influence population growth such as fertility, mortality, education, economics and policy. The document concludes by presenting the UK as a case study, outlining how it progressed through the 5 stages of the demographic transition from the 1700s to 2000.
1. Demography is the study of population statistics like size, density, and age distribution. It uses metrics like birth and death rates to understand factors influencing population growth or decline.
2. Key factors that affect human population growth are birth rates, death rates, economic development, access to family planning and women's education. The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.
3. Population pyramids provide information on a population's age structure and future growth trends based on the proportion of people of reproductive age. Achieving population stabilization requires increasing access to healthcare, family planning and women's education.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics from historical, current, and projected perspectives. It covers topics like the rise of agriculture and cities, industrialization, global population growth rates and projections, factors influencing population growth, methods of birth control, global patterns of population growth, and models of demographic transition.
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
In October 2011, Earth’s population reaches 7 billion. This global milestone is both a great opportunity and a great challenge. Although people are living longer and healthier
lives, and couples worldwide are choosing to have fewer children, huge inequities persist.
Ageing&migrationin cambodia26dec2013 (1)Sopheak Sem
The document discusses population aging in Cambodia and how recent demographic trends have impacted and will continue to impact the country's age structure. It notes that while Cambodia currently has a smaller elderly population than other countries, it will experience rapid aging in the coming decades. This is due to declining fertility rates as well as the legacy of high mortality during the Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s and subsequent baby boom, which set in motion demographic changes that will result in a large aging population in the future. The document uses population pyramids and birth/death rate data to illustrate how events like the Khmer Rouge disrupted Cambodia's typical demographic patterns and age structure compared to other countries.
Global Realities Demand a New Emphasis_Freeman_5.3.12CORE Group
This document discusses the growing health needs of urban populations in developing countries and whether current community health systems are adequately meeting these needs. It notes that world population growth is concentrated in poorer countries and urbanization is increasing, especially in Africa and Asia. Common causes of child mortality in urban slums are similar to rural areas and include pneumonia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The document advocates strengthening community-based primary health care systems using intrinsic motivation rather than external incentives to encourage long-term commitment from community health workers.
Prospects and challanges of population management in bangladeshMd. Nazmul Alam
This document discusses population trends in Bangladesh and strategies for population management. It notes that Bangladesh has a population of over 158 million people, with high population densities concentrated in urban areas like Dhaka. To manage growth, it recommends improving access to family planning, promoting responsible parenthood, preventing early marriage, increasing education and employment opportunities for youth, and decentralizing industries and administrative centers. The overall goal is to achieve a sustainable population level through an integrated population management program.
Gender and social justice in development in kenya; mgd 170 - Njoroge KamauNjoroge
1) Women in Kenya face numerous social and economic challenges including high rates of gender-based violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, and underrepresentation in political and economic decision-making positions.
2) Key issues include female genital mutilation, physical and sexual violence against women, lack of access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance, and open defecation practices that negatively impact women's health.
3) Traditional patriarchal attitudes have limited women's participation in leadership and prevented them from owning land and businesses, perpetuating poverty especially in female-headed households.
1. The document analyzes the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in Ethiopia using household panel data from 1994 to 1997, a period of economic recovery driven by improved conditions.
2. Unlike many developing countries, urban and rural poverty levels in Ethiopia are similar. The analysis finds that asset ownership, education, crop choice, dependency levels, and location are important determinants of poverty.
3. Decomposing changes in poverty, the analysis shows that while economic growth reduced poverty, this effect was partly offset by worsening income distribution, highlighting the need for pro-poor, equitable growth policies.
Deep Ford - Hunger: more than a bread and butter issueFAO
Presentación realizada en el "Diálogo regional en hambre, inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición en el Caribe: Desafíos en derecho a la alimentación y gobernanza", evento que se llevó a cabo en Antigua y Barbuda el 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.
Malcolm Potts Crisis in the Sahel: Where Population and Climate Change Are Co...LIDC
rofessor Malcolm Potts, renowned in the field of public health, gave a one-off keynote lecture for LIDC. The lecture, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, focused on the emerging humanitarian disaster in the Sahel. It has been central to the work of his team for several years.
Chapter 5: Hidden Momentum of Population Growth in India jstubblefield
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 on population growth in India. It discusses global population milestones from 1 billion in 1830 to 6 billion in 1999. It also covers demographic concepts like crude birth/death rates, population pyramids, and demographic transition. Specifically for India, it notes India's population growth from 1901-2000 and shifts to lower fertility rates from 1971-2000, despite continued growth due to demographic momentum.
Presentación realizada en el "Diálogo regional en hambre, inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición en el Caribe: Desafíos en derecho a la alimentación y gobernanza", evento que se llevó a cabo en Antigua y Barbuda el 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.
This document provides background information on housing conditions and issues in developing countries like Ethiopia. It discusses how inadequate housing can negatively impact health and quality of life. In Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia specifically, the document notes that most housing units are low quality, overcrowded and deteriorating. Between 1994 and 2007, the number of households grew significantly faster than the number of housing units, increasing pressure on available housing and facilities. The physical constraints of the landscape and potential displacement of thousands of families for development plans further exacerbate the town's housing problems.
GE3-WEEK-13 pptx di ko po talaga alam kung anong ppt ni upload koPrincessJasphineGuin
- The document provides information about population demography, including key terms like population size, growth, processes of fertility, mortality, and migration.
- It discusses factors that influence population processes like diseases, socioeconomic characteristics, and government policies, as well as population distribution and characteristics.
- There are two approaches to thinking about population change: the aggregate approach, which looks at macrosocial demographic processes and components of change, and the micro-behavioral approach, which investigates individual motivations and behaviors.
The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that the world population is currently around 7.2 billion and is expected to reach 8.1 billion by 2025. Most growth is projected in developing regions, especially Africa. Population growth can have both positive and negative economic and environmental impacts. Factors like fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration influence population trends in different parts of the world. International agreements have aimed to support greater access to family planning worldwide.
This document discusses the history of human population growth. It notes that population grew dramatically between 1750-1950 as availability of energy increased during the industrial revolution, breaking previous environmental constraints on growth. Between 1950-2000 growth continued but slowed as birth control became widespread. The document examines concepts like fertility rates, mortality rates, reproductive periods, and how these factors along with environmental constraints have impacted population levels over time. Specific examples from Canada are provided to illustrate how different fertility patterns can influence overall population growth or decline.
This document summarizes a study on rural health care in Thoubal District, Manipur, India. It finds that while India's constitution recognizes health as a primary duty, rural populations still lack adequate access to health care due to factors like poverty, lack of infrastructure, and social/psychological barriers. The study aims to evaluate health care facilities and services in Thoubal District, examine factors influencing access to primary health care, and assess the quality of services provided by health care workers to rural communities. It analyzes key health indicators for Manipur from the National Family Health Survey and finds that while material well-being is low, Manipur has relatively good public health outcomes, such as low infant mortality.
OCA - Special Report to Parliament on Children in Police Lockups Rodje Malcolm
The Office of the Children's Advocate (OCA) visited the Free Port lock-up in Montego Bay, St. James on February 3, 2010. They observed 21 children detained in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, with limited access to basic necessities. The OCA found several violations of both international standards and Jamaican law regarding the treatment of detained children. These included mixing of children of different ages and offenses, lack of educational programs, and failure to separate children from adults. The OCA reported their findings to relevant authorities and is considering legal action to address the inadequate conditions and non-compliance with child protection laws at the Free Port lock-up.
OCA - Children in Conflict with the Law - 2011Rodje Malcolm
This document presents the findings of a study on the profile of children in conflict with the law in Jamaica. It reviewed international standards on juvenile justice and conducted interviews and surveys with 209 children in conflict with the law and 45 children not in conflict with the law. The study found that the typical child in conflict with the law is a 16-year-old male charged with unlawful wounding using a weapon like a knife, from an urban area with gang activity. They experience issues like poor academic performance, substance use, family criminality, and lack of supervision. The study also examined their experiences in the justice system and residential facilities, finding issues like lack of legal representation and concerns about safety, programming and treatment. It concludes with recommendations to
The document provides guidelines for professionals working with children in Jamaica's justice system. It outlines general principles such as treating each child with dignity and respect, considering the child's best interests, protecting the child from discrimination, and ensuring the child's safety, well-being and right to participate. It also emphasizes that deprivation of liberty should only be used as a last resort for children, and that the family is generally the preferred environment for children's care and protection.
OCA - "Focusing on the Uncontrollable Child - 2013Rodje Malcolm
The document provides recommendations to the Houses of Parliament focusing on children deemed "uncontrollable". It summarizes the background and issues, methodology used, and relevant international and national legal frameworks. Key points include: the Office of Children's Advocate formulated evidence-based recommendations to help Parliament appreciate the urgency of the situation for uncontrollable children. Interviews were conducted with 12 uncontrollable girls aged 13-17 at Horizon Adult Remand Centre to understand underlying causes of behaviors. Recommendations are informed by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international standards. Locally, the Child Care and Protection Act provides the framework to consider children's rights and best interests.
Dept. of Correctional Services - Child Rights & Responsibilities Training Gui...Rodje Malcolm
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Dept.of Correctional Services - Curriculum for New Entrant Officers - JamaicaRodje Malcolm
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
INDECOM Report - Safeguarding the Right to LifeRodje Malcolm
This document is a report by the Independent Commission of Investigations of Jamaica summarizing its investigations into security force fatalities in 2012. It addresses 3 key issues: 1) the right to life and accountability for killings, finding Jamaica has more work to do to ensure investigations meet international standards; 2) deaths of mentally ill persons in confrontations with police, finding current practices often lack patience and proper training; 3) deaths in police custody, finding conditions and record keeping need improvement to prevent deaths, especially of mentally ill inmates. The report makes recommendations in each area, such as ensuring prompt statements after incidents, use of non-lethal weapons for mentally ill persons, and separate housing/monitoring of suicidal inmates.
Child RIghts - Task force on the New Regime for Juveniles in Correctional Fac...Rodje Malcolm
This document summarizes the report of the Task Force on the New Regime for Juveniles in Remand and Correctional Facilities in Jamaica. It was submitted by Pat Sinclair McCalla, Chief Executive Officer of the Public Sector Transformation Unit in December 2010. The report makes recommendations to reform Jamaica's juvenile justice system in response to issues like overcrowding and poor conditions in juvenile facilities. It proposes new policies, legislation, institutional structures, and physical infrastructure to establish an improved system that prioritizes rehabilitation and family reunification for youth in state care.
Child Rights - Office of the Children's Registry - Quarterly Bulletin, 2012 J...Rodje Malcolm
The document provides statistics on child abuse reports received by the Office of the Children's Registry (OCR) from July to September 2012. Some key details include:
- The OCR received 1,979 reports in this period, a 21% decline from the previous quarter. 1,626 children were reported for the first time.
- Neglect (28%) and children in need of care/protection (19%) made up the highest proportions of reports. Girls accounted for 57% of reported children.
- Sexual abuse reports declined 25% from the previous quarter. Girls represented 93% of sexual abuse reports.
- Reports of neglect and children exhibiting behavioral problems also declined from the previous quarter.
Child Rights - Jamaican Government Plan to Retrofit Police Stations to House ...Rodje Malcolm
The document expresses concerns about plans to spend $75 million renovating 5 police lock-ups to accommodate more children. It argues the data does not support expanding capacity, as weekly intakes are typically far lower than the planned maximum capacities. The funds could be better spent on alternatives like a remand center for girls or an adolescent psychiatric ward to help children in need.
Brankground Information on Jamaican Children in State Sare & in Conflict With...Rodje Malcolm
This document discusses children in conflict with the law in Jamaica. It notes that children come into contact with the justice system due to being in need of care/protection or being accused of criminal activities. These children are vulnerable and often come from similar family backgrounds. The justice system focuses on punishment rather than rehabilitation. Children found guilty or merely in need of care are detained, sometimes with adults, in violation of domestic and international law. The document outlines the process children face, numbers in detention facilities, relevant laws and agencies responsible for children's welfare and justice processes.
The report summarizes the findings of an inquiry into a fire at the Armadale Juvenile Correctional Centre in St. Ann, Jamaica on May 22, 2009. It notes that the center housed juvenile detainees, with girls housed in two dormitories - an upstairs dormitory and a cottage dormitory. The upstairs dormitory was condemned in 2007 as unfit for habitation but girls remained there for over a year. In March 2008, after a fire caused by the girls, all girls were moved to a small room in the office building known as the "office dormitory." The report provides background on the facility and sets out the scope and process of the inquiry.
Special Report to Parliament on Children in Police Lockups - Office of the Ch...Rodje Malcolm
The Office of the Children's Advocate visited the Free Port lock-up in Montego Bay, Jamaica on February 3, 2010. They observed that the children detained there were held in four cells, and that the lock-up had only two bathrooms shared by all inmates, male and female. International standards require that children in detention be held separately from adults and have access to education, recreation, and legal counsel. The conditions observed at the Free Port lock-up did not meet these standards.
Focusing on the "Uncontrollable" Child - Office of the Children's Advcate Jam...Rodje Malcolm
The document provides recommendations from the Office of the Children's Advocate to the Houses of Parliament focusing on uncontrollable children. It summarizes the methodology used, which included interviews with 12 uncontrollable female wards at Horizon Adult Remand Centre to understand their backgrounds and issues. It also consulted psychiatrists, psychologists, and the Department of Correctional Services. The recommendations are based on international standards like the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and national law like the Child Care and Protection Act. It aims to improve conditions for uncontrollable children through legislative and policy changes.
Jamaica: Department of Correctional Services - Access to Information Response...Rodje Malcolm
Jamaicans for Justice - A Scanned copy of the Department of Correctional Services' (DCS) response to an Access to Information (ATI) Request. The response, that includes several source documents and internal correspondence highlights glaring issues inaction, neglect, abuse, abscondence of wards and attempted suiced of wards within Jamaican Juvenile Correctional Facilities.,
Jamaica - Ministry of Justice Victims CharterRodje Malcolm
This document outlines Jamaica's Ministry of Justice's plan to develop a Victim's Charter to better support and protect victims of crimes. The Charter aims to recognize victims as central to the criminal justice process, enhance victim support programs, minimize secondary victimization, and restore confidence in the justice system. It discusses the historical shift from viewing crimes as offenses against victims to offenses against the state. The Charter will be informed by international standards and declarations on victims' rights to fair treatment and compensation.
The document provides a follow-up report on recommendations made by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture following country visits to 20 countries between 2005 and 2011. For each country, it includes a table summarizing the key recommendations, the situation at the time of the visit, steps taken in previous years to implement the recommendations, and new information received in the reporting period. For China specifically, the report notes concerns about definitions of torture in law not meeting international standards, concerns about recent legal amendments, and a lack of response from the government to requests for information about implementation of recommendations.
The document summarizes the budget and expenditures of the Child Development Agency (CDA) for fiscal years 2010-2011 through 2012-2013. It allocates $1,571,618,000 to the CDA for 2012-2013, a slight decrease from 2011-2012. The majority of expenditures are for compensation of employees (36%), grants and contributions (40%), and purchases of other goods and services (10%). The CDA provides services to over 15,000 vulnerable children and families annually, including those in need of care, protection, or family support. Its strategic goals are advocating for children's rights, intervening for at-risk children, and ensuring safety and development for children in state care.
The document provides Jamaica's Country Report on efforts to promote child participation from April 2008 to July 2010. It discusses Jamaica's commitment to child rights through ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991 and passing the Child Care and Protection Act in 2004. It outlines the methodology used to gather information from government agencies and NGOs on their child participation activities. It also provides context on the situation of children in Jamaica and highlights various government entities and policies that support child participation.
1. Jamaican Children: Twenty Years after the
Convention on the Rights of the Child
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
The Convention on the Rights of the Child: 2
A Historic Decision for Children
• The CRC in Jamaica: Translating International
Goals for Children
Jamaican Children Today: The Socioeconomic Context 3
• Poverty
• Economic Crisis
Positive Trends for Children: Major Legal and Policy Achievements 4
• Legislation
• Institutions
• Policies and Plans
Jamaica’s Track Record: Protecting and Fulfilling Children’s Rights 5
• Provision Rights: Name and Nationality, Health Care, Education
• Protection Rights: Violence, Corporal Punishment, Children
Deprived of Their Liberty, Children in Care, Children on the Streets,
Children with Disabilities, Missing Children
• Participation Rights
Creating a Jamaica Fit for Children: The Way Forward 14
• Recommendations
Report Prepared by the Office of the Children’s Advocate and UNICEF
1
2. The Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Historic Decision for Children
Twenty years ago, on 20 November 1989, some 70 Heads of Government adopted the Convention on
the Rights of the Child (CRC), forever transforming the way the world views children. The Convention
was ratified more quickly than any other international treaty in history. Today, this unique, legally
binding instrument has near-universal acceptance, ratified by all but two countries.
The CRC spells out the basic human rights that every child under age 18 has: the right to survival; to
develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate
fully in family, cultural and social life. The four core principles of the Convention are non-discrimination;
devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for
the views of the child. The Convention sets out these rights in 54 articles and two Optional Protocols:
the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child
Prostitution and Child Pornography, and the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed
Conflict.
The Convention protects children's rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal, civil
and social services. The provisions of the CRC were transformed into specific, measurable and time
bound goals in 1990 at the World Summit for Children (WSC), where world leaders adopted a Plan of
Action for implementing the Summit’s Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of
Children in the 1990s. At the United Nations Special Session on Children in 2002, 180 nations adopted
the outcome document, “A World Fit for Children” – a new agenda outlining 21 specific goals and
targets for the next decade. This agenda commits leaders to completing the unfinished agenda of the
1990 WSC, and to achieving other goals and objectives, in particular the UN Millennium Declaration of
2000, from which emerged the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted in 2001.
The CRC in Jamaica: Translating International Goals for Children
Jamaica ratified the CRC in 1991, after much advocacy by the Jamaica Coalition on the Rights of the Child
(JCRC). A newly-formed non-governmental organization (NGO) at the time, the JCRC brought together
six NGOs working with children to lobby for the ratification of the CRC and monitor its implementation.
With the dramatic shift in focus on children that came with the Convention, Jamaica was required to
revolutionize its approach to children. Since ratifying the CRC, Jamaica has sought to institute legislation
and policies and create institutions, national plans of action and programmes to ensure compliance.
While Jamaica has adopted the Optional Protocol concerning armed conflict, the country is yet to adopt
the Protocol concerning child prostitution and child pornography.
Twenty years after the CRC came into existence, Jamaican children are born into a society which
acknowledges their rights under the Convention, and the valiant efforts of Government, individuals and
organizations have contributed to significant progress in protecting and fulfilling those rights. Children
born in Jamaica in 2009 have more than a 97% chance of surviving beyond age five, almost a 100%
chance at enrolling in school up to the secondary level, and will go on to live, on average, over 73 years.
However, the efforts to fulfil children’s rights in Jamaica need to be better harmonized and
strengthened in order to withstand major threats to child rights from violence, severe economic
hardship, declining social conditions, inappropriate use of media and technology, and weakening
communal and familial supports. As this analysis of the situation in Jamaica shows, the risks to childhood
are great and, in some areas, require urgent national attention.
2
3. Jamaican Childhood Today: The Socioeconomic Context
The Jamaican population continues to
be very young: about 33% of the Table 1: Selected Socioeconomic Indicators for Jamaica (1991, 2008)
population are children and another Indicator
11.5% are adolescents and youth of 1991 2008
18-24 years. In 2008, the country’s Population 2,465,800 2.692,400
Debt Servicing J$8301.0m J$263.9b
population grew at a rate of 0.4%
Surplus Deficit 2.2 (as % of GDP) - J$57.2b
while the fertility rate was 2.38; both Population Growth Rate 0.9 0.4
are marginally lower than the previous Crude Birth Rate 24.7 16.7
year. While 52% (stable over the last Crude Death Rate 5.5 6.3
five years) of the population live in Total Fertility Rate 2.9 2.5
urban areas, more of the children live Literacy Rate 73.1(1981) 86.0
Labour Force Participation Rate 48.3 (October 1991) 65.5
in rural areas.
Total Unemployment Rate 15.4 10.6
Male 9.4 6.1
The rate of migration continues to be Female 22.2 14.3
high with over 17,500 migrants in Immunization Rates
2008 and an average of 16,833 DPT 84.7 87
OPV 85.7 86.9
annually since 2006. In other words,
BCG 94.4 92
over six Jamaicans migrate each year MMR N/A 87.5
for every 1,000 persons in the Maternal Mortality Rate 115/100,000 (MOH) 94.8 (2005)
population – this is one of the highest % of Population Living in Urban 50.2 52
rates in the world.1 Migration Areas
Access to Safe Water 78.3 % (SLC) 77.3 (2007)
contributes to the increased
Access to Sanitary Facilities 99.1 (SLC) 100 (2007)
susceptibility of households to Sources: PIOJ, Economic and Social Survey of Jamaica (ESSJ), 1991, 2008
economic changes in other countries
(due to reliance on remittances) and increased risks to child rights associated with lack of parental
support.
Poverty
The percentage of the national population that lives in poverty has declined by 10 percentage points
between 1997 (19.9%) and 2007 (9.9%). Of those who are poor, over 71% live in rural areas compared
to about 20% in the Kingston and Metropolitan Area (KMA) and 9% in other towns. These patterns have
persisted over the last ten years. This further underscores the challenge to children: a higher percentage
of the rural population is young and the households more likely to be larger and female headed which
are more likely to be poor (11% of the poor live in female headed households). According to UNICEF
(2008), 41.7% of Jamaica’s poor are children compared with 46% for those 18-59 years old, and the
elderly (60+ years), at 12.3%. This equates to one of every four children living in poverty.
A recent Rapid Assessment of the Impact of Food Price Increases on the Vulnerable2 projects that the
impact of the increased food prices will result in the prevalence of poverty increasing to 16.7% of the
population and 12.9% of all households respectively. This amounts to an additional 181,000 persons
falling into poverty and the total number of persons increasing to approximately 447,560. This is
expected to disproportionately affect children and young people.
1
Jamaica is ranked 13th of 225 countries and territories by Nation Master.com for the average number of persons lost to migration. See:
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/imm_net_mig_rat-immigration-net-migration-rate.
2
Planning Institute of Jamaica and Statistical Institute (supported by FAO, UNDP and UNICEF) cited in UNICEF 2008.
3
4. Economic Crisis
Jamaica’s economic situation has worsened since the
ratification of the CRC, and its woes have strangled social Table 2: Macro-economic Indicators
2006 2007 2008
development. Debt servicing continues to be the major cost
Inflation Rate 5.7 16.8 16.8
to the country accounting for 54% of the budget or 54 cents Debt/GDP Ratio 117.5 111.4 109
of every dollar spent. Debt to GDP ratio remains very high, % Budget to 59.0% 53.5% 53.9
the fourth highest in the world,3 while rates of inflation Debt servicing
have averaged almost 17% each of the last two years, Economic 2.7 1.4 -0.6
Growth
compared to about 6% in 2006. These economic constraints Sources: ESSJ 2007 and 2008
continue to limit the pace and level of progress towards the
fulfilment of the rights of the child as stated in the
Convention.
Positive Trends for Children: Major Legal and Policy Achievements
Since ratifying the CRC, Jamaica has made a number of significant steps to improve the policy,
legislative, institutional and strategic planning framework affecting children, key among them:
Legislation
As one of its first responses to the World Summit Goals, the Government of Jamaica embarked
on a comprehensive review of legislation relating to children. The landmark Child Care and
Protection Act (CCPA), passed in 2004 with the support of UNICEF, marked years of
collaborative planning to create one piece of legislation that sets universal standards for the
care and treatment of children.
The Early Childhood Commission Act, passed in 2003, was enacted to govern the administration
of early childhood care, education and development in Jamaica. Its companion, the Early
Childhood Act of 2005, prescribes the regulatory powers of the Commission and sets standards
for all early childhood institutions.
The Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act 2007, which was
enacted to prohibit all forms of trafficking in persons, including women and children, and
related offences.
Institutions
In 1998, a Special Envoy for Children was appointed to influence the development of social
policies concerning the welfare of children. This post no longer exists.
In 1999, a strategic review of early childhood development and another on the provision of
services for children paved the way for the establishment in 2004 of the Early Childhood
Commission (ECC) and the Child Development Agency (CDA). The ECC is mandated to bring
under one umbrella all the policies and standards pertaining to early childhood development
and ensure a more cohesive delivery of services. The CDA was created to achieve the holistic
development of children through the creation, implementation, coordination and regulation of
programmes and policies which meet Jamaica's obligations to international standards for
children. The agency has statutory responsibility for children in need of care and protection.
The Early Childhood Commission was established in 2003 as the main coordinating and
monitoring body of the early childhood development sector in Jamaica.
3
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html
4
5. The Office of the Children’s Advocate was established in January 2006, to protect and enforce
the rights of Jamaican children and promote their best interests at all times. This was in keeping
with the recommendations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, a body of independent
experts that monitors implementation of the CRC.
In keeping with the provisions of the CCPA for mandatory reporting of child abuse, the Office of
the Children’s Registry opened in 2007 as an institution to receive, record, and store reports on
all forms of reported child abuse, abandonment and neglect.
Policies and Plans
In the effort to fulfil the World Fit for Children commitments, Jamaica moved to formulate a
number of social development policies in the mid 1990s, including notably the National Youth
Policy (1994), which represented the first comprehensive policy on youth, addressing education
and training, employment and entrepreneurship, health care, youth participation and
empowerment, and care and protection. The policy was updated in 2004 and is currently under
review. Other policies included the Poverty Eradication Policy (1995) and the National Policy on
Children (1997).
The National Plan of Action for Children (1995-2000) was crafted to provide an institutional
framework to address and enforce children’s rights. Most recently, a comprehensive National
Framework of Action for Children was developed, which has been submitted to Cabinet.
The National Plan of Action for Orphans and Other Children made Vulnerable by HIV/AIDS
(2003-2006) sought to address the specific vulnerabilities of this largely neglected population.
The National Policy for HIV/AIDS Management in Schools (2004) seeks to ensure access to
education by children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and the delivery of HIV/AIDS and family
life education to prevent infection. The National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2007-2011)
comprehensively addresses prevention, treatment, care and support interventions.
The National Plan of Action for an Integrated Response to Children and Violence, a blueprint
for a multifaceted approach to reducing violence against children, was completed in 2005 but
has not yet been adopted by the Government. The National Plan of Action on Child Justice,
which addresses a range of issues concerning the treatment of children who come into conflict
with the law, was reviewed by Cabinet in 2008.
The Social Investment for Children Initiative, launched in 2006 with support from UNICEF, the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Cabinet Office, Planning Institute of Jamaica
(PIOJ), CDA and JCRC, seeks to increase the level of social investment for children.
In 2008, the Government embarked on the development of a National Parenting Policy, as part
of its effort to address the mounting concern over weak parenting practices across the island. A
National Parenting Support Commission is being established to operationalize the policy.
Jamaica’s Track Record: Protecting and Fulfilling Children’s Rights
Articles 1-41 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which articulate the full spectrum of children’s
rights, are often grouped as the “3 P’s”:
Provision rights, which include the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to free
education, the right to adequate health resources and the right to legal and social services.
Protection rights, which include protection from abuse, neglect and discrimination, and safety
within the justice system.
Participation rights which include the right to freedom of expression and the right to participate
in public life.
5
6. This brief overview will seek to assess the status of Jamaican children with respect to specific obligations
under each group of rights.
PROVISION RIGHTS
Article 27 (1) of the CRC: States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living
adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
Right to a Name and Nationality
Children who are not registered do not officially exist, and are denied one of their most fundamental
human rights: to possess an identity. Birth registration is a fundamental means of securing these rights
for children. According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS, 2005), the births of 89% of
children in Jamaica have been registered. Among those whose births were not registered, issues of cost
were cited as the main reasons. While the birth registration rate is commendably high, the names of
fathers are often missing from the registration documents. There is no mandatory provision in the law
for the insertion of the father’s name, which needs to be addressed in order for children to receive full
protection in keeping with their rights.
Article 24 (1) of the CRC: States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of
health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to
such health care services.
Right to Health Care
Access to health services in Jamaica is universal. While the health of Jamaican children has improved
through the years, there has not been sustained progress on some key health indicators since the
ratification of the CRC. Exclusive breastfeeding continues to decline. According to MICS 2005, only 15%
of children at six months are exclusively breastfed, far lower than the recommended rate.
As reported in the End Decade Assessment of the World Summit for Children Year 2000 Goals, Jamaica’s
immunization rate was 92% in 1995. Immunization rates now lag behind the national goal of 95%
average coverage. As Table 3 shows, none of the vaccines reached this threshold, though BCG was
consistently the highest. While there are slight increases, the Ministry of Health reports that limited
budgetary support has constrained its efforts.
Table 3: Trend in Immunization Coverage for Jamaica: 2003-2007
Measles/ Average
Year BCG OPV DPT/DT Hib Hep. B
MMR Coverage
2003 89.6 83.8 84.9 78.6 n/a n/a 84.2
2004 89.6 75.4 81.2 85.9 77.4 76.9 81.1
2005 94.5 83.6 87.5 84.0 88.6 87.2 87.6
2006 85.1 81.2 80.7 89.1 82.7 82.6 83.6
2007 87.4 84.8 85.0 76.2 85.0 84.7 83.8
Source: Ministry of Health Annual Report 2007
6
7. As noted in Table 4, infant and maternal mortality rates have not changed significantly over the last
decade. Another major concern is the relatively high prevalence of teenage pregnancy. Approximately
18% of births in Jamaica are attributable to adolescent girls.4 A birth by a child puts two children at risk,
as teenage pregnancy often leads to complication in pregnancy and delivery, lack of care and support for
the newborn, and too often exclusion from school and professional opportunities for the young mother.
According to the Ministry of Health, an estimated 27,000 Jamaicans are living with HIV. Close to 10% of
reported AIDS cases are among children under 18, and 20 per cent among young people aged 20-29
years.5 Important strides have been made in the national efforts to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS,
notably the dramatic reduction in mother-to-child transmission of HIV from 25% in 2002 to less than 5%
in 2008. Eighty-four per cent of HIV-positive pregnant women in Jamaica now receive antiretroviral
medication, and more than 90% of infants born to HIV positive mothers receive ARV prophylaxis.
Overall, the number of pediatric AIDS cases is down significantly.6
One of the persisting areas of concern is the continued engagement in risky sexual behaviours by
adolescents and young people. A national Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours and Practices Survey found
that among sexually active 15-24 year olds, 76% of males and 21.4% of females say they were involved
in multiple partnerships. Not only were they having multiple partnerships, 23% of males and 43.5% of
females in this group did not use a condom in their last sexual encounter.7
Children who have been orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS are in need of greater care and
protection. An estimated 20,000 Jamaican children are affected by AIDS, of whom approximately 5,000
are orphaned. A rapid assessment conducted in 2002 concluded that children affected by HIV/AIDS
suffer from poor nutrition, lack of schooling, trauma from witnessing the death of a family member, and
non-supportive family and community environments. Stigma and discrimination associated with the
disease are among the most challenging obstacles to mitigating the effects of the disease on children
and place them at a higher risk of exclusion and marginalization.
Table 4: Key Health Indicators
8
Indicator 1990 Current Status Gaps/concerns
Infant 27.30 25.7/1000 Need for standardization of data currently being used; data
9
Mortality Rate (2007) is mainly from public health sector and hospitals.
(MOH) Incomplete registration of births and deaths. Status of
implementation of Vital Statistics Commission audit
recommendations.
National 1990: 83.5% 2007: 83.8% The target for national coverage has been 95%. Limited
Immunization (MOH) public health staff resources, including issue of
Levels redeployment of Community Health Aides to monitor
clients’ visits to clinics. Need for Community Health Aides
with comprehensive skills to promote survival and
development of children.
4
National Family Planning Board – Provisional data 2008.
5
Ministry of Health HIV/AIDS Report 2008.
6
National HIV/STI Prevention and Control Programme 2008.
7
Ibid.
8
Some of these gaps/concerns were identified in the End Decade Assessment of the World Summit for Children Year 2000 Goals.
9
Minister of Health Hon. Rudyard Spencer. Speech made at the Launch of the Study on Child Poverty and Disparities in Jamaica. October 21,
2009.
7
8. 8
Indicator 1990 Current Status Gaps/concerns
Access to 65.6% 72.3% (ESSJ) Promote easier access to antenatal care. More efforts to
Antenatal Care raise awareness about high risk pregnancies.
Trained 83.1% 2008: 96.1% Despite the high number of births delivered by skilled
Attendants (MOH) personnel, Jamaica still has a relatively high maternal
During mortality rate, pointing to the need to improve the quality
Childbirth of emergency obstetric care.
Maternal 115/100,000 2005: Reach and acceptance of services and information to all
Mortality (MOH) 94.8/100,000 women island-wide. Public education needed to stress
nd
Rates (MOH) importance of first antenatal visit before 2 trimester.
Current national average of four antenatal visits is less
than recommended for monitoring normal pregnancies.
Low Birth Rate 1990: 11.2% 2007: 5.30% Improving and maintaining gains achieved.
Weight (less (MOH)
than 2.5 kg)
Malnutrition Stunting: 3.4% Stunting: 2.2 % Children in poor families and those at weaning stages are
Wasting: 3.6% Wasting: 4.3% vulnerable to malnutrition. In the health sector, regular
Underweight Underweight growth monitoring should be in accordance with the
prevalence prevalence international (WHO/UNICEF) standards and requirements.
(composite): (composite):
8.4% (JSLC) 3.7% (JSLC)
Baby Friendly 9 (1996) 10 (2009) The Ministry of Health needs to increase the number of
Hospitals (MOH) Baby Friendly Hospitals.
Birth 1992: 97.1% 2007: 89% Need to consider mandatory registration with father’s
Registration (MICS 2005) name under the Registration Act.
Right to Basic Quality Education
Article 28 (1) of the CRC: States Parties recognize the right of the child to education and with a view
to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular: (a)
Make primary education compulsory and available free to all.
While Jamaica provides universal access to primary education, the education sector faces serious
challenges in its efforts to provide quality learning opportunities for children up to age eighteen. Despite
high levels of enrolment in primary and secondary schools, at each of the major transition points in the
education system, a substantial number of children are insufficiently prepared to access the level ahead
of them.
Jamaican children enjoy high levels of access to schools with universal access to the Grade 9 level, but
only 84% of the students access grades 10 and 11. This reflects the continued difficulty students face at
later levels of the system and is further magnified by the estimated 10% of students accessing grades 12
and 13. Table 4 indicates the primary and secondary school attendance. Of concern is the low rate of
attendance among primary aged boys; it is the only sub-group with a less than 80% attendance rate
(79%) of the time compared to 85% for primary girls. Removal of tuition costs at secondary levels in
8
9. 2007 helped to reduce cost for secondary access but schools continue to charge “supplementary fees”
to help cover costs of operation.
Performance on key national and regional exams continues to be weak, intensifying concerns about the
quality of education students are receiving. In the Grade One readiness inventory, only about 42% of
the children mastered all four domains while in the Grade Four literacy test three-quarters of girls
showed mastery compared to 53% of boys. Similar patterns also persist for the Grade Six Achievement
Test (GSAT) performance; overall performance is stagnant with mean scores of around 50% each year
and girls outperforming boys by more than 10 percentage points each year. At the CXC level, low passes
in the two core subjects Mathematics and English, while improving, remain far too low for subjects that
are core pre-requisites for further study and jobs. There is a major disparity between the performance in
these subjects of students at upgraded and technical schools and those at secondary high schools.
A significant number of students continue to attend the 116 ‘shift-schools’; this is of concern as the
research across contexts shows these schools to be less effective than single shift schools.
Table 5: Key Education Indicators
Indicator 1990 Current Status Gaps/Concerns
Pre-school 1990: 77.0% 2007: 91.7% Need for adequately trained human resources
Enrolment Rates in early childhood institutions. More emphasis
(3 – 5 year olds) on parent support needed.
Net Enrolment Rates 1990: 95.6% 2008: 94.5% Rates have dropped and this may be due to
(primary) (MOE) (SLC, 2008) the decreased access by marginalized groups.
Primary School 1990:77 % 2006/7:84.8% Rates are lower for boys than girls. Violence
Attendance (MOE) in some geographical areas affects
attendance.
Survival to Grade 5 1989/90: 90.0 % 2005/06: 88.8% Rates need to be improved. Boys are more
(87.9% boys, 92.2% (87.2% boys, vulnerable than girls.
girls) 93.0% girls)
(MOE)
Secondary School 1990:71.1 % (63% 2008: 77% (78.9% By grades 10-11 the rate dropped to 66.3% in
Enrolment male, 71% females) males, 75.1% 2008. Males remain marginalized in the school
females) system.
Secondary School No data available 2006/7:82%
Attendance (79.3% males,
84.6% females)
CXC Passes 1990: English 2008:English Quality of achievement in high school
Language:28.8% Language:55% education remains low.
Mathematics:25.7% Mathematics:43%
Sources: ESSJ 1990 and 2008
9
10. PROTECTION RIGHTS
Article 19 of the CRC: States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and
educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or
abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in
the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
Violence is damaging every aspect of the lives of Jamaica’s children through its direct and indirect
effects. Between 2006 and October 2009, over 5,612 persons were murdered in Jamaica – they are
fathers, mothers, siblings, friends, and acquaintances of Jamaica’s children as well as children
themselves. From 2006 to 2008, 230 children under 17 years old were murdered. Children who are not
directly victimised are affected by the loss of family members and loved ones and those who escape the
direct effect are traumatized by media images. Violence is present in communities, schools, and homes
– it has become an accepted way of life for too many, including children.
Table 6: Violence Related Injuries Treated in Accident and Emergency Rooms
Sexual Assault Stab Wounds Gunshot Blunt Injuries Total by Age and
Wounds Gender
2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007
Under 5 Years:
Boys 10 09 4 5 6 2 242 245 523
Girls 48 38 1 4 4 0 220 178 493
1016
5-9 Years old:
Boys 8 17 21 20 5 20 528 447 1056
Girls 111 112 10 8 5 8 343 255 852
1908
10-19 Years old:
Boys 25 22 584 502 129 149 1767 1543 3721
Girls 911 797 115 189 24 36 1273 1144 4492
8213
Jamaica (Total) 1 464 1295 2 636 2409 1309 1253 12 10532
775
Source: ESSJ 2008
Intentional violence related injuries seen in the emergency rooms of the island’s hospitals (Table 6)
show that over 11,100 cases of sexual assault, stab wounds, gunshots or blunt force injury were treated
among persons 0-19 years old in 2007 and 2008. Put another way, 17 children and adolescents were
treated in emergency rooms for violence related injuries every day for two years. Children under five
years old were treated for gunshot wounds (12), sexual assault (105), and blunt injuries (885). The risk of
violence related injuries increases as the child gets older.
Reporting of child abuse has been on the rise in recent years, signalling more active citizen participation
in child protection. Reporting facilities are also more readily available. Over 8,000 cases of child abuse,
neglect and abandonment have been reported to the Office of the Children’s Registry since its inception
in 2007. Close to 500 reports of infringements of children’s rights, including abuse, have been made to
the Office of the Children’s Advocate.
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11. Corporal Punishment
Violence is also used as a problem solving mechanism in the form of corporal punishment. According to
the MICS (2005) 73% of children between 2 and 14 years old are exposed to ‘minor’ physical punishment
and 7.5% experience severe physical punishment. Corporal punishment is also used in schools and is still
sanctioned by law. In 2008, the Ministry of Education recently issued a ministerial order prohibiting its
use in schools but the legislative changes have not yet been made. Students are also involved in
violence against each other and their teachers with at least two murders of students by other students
(on school premises) over the last year. Other strategies to combat violence in schools include the Safe
Schools policy which would strengthen school relationship with policy to protect students, while some
schools have experimented with metal detectors. The Ministry of Education has appointed Deans of
Discipline in over 200 schools.
Children Deprived of their Liberty
The care and protection of children deprived of their liberty in State institutions has increasingly become
a concern. Plans to provide adequate and suitable facilities which would enhance security, provide areas
for discipline, segregated accommodation and rehabilitation in relation to the status of wards, have
been on the book from 2006 and are still not a reality. The number of children being detained in adult
correctional facilities is alarming. Table 7 shows the ideal and current capacity of the correctional
facilities for children. Fort Augusta and Horizon are included in the table to highlight the fact that
children are being held in these adult correctional facilities. The recent controversial incident of seven
children dying at the Armadale Juvenile Centre remains unresolved.
Table 7: Ideal and Actual Capacity of Juvenile Correctional Facilities in Jamaica
Institutions Ideal Capacity Current Number of Type
Children
Fort Augusta A.C.C. * 53 Female
Horizon A.R.C. * 36 Male/female
Hill Top J.C.C. 98 110 Male
Rio Cobre J.C.C. 120 118 Male
Armadale J.C.C. 45 47 Female
St. Andrew J.R.C. 48 45 Male
Montpellier Camp J.C. & R. C. 250 Nil Male
(Note: This institution does not
exist. It has been on the books
since 2006)
Total 561 409
Children in Care
Table 8 provides data on the number of children in foster care, children’s homes, places of safety and
other institutions. Expressions of public concern have been mounting over the quality of care children
receive in public institutions. The current level of the Government’s subsidy to private residential care
facilities is inadequate. There has been a recent push to decrease the number of children in
institutionalized care and increase those in foster care. However, more investment is required for
defining the standards for foster care, training foster families and providing them with adequate means
to provide for children taken into their care. Current expenditure by the State per child per month in
foster families is entirely insufficient to cover the basic needs of these children.
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12. Table 8: Children in Care by Region: 2006-2007
Region Foster Care Home On Children’s Places of Supervision Other Total
Trial Home Safety Order
‘06 ’07 ‘06 ‘07 ‘06 ‘07 ‘06 ‘07 ‘06 ‘07 ‘06 ‘07 ‘06 ‘07
South East
311 333 329 356 985 869 654 637 539 732 24 38 2,842 2,965
North East
205 204 123 92 185 164 113 99 154 177 31 31 811 767
Southern
171 161 180 259 262 283 105 91 117 166 10 29 845 989
Western
501 461 187 170 305 314 87 91 245 271 12 1 1,337 1,308
Total
1,188 1,159 819 877 1,737 1,630 959 918 1,055 1,346 77 99 5,835 6,029
Change
-29 58 107 -41 291 22 194
Source: Ministry of Health Annual Report 2007
Children on the Streets
It is estimated that more than 6,000 children are living and working on the streets of Jamaica. This
troubling phenomenon has not been well researched. According to a national survey conducted in 2002,
boys out-number girls by a ratio of 70:30, are an average 13 years old and are usually from a female-
headed household of five, where their parent or guardian is marginally employed as a vendor, domestic
helper, self-employed or unskilled worker.10 This issue urgently requires further investigation and
interventions.
Children with Disabilities
Another largely under-researched area is the prevalence of children with disabilities in Jamaica, and the
degree to which the country makes an effort to protect and serve these children. There is a shortage of
specialists who can adequately address their needs, including audiologists, speech therapists and child
psychiatrists. Aside from a small number of NGOs, there is a dearth of organizations and institutions
delivering services for these children. State-run homes which provide services for children with
disabilities, such as the Mustard Seed Homes, are under-resourced. Services for children with mental
health problems are also inadequate and cannot meet the increasing needs and referrals, particularly
from schools.
Missing Children
A disturbing recent trend is the disappearance of children. In 2008, 960 of the 1,446 persons who went
missing were children – over three-quarters of the missing children were female unlike the adult
population where males were more likely to go missing. At the end of 2008, 181 children were still
missing. The trend has continued in 2009 with a new twist being abductions of the children of
predominantly wealthy Jamaicans accompanied by demands for ransom. Two important steps taken in
response to the disappearance of children are:
Ananda Alert: This is a system for informing and mobilising the public to help locate missing
children. Named after 11-year old Ananda Dean who went missing and was found dead in 2008,
10
National Survey on Street and Working Children, 2002: Ministry of Health.
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13. the system is based on the US’ Amber Alert and includes a three-digit toll free number (211) for
calls in case of emergency, and public display of photographs and posters of missing children.
Since the inception of the system, the community mobilization efforts when a child goes missing
have been limited. Members of the public can sign up to receive Ananda Alert notifications
about children who have gone missing via text message.
Missing Persons Investigation Policy: This policy was revised to remove the 24 hour wait period
for reporting missing persons.
PARTICIPATION RIGHTS
Article 12 of the CRC: States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own
views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child
being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.
This area of the Convention has received the least attention over the years. While there have been some
efforts to involve youth advocates in the discussion of policies affecting them, there is no
institutionalised mechanism to involve children and youth in the conceptualization, formulation,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes.
There have been some notable efforts to create safe spaces where youth can interact. With the
assistance of UNICEF, the National Centre for Youth Development (NCYD) of the Ministry of Culture,
Youth and Sports, currently operates Youth Information Centres (YICs) in Kingston & St. Andrew, St.
Catherine, St. James, St. Mary and Portland. These are youth friendly spaces where young people aged
10-24 years, and sometimes those as young as eight years, can discuss and access information on issues
affecting them, including career development and HIV/AIDS prevention. These YICs also serve as training
centres for youth and adolescents to build their knowledge base and life skills. The existing YICs have
been used over 81,000 times in the last two years. NCYD plans to establish a Youth Information Centre
in each parish.
At a more formal level, youth serve on National Secondary School Councils. They also participate in the
seven year-old Youth Parliament which allows 60 young parliamentarians to discuss issues concerning
young Jamaicans. A number of youth also serve as Youth Ambassadors.
There are some agencies that seek to ensure child participation in the formulation of their policies. The
Office of the Children’s Advocate has involved children in the development of their Corporate Plan and
sought the opinions of children on several issues affecting them. The Child Development Agency has also
sought the advice of children in their care and in the development of the agency’s annual budget.
UNICEF has always strived to ensure that children are an integral part of their activities. For the last
three years, the annual Caribbean Child Research Conference has provided an opportunity for young
researchers from high schools to present their research on child-related matters. An outstanding child
researcher is selected each year from a group of top ten child researchers.
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14. Notwithstanding these levels of participation, many aspects of child and youth participation remain
symbolic and tokenistic and the views of children do not generally influence the direction of policy in
Jamaica.
Creating a Jamaica Fit for Children: The Way Ahead
While significant gains have been made in protecting and fulfilling the rights of the Jamaican child, the
nation is currently at a very precarious point and the gains made to date face serious risk of reversal.
The reduced social investments resulting from the global financial crisis, the global H1N1 threat, and the
local epidemic of violence pose major threats to the rights, including to life, of Jamaican children. There
is need for increased collaboration of all stakeholders to ensure that the welfare of children is protected,
especially when the conditions are less than ideal.
More urgent action is required to improve the welfare and well-being of Jamaican children, in keeping
with article 3 of the CRC which maintains that “in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken
by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative
bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration”.
This review has revealed that there is an urgent need to regain the momentum of the early 1990s that
existed with the ratification of the CRC. While the current economic constraints may impede the
recommendations of this report, a strategic focus on children must be maintained, using targeted,
evidence-based interventions with an efficient allocation of resources. None of Jamaica’s development
goals can be attained if childhood in Jamaica continues to be threatened as it is today.
Recommendations
1. Accelerate the protracted process of developing and implementing key legislation and
policies. The lengthy delays in this process severely impede progress for children. As a matter
of urgency:
Expedite the implementation of the National Plan of Action on Child Justice, which would
enable greater focus on restorative justice for juveniles and community-based diversion
programmes; the finalization and implementation of the National Plan of Action for an
Integrated Response to Children and Violence; and the finalization and enactment of the
Disability Act.
2. Conduct a comprehensive review of the social welfare system for children, with a view for
making sweeping reforms to better safeguard and serve children in need of care and protection.
As a matter of urgency:
Provision of appropriate resources for the strengthening of key institutions for children,
including the Office of the Children’s Advocate and the Child Development Agency, and
greater support for NGOs providing services for children on the streets and children with
disabilities.
3. Establish mechanisms to support and strengthen services for parents at the community level,
in tandem with current efforts to operationalize the National Parenting Policy.
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15. 4. Improve data collection, analysis and reporting on child-specific data (age 0-17 plus) to provide
a stronger evidence base for policies and programmes.
5. Implement the recommendations of the Child Protection Audit (2008), focusing on reporting
and handling of child abuse cases, particularly sexual abuse.
6. Improve the quality and relevance of education, making schools child-friendly, student-
centered, interactive learning environments that are more attractive for all children, and for
boys in particular.
7. Improve the quality of health care for children, with an urgent focus on increasing
immunization coverage and addressing the causes of the persistently high infant and maternal
mortality rates.
8. Establish mechanisms designed for early detection and referral of children who are at risk.
9. Undertake urgent reforms to ensure compliance with international standards on children who
are deprived of their liberty.
10. Invest in and expand programmes addressing conflict resolution, anger management, safety in
the homes and community safety, particularly among youth.
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