The study examined factors that predict social media usage among 384 undergraduate students. It assessed how extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, smartphone usage, Greek life affiliation, and other variables related to frequency of Facebook and Instagram use. The researchers hypothesized that higher levels of extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, and smartphone usage would predict greater social media frequency, based on previous research. Preliminary results found that smartphone usage and Greek life predicted Facebook use, while extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, and smartphone usage predicted Instagram use. The study aimed to expand understanding of how personality traits and behaviors relate to social networking behaviors.
The document describes a study that developed the Facebook Addiction Susceptibility Test (FAST), a paper and pencil self-administered test to measure susceptibility to addiction of online social networking sites among late adolescents. The study administered questionnaires to subjects in Manila that included scales measuring internet addiction and the FAST projective test using Facebook icons. Scores on the FAST and other tests were analyzed to establish the validity and reliability of the FAST as a tool for measuring susceptibility specifically to Facebook addiction.
Relationship of facebook activity and narcissism among second (1)mims24
The document summarizes a research study that examines the relationship between narcissistic personality disorder and Facebook use among second year students at the University of Makati. The study aims to determine if higher Facebook activity is correlated with higher narcissism. It reviews literature on Facebook use, narcissism, and the relationship between the two. The conceptual framework is based on social exchange theory. The study will use descriptive research design and collect data through a Facebook activity test, narcissism inventory, and demographic questions. It seeks to understand profiles of respondents and examine the hypothesis that higher Facebook use is linked to greater narcissistic tendencies.
Information gathering strategies in online social networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the information gathering strategies used by librarians in Nigeria on online social networks. Some key findings:
1. Most librarians have a positive perception of online social networks and see them as useful knowledge sharing and professional interaction tools.
2. Common information gathering strategies used included looking at profiles to identify people to follow, visiting social networks often, and joining professional discussion groups.
3. Less common strategies included searching posts/comments of others and viewing member updates.
4. In general, librarians relied most on targeted asking techniques like contacting specific knowledgeable individuals rather than broad searches.
Dependency on social media and its effects on users (literature review) - Pre...Dr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
< Justification of studying social media >
As a whole, media has become an essential element in modern life. In days to come, its role will expand with the expansion of technology. This is an age of advanced digital communication (Abid Hussain, 2019).
Post-modernism has given rise to non-face-to-face interaction, i.e. online engagement. With incorporation of social media in our lifestyles, we are heading towards another era beyond Post-modernism (especially since an outburst of COVID-19).
Mainstream media, i.e. television, newspaper, its utilization and effects on consumers have been a point of focus for researchers in their scholarly debates and are well documented since half century. New media, particularly social networking sites (SNS), is relatively a new discipline and is being explored through various dimensions since its emergence.
The Facebook has become an essential part of almost every university students’ daily life, and while a large
number of students seem to get benefits from use of the Facebook by exchanging information for educational
goals, make friends, and other activities, the literature indicates that this social networking site can become
addictive to some university students’ users, which is one of the today’s higher education matters. The aim of this
study, therefore, is to explore the phenomenon of Facebook addiction among university students. Qualitative
study using interview is used to gather data from nine International postgraduates of Universiti Putra Malaysia
and the data established three themes (Compulsion to check Facebook, High frequency use, and Using Facebook
to avoid offline responsibility) relied on the participants interviews. The findings from these three themes
showed that these users considered their Facebook dependency, are known as salience, tolerance, and conflict.
These results also lead to the conclusion that like most activities, moderation and controlled use are key. So, the
best approach to preparing students for life in a knowledge-based society is to help them exercise self-control
and achieve a level of balance when using Facebook. It is believed that the findings of this study would help
other Facebook researchers by contributing to the limited academic literature in this area.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Facebook addiction on the grades of students at CEU-LV. The study found that a majority of respondents said Facebook is addicting and affects their grades, with many spending 2-4 hours per day on the site. Additionally, over half felt Facebook meets entertainment expectations but also alters real-world interactions. The conclusion is that Facebook does negatively impact students' grades by taking time and priority away from their studies.
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THEACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDYSajjad Sayed
This study investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and student academic performance in terms of GPA. A survey was administered to over 100 female students at King Saud University. The results found that 55% of students felt Facebook and social media negatively impacted their academic performance, providing partial support for the hypothesis. However, the study was limited by only examining female students, measuring GPA as the sole indicator of performance, and not accurately quantifying time spent on activities. Future work should improve measuring of variables like study and leisure time to better understand their interaction.
Is the Age of privacy over? Facebook, Privacy and Qualitative ResearchLisa Blenkinsop
This document discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of Facebook data for research purposes. It begins by outlining Mark Zuckerberg's stance on privacy and the cultural shift towards sharing personal information online. It then examines several key questions regarding users' expectations of privacy and consent when their data is accessed for research. The document evaluates different approaches taken by researchers and considers how best to respect participants' privacy while conducting online research.
The document describes a study that developed the Facebook Addiction Susceptibility Test (FAST), a paper and pencil self-administered test to measure susceptibility to addiction of online social networking sites among late adolescents. The study administered questionnaires to subjects in Manila that included scales measuring internet addiction and the FAST projective test using Facebook icons. Scores on the FAST and other tests were analyzed to establish the validity and reliability of the FAST as a tool for measuring susceptibility specifically to Facebook addiction.
Relationship of facebook activity and narcissism among second (1)mims24
The document summarizes a research study that examines the relationship between narcissistic personality disorder and Facebook use among second year students at the University of Makati. The study aims to determine if higher Facebook activity is correlated with higher narcissism. It reviews literature on Facebook use, narcissism, and the relationship between the two. The conceptual framework is based on social exchange theory. The study will use descriptive research design and collect data through a Facebook activity test, narcissism inventory, and demographic questions. It seeks to understand profiles of respondents and examine the hypothesis that higher Facebook use is linked to greater narcissistic tendencies.
Information gathering strategies in online social networksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the information gathering strategies used by librarians in Nigeria on online social networks. Some key findings:
1. Most librarians have a positive perception of online social networks and see them as useful knowledge sharing and professional interaction tools.
2. Common information gathering strategies used included looking at profiles to identify people to follow, visiting social networks often, and joining professional discussion groups.
3. Less common strategies included searching posts/comments of others and viewing member updates.
4. In general, librarians relied most on targeted asking techniques like contacting specific knowledgeable individuals rather than broad searches.
Dependency on social media and its effects on users (literature review) - Pre...Dr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
< Justification of studying social media >
As a whole, media has become an essential element in modern life. In days to come, its role will expand with the expansion of technology. This is an age of advanced digital communication (Abid Hussain, 2019).
Post-modernism has given rise to non-face-to-face interaction, i.e. online engagement. With incorporation of social media in our lifestyles, we are heading towards another era beyond Post-modernism (especially since an outburst of COVID-19).
Mainstream media, i.e. television, newspaper, its utilization and effects on consumers have been a point of focus for researchers in their scholarly debates and are well documented since half century. New media, particularly social networking sites (SNS), is relatively a new discipline and is being explored through various dimensions since its emergence.
The Facebook has become an essential part of almost every university students’ daily life, and while a large
number of students seem to get benefits from use of the Facebook by exchanging information for educational
goals, make friends, and other activities, the literature indicates that this social networking site can become
addictive to some university students’ users, which is one of the today’s higher education matters. The aim of this
study, therefore, is to explore the phenomenon of Facebook addiction among university students. Qualitative
study using interview is used to gather data from nine International postgraduates of Universiti Putra Malaysia
and the data established three themes (Compulsion to check Facebook, High frequency use, and Using Facebook
to avoid offline responsibility) relied on the participants interviews. The findings from these three themes
showed that these users considered their Facebook dependency, are known as salience, tolerance, and conflict.
These results also lead to the conclusion that like most activities, moderation and controlled use are key. So, the
best approach to preparing students for life in a knowledge-based society is to help them exercise self-control
and achieve a level of balance when using Facebook. It is believed that the findings of this study would help
other Facebook researchers by contributing to the limited academic literature in this area.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Facebook addiction on the grades of students at CEU-LV. The study found that a majority of respondents said Facebook is addicting and affects their grades, with many spending 2-4 hours per day on the site. Additionally, over half felt Facebook meets entertainment expectations but also alters real-world interactions. The conclusion is that Facebook does negatively impact students' grades by taking time and priority away from their studies.
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THEACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDYSajjad Sayed
This study investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and student academic performance in terms of GPA. A survey was administered to over 100 female students at King Saud University. The results found that 55% of students felt Facebook and social media negatively impacted their academic performance, providing partial support for the hypothesis. However, the study was limited by only examining female students, measuring GPA as the sole indicator of performance, and not accurately quantifying time spent on activities. Future work should improve measuring of variables like study and leisure time to better understand their interaction.
Is the Age of privacy over? Facebook, Privacy and Qualitative ResearchLisa Blenkinsop
This document discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of Facebook data for research purposes. It begins by outlining Mark Zuckerberg's stance on privacy and the cultural shift towards sharing personal information online. It then examines several key questions regarding users' expectations of privacy and consent when their data is accessed for research. The document evaluates different approaches taken by researchers and considers how best to respect participants' privacy while conducting online research.
The document discusses the effects of social media on the academic performance of selected grade 9 students. It finds that students use social media mostly to keep in touch with people and to socialize. While social media helps with schoolwork like homework and projects, students who spend more than 3 hours on social media daily had lower academic performance. Facebook was the most visited site and students mostly used it for chatting and seeking information. While social media can positively impact schoolwork, excessive unrelated use is linked to lower grades. Managing social media use and prioritizing academics is recommended.
This systematic review examined 110 studies that used Facebook for participant recruitment in health, medical or psychosocial research. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (80%) and addressed physical health issues (57%). Half of the studies reported details on the Facebook recruitment process. Researchers spent between $1.36 and $110 per participant, with a mean of $17.48. Among studies examining sample representativeness, most (86%) concluded samples recruited through Facebook were similarly representative to those from traditional methods. The review found Facebook can be an effective and cost-efficient recruitment method when considering factors like the target group, advertisement content, incentives, and no-cost recruitment strategies.
This document summarizes the findings of 5 studies related to online political communication and expression. Study 1 found that those who interacted via computer-mediated communication (CMC) expressed more opinions than those who interacted face-to-face (FTF). Studies 2 and 3 looked at how people consume political information and interact politically on social media versus traditional media. Studies 4 and 5 examined the types of online political activities college students engage in on Facebook and how people who use non-traditional websites are more interested in politics. The studies provide evidence that people may feel more willing to express political views via CMC than FTF due to lower social presence online.
Internet Usage, Personality, Narcissism, and Motivations for Facebook UsageDr. Corbin J. Standley
This study examined the relationships between personality traits, narcissism, and motivations for using Facebook. 194 participants completed surveys measuring Big 5 personality, narcissism, Facebook use, activities, and motivations. Results showed that higher neuroticism correlated with spending more time on Facebook daily. Openness correlated with unfriending people due to controversial posts. Agreeableness correlated with feeling surprised when unfriended. Higher narcissism correlated with more Facebook friends and feeling angrier about being unfriended. The study provides insight into how personality and narcissism relate to Facebook usage patterns and motivations.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between internet addiction and information-seeking behavior in postgraduate students. The study found that most students were not addicted to the internet, though a small percentage showed signs of risk or addiction. It also found no significant differences in information-seeking behavior based on gender or field of study. The most common problem reported by students in seeking information was limited time to access outdated library resources. Overall, the study concluded there was no relationship between internet addiction and dimensions of information-seeking behavior in this group of postgraduate students.
1) The document summarizes a research article on the negative effects of social networking sites like Facebook on the academic performance, health, and privacy of students at Asia Pacific University in Malaysia.
2) A survey was distributed to 152 students to examine how frequently they used social media and any effects on schoolwork, health, and privacy.
3) The findings showed that increased social media usage was correlated with worse academic performance, potential internet addiction, and lack of awareness around privacy issues.
Presentation that explains the relationship between the Facebook use and academic performance, based on the results of an expressive and exploratory survey study on college students who use Facebook and who do not use.
Ref: "Computers and Human Behavior" by Paul A. Kirschner & Aryn C. Karpinski
SOCIAL MEDIA VIOLATED ENGLISH LANGUAGESeemab Abbas
The document discusses a study on how social media affects the English language. It presents backgrounds on sociolinguistics and defines key terms. The study aims to determine if social media has a positive, negative, or no effect on English. A literature review of past studies and the methodology of collecting online user comments are described. Three perspectives are analyzed: social media deteriorates writing skills, enhances writing skills, or has no effect. Data analysis found 52% believe it fractures English while 36% believe it does not and 12% see both effects. The conclusion is that overuse of informal social media language can negatively impact formal writing skills if standard forms are not used.
This document discusses a study on using social networking sites to promote business among young entrepreneurs. It aims to understand how convenient and effective social media is as an advertising tool. The study is limited to students aged 13-17 at St. Scholastic's Academy of Marikina who are engaged in business. It will examine which social networks students use and how it affects their ability to promote goods and services online.
This document summarizes research on cyberbullying among adolescent victims. It finds that cyberbullying can lead to both positive and negative behavioral changes in victims. Positively, it can help them recognize aggressive people online. However, it can also result in lower self-esteem, loneliness, distrust of others, and in extreme cases self-harm. The study examines coping strategies used by victims, which include technical defenses, confronting the aggressor, avoidance, seeking social support, and defensive strategies. The effectiveness of different coping strategies remains unclear.
This study investigated the impact of Facebook usage on the academic performance of undergraduate students at Irbid National University in Jordan. A survey was conducted of 480 undergraduate students. The key findings were:
1) 77% of students reported having a Facebook account. Males spent more time on Facebook than females.
2) There was a significant negative correlation between time spent on Facebook and student academic performance as measured by GPA. Students who spent less time on Facebook had higher GPAs.
3) A significant relationship was found between gender and Facebook usage/number of friends, with males having more Facebook friends and using Facebook more than females.
This study examined the relationship between media use and stress symptoms in German adolescents. Researchers surveyed 357 11-year-olds about their use of TV, audio media, print media, and computers. They found that most time was spent with TV and coping was a main reason for using all media types. Girls associated media use more with externalizing symptoms while boys associated it with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The study is now over 10 years old and was limited by only examining German Caucasian adolescents. Future research could expand to the US, examine new media like games/internet, and consider social/group use of media.
The document summarizes two studies on the use of social networks in Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal. The first was a survey of 399 people about their internet and social media use. The second was a qualitative analysis of interactions on Facebook pages. Key findings include: 81% of residents have home computers and 73% frequently use the internet, with 91% accessing from home. MSN and Facebook are the most popular networks. While social media helps interaction, it can also spread rumors and conflict, occurring in 43% and 23% of posts respectively. Educational use on Facebook is limited, with only 12% of pages sharing educational resources.
A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Stud...ijtsrd
The Social Networking Sites are becoming vital part for the Students. Social networking sites offers students to communicate effectively and also very useful for sharing the information. It allows students to easily their own pages in online network of contacts, also called as ˜friends. Nowadays comparing to other communication methods the Social Networking Sites are faster for sharing the information. This research project work œA Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City, analysis the Students preference and attitude towards Social Networking Sites especially Face Book, Twitter, LinkedIn and Others. It also focuses on the impact and effects of Social Networking Sites in Students. The findings from the analysis were discussed in detail and suggestions have been given. Mrs. B. Janani | Mrs. B. GeethPriya"A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11563.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/11563/a-study-on-effects-and-cultural-impacts-of-social-networking-sites-among-students-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-city/mrs-b-janani
Social Media Use, Engagement and Addiction among University students: A Surve...Md. Sajjat Hossain
In today’s technological world social media is the new reality of human life. The easy access of Internet around the world has made it one of the most popular medium of information and communication. It has the ability to completely eliminate geographical distance for communication that exists between people.
the influence of social media have changed all areas of peoples live. The strong and most visible changed were observed in the young generation especially tertiary level students.
Many parents and guardians are worried that students are spending too much time on Facebook and other social media sites and have not enough time to study.
Impact of Social Media of Student’s Academic Performanceinventionjournals
The focus of the study is to determine the effect of growing use of social media sites on the academic performance of the students of universities and colleges. On the basis of random sampling a sample of 300 students was selected. Questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection.97% questionnaire received back from respondents on which descriptive statistics apply for data analysis. Results indicate that the effect of social media can be positive as in this study closely determined the real effect of social media sites. In recent time itencourage the carrier and future of students’ .The social media sites like Facebook, twitter, Google+ .And Skype capturethe attention of students for study and affecting positively their academic Grade points.
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between time spent on social media and GPA among upper-division students at CSUEB. The researchers administered an anonymous survey asking about social media use, GPA, age, major, and study time. A Kruskal-Wallis test found significant differences in median GPA between different social media time ranges, with lower GPAs associated with more time on social media. The analysis concluded that excessive social media time can negatively impact academic performance.
This document provides a literature review and background on examining educational programs designed to combat cyber-bullying. It discusses key areas related to the topic, including definitions of cyber-bullying, gender differences in cyber-bullying experiences, and different approaches taken in existing educational programs. The literature review finds that while programs have been implemented, there is still debate around how to define cyber-bullying and whether programs should take gender-specific or neutral approaches. It also discusses theories like general strain theory and routine activities theory that could provide frameworks for analyzing prevention programs. The proposed study will use thematic analysis and key word in context methods to critically examine educational policies and terminology used to describe cyber-bullying to determine if programs effectively facilitate or
This study examines factors that influence social network use among high school students aged 14-17. A questionnaire was administered to 15 students to understand how often they use social networks, which sites they prefer, and how technology availability affects usage. Results showed 80% use social networks daily, with Facebook being most popular. 95% use social networks in the library for work or socializing. Students reported high levels of technology access in schools and familiarity with social networks. The study aims to understand how age, technology access, and network knowledge impact social media usage.
Este documento contiene información sobre varios componentes y periféricos de una computadora. Explica brevemente lo que son un adaptador de pantalla, adaptador de red, bacterias, puerto IDE, bus USB, actualización de controladores de dispositivos, tipos de unidades de disco, dispositivos portátiles y monitores.
AFA provides music education programs to students in the Houston area, including a Summer Music Conservatory, Year-Round Curriculum, and programs in schools. In 2014-15, AFA served over 1,900 students through these programs. The Year-Round Curriculum included a Chamber Music Academy, Houston Girls Chorus, and Composer Institute. AFA In Schools offered residencies, master classes and performances in local schools. AFA aims to make programs accessible regardless of financial need and provide performance opportunities for students.
The document discusses the effects of social media on the academic performance of selected grade 9 students. It finds that students use social media mostly to keep in touch with people and to socialize. While social media helps with schoolwork like homework and projects, students who spend more than 3 hours on social media daily had lower academic performance. Facebook was the most visited site and students mostly used it for chatting and seeking information. While social media can positively impact schoolwork, excessive unrelated use is linked to lower grades. Managing social media use and prioritizing academics is recommended.
This systematic review examined 110 studies that used Facebook for participant recruitment in health, medical or psychosocial research. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (80%) and addressed physical health issues (57%). Half of the studies reported details on the Facebook recruitment process. Researchers spent between $1.36 and $110 per participant, with a mean of $17.48. Among studies examining sample representativeness, most (86%) concluded samples recruited through Facebook were similarly representative to those from traditional methods. The review found Facebook can be an effective and cost-efficient recruitment method when considering factors like the target group, advertisement content, incentives, and no-cost recruitment strategies.
This document summarizes the findings of 5 studies related to online political communication and expression. Study 1 found that those who interacted via computer-mediated communication (CMC) expressed more opinions than those who interacted face-to-face (FTF). Studies 2 and 3 looked at how people consume political information and interact politically on social media versus traditional media. Studies 4 and 5 examined the types of online political activities college students engage in on Facebook and how people who use non-traditional websites are more interested in politics. The studies provide evidence that people may feel more willing to express political views via CMC than FTF due to lower social presence online.
Internet Usage, Personality, Narcissism, and Motivations for Facebook UsageDr. Corbin J. Standley
This study examined the relationships between personality traits, narcissism, and motivations for using Facebook. 194 participants completed surveys measuring Big 5 personality, narcissism, Facebook use, activities, and motivations. Results showed that higher neuroticism correlated with spending more time on Facebook daily. Openness correlated with unfriending people due to controversial posts. Agreeableness correlated with feeling surprised when unfriended. Higher narcissism correlated with more Facebook friends and feeling angrier about being unfriended. The study provides insight into how personality and narcissism relate to Facebook usage patterns and motivations.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between internet addiction and information-seeking behavior in postgraduate students. The study found that most students were not addicted to the internet, though a small percentage showed signs of risk or addiction. It also found no significant differences in information-seeking behavior based on gender or field of study. The most common problem reported by students in seeking information was limited time to access outdated library resources. Overall, the study concluded there was no relationship between internet addiction and dimensions of information-seeking behavior in this group of postgraduate students.
1) The document summarizes a research article on the negative effects of social networking sites like Facebook on the academic performance, health, and privacy of students at Asia Pacific University in Malaysia.
2) A survey was distributed to 152 students to examine how frequently they used social media and any effects on schoolwork, health, and privacy.
3) The findings showed that increased social media usage was correlated with worse academic performance, potential internet addiction, and lack of awareness around privacy issues.
Presentation that explains the relationship between the Facebook use and academic performance, based on the results of an expressive and exploratory survey study on college students who use Facebook and who do not use.
Ref: "Computers and Human Behavior" by Paul A. Kirschner & Aryn C. Karpinski
SOCIAL MEDIA VIOLATED ENGLISH LANGUAGESeemab Abbas
The document discusses a study on how social media affects the English language. It presents backgrounds on sociolinguistics and defines key terms. The study aims to determine if social media has a positive, negative, or no effect on English. A literature review of past studies and the methodology of collecting online user comments are described. Three perspectives are analyzed: social media deteriorates writing skills, enhances writing skills, or has no effect. Data analysis found 52% believe it fractures English while 36% believe it does not and 12% see both effects. The conclusion is that overuse of informal social media language can negatively impact formal writing skills if standard forms are not used.
This document discusses a study on using social networking sites to promote business among young entrepreneurs. It aims to understand how convenient and effective social media is as an advertising tool. The study is limited to students aged 13-17 at St. Scholastic's Academy of Marikina who are engaged in business. It will examine which social networks students use and how it affects their ability to promote goods and services online.
This document summarizes research on cyberbullying among adolescent victims. It finds that cyberbullying can lead to both positive and negative behavioral changes in victims. Positively, it can help them recognize aggressive people online. However, it can also result in lower self-esteem, loneliness, distrust of others, and in extreme cases self-harm. The study examines coping strategies used by victims, which include technical defenses, confronting the aggressor, avoidance, seeking social support, and defensive strategies. The effectiveness of different coping strategies remains unclear.
This study investigated the impact of Facebook usage on the academic performance of undergraduate students at Irbid National University in Jordan. A survey was conducted of 480 undergraduate students. The key findings were:
1) 77% of students reported having a Facebook account. Males spent more time on Facebook than females.
2) There was a significant negative correlation between time spent on Facebook and student academic performance as measured by GPA. Students who spent less time on Facebook had higher GPAs.
3) A significant relationship was found between gender and Facebook usage/number of friends, with males having more Facebook friends and using Facebook more than females.
This study examined the relationship between media use and stress symptoms in German adolescents. Researchers surveyed 357 11-year-olds about their use of TV, audio media, print media, and computers. They found that most time was spent with TV and coping was a main reason for using all media types. Girls associated media use more with externalizing symptoms while boys associated it with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The study is now over 10 years old and was limited by only examining German Caucasian adolescents. Future research could expand to the US, examine new media like games/internet, and consider social/group use of media.
The document summarizes two studies on the use of social networks in Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal. The first was a survey of 399 people about their internet and social media use. The second was a qualitative analysis of interactions on Facebook pages. Key findings include: 81% of residents have home computers and 73% frequently use the internet, with 91% accessing from home. MSN and Facebook are the most popular networks. While social media helps interaction, it can also spread rumors and conflict, occurring in 43% and 23% of posts respectively. Educational use on Facebook is limited, with only 12% of pages sharing educational resources.
A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Stud...ijtsrd
The Social Networking Sites are becoming vital part for the Students. Social networking sites offers students to communicate effectively and also very useful for sharing the information. It allows students to easily their own pages in online network of contacts, also called as ˜friends. Nowadays comparing to other communication methods the Social Networking Sites are faster for sharing the information. This research project work œA Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City, analysis the Students preference and attitude towards Social Networking Sites especially Face Book, Twitter, LinkedIn and Others. It also focuses on the impact and effects of Social Networking Sites in Students. The findings from the analysis were discussed in detail and suggestions have been given. Mrs. B. Janani | Mrs. B. GeethPriya"A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11563.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/11563/a-study-on-effects-and-cultural-impacts-of-social-networking-sites-among-students-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-city/mrs-b-janani
Social Media Use, Engagement and Addiction among University students: A Surve...Md. Sajjat Hossain
In today’s technological world social media is the new reality of human life. The easy access of Internet around the world has made it one of the most popular medium of information and communication. It has the ability to completely eliminate geographical distance for communication that exists between people.
the influence of social media have changed all areas of peoples live. The strong and most visible changed were observed in the young generation especially tertiary level students.
Many parents and guardians are worried that students are spending too much time on Facebook and other social media sites and have not enough time to study.
Impact of Social Media of Student’s Academic Performanceinventionjournals
The focus of the study is to determine the effect of growing use of social media sites on the academic performance of the students of universities and colleges. On the basis of random sampling a sample of 300 students was selected. Questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection.97% questionnaire received back from respondents on which descriptive statistics apply for data analysis. Results indicate that the effect of social media can be positive as in this study closely determined the real effect of social media sites. In recent time itencourage the carrier and future of students’ .The social media sites like Facebook, twitter, Google+ .And Skype capturethe attention of students for study and affecting positively their academic Grade points.
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between time spent on social media and GPA among upper-division students at CSUEB. The researchers administered an anonymous survey asking about social media use, GPA, age, major, and study time. A Kruskal-Wallis test found significant differences in median GPA between different social media time ranges, with lower GPAs associated with more time on social media. The analysis concluded that excessive social media time can negatively impact academic performance.
This document provides a literature review and background on examining educational programs designed to combat cyber-bullying. It discusses key areas related to the topic, including definitions of cyber-bullying, gender differences in cyber-bullying experiences, and different approaches taken in existing educational programs. The literature review finds that while programs have been implemented, there is still debate around how to define cyber-bullying and whether programs should take gender-specific or neutral approaches. It also discusses theories like general strain theory and routine activities theory that could provide frameworks for analyzing prevention programs. The proposed study will use thematic analysis and key word in context methods to critically examine educational policies and terminology used to describe cyber-bullying to determine if programs effectively facilitate or
This study examines factors that influence social network use among high school students aged 14-17. A questionnaire was administered to 15 students to understand how often they use social networks, which sites they prefer, and how technology availability affects usage. Results showed 80% use social networks daily, with Facebook being most popular. 95% use social networks in the library for work or socializing. Students reported high levels of technology access in schools and familiarity with social networks. The study aims to understand how age, technology access, and network knowledge impact social media usage.
Este documento contiene información sobre varios componentes y periféricos de una computadora. Explica brevemente lo que son un adaptador de pantalla, adaptador de red, bacterias, puerto IDE, bus USB, actualización de controladores de dispositivos, tipos de unidades de disco, dispositivos portátiles y monitores.
AFA provides music education programs to students in the Houston area, including a Summer Music Conservatory, Year-Round Curriculum, and programs in schools. In 2014-15, AFA served over 1,900 students through these programs. The Year-Round Curriculum included a Chamber Music Academy, Houston Girls Chorus, and Composer Institute. AFA In Schools offered residencies, master classes and performances in local schools. AFA aims to make programs accessible regardless of financial need and provide performance opportunities for students.
Este documento proporciona una introducción al microprocesador, explicando qué es, su historia y evolución, cómo funciona, sus partes principales y algunas de las marcas más destacadas como Intel y AMD. Explica que el microprocesador es el cerebro de la computadora, ejecuta instrucciones a bajo nivel y ha evolucionado desde los primeros modelos de 8 bits en los años 70 hasta los modernos de 32 y 64 bits.
The Partnership for Public Service works to strengthen the management and operations of the US federal government. It aims to inspire new generations to serve in government and transform how government works. Over the past two years, the Partnership helped shape the President's Management Agenda, launched programs to facilitate presidential transitions, celebrated exceptional civil servants, tackled issues hindering government's ability to attract talent, and expanded leadership programs. It played a key role in addressing systemic management challenges and helping develop strong government leaders to better serve the American people.
Este documento trata sobre las buenas prácticas ambientales en el manejo de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE). Explica que los RAEE contienen materiales valiosos pero también sustancias tóxicas, por lo que requieren un manejo adecuado. Describe los tipos de RAEE, incluyendo línea blanca, marrón y gris. También cubre el manejo posconsumo, clasificando tratamientos como adecuados e inadecuados. Finalmente, detalla los planes de la Fundación Nacional Contaminación
El documento resume los pasos clave en la adaptación neonatal de un recién nacido, incluyendo secado, limpieza de vías respiratorias, estimulación, pinzamiento del cordón umbilical, profilaxis ocular, aplicación de vitamina K, mediciones antropométricas, identificación, pruebas de Capurro y APGAR, y evaluación de reflejos.
Herramientas para el mantenimiento del pc david5076
Este documento lista y describe las herramientas comúnmente utilizadas para el mantenimiento de equipos de computo. Identifica 18 herramientas diferentes incluyendo destornilladores, pinzas, alicates, cortafríos, crimpeadores, ponchadoras, multímetros, extractores de soldadura, manillas antiestáticas, cautines para soldar, sopladores/aspiradores y probadores de red. Para cada herramienta, se proporciona una breve descripción de su función principal en el mantenimiento de hardware.
Los dispositivos de interconexión descritos incluyen repetidores, que amplifican señales débiles para cubrir mayores distancias; hubs, que comparten datos entre computadoras conectadas; bridges, que seleccionan el tráfico entre segmentos de red; switches, que conocen las direcciones MAC de los dispositivos conectados; routers, que interconectan redes tomando decisiones sobre la mejor ruta para enviar datos; y gateways, que conectan dos redes y tienen dos tarjetas de red, funcionando como un router entre redes.
Este documento describe las diferencias entre energías renovables, limpias, no renovables y contaminantes. Explica que las energías renovables se regeneran naturalmente y no se agotan, mientras que las no renovables como el carbón y el petróleo son fósiles con recursos limitados. Las energías limpias no generan residuos, aunque algunas como el gas natural los generan en menor medida. Luego detalla varias fuentes renovables como la hidráulica, biomasa, mareomotriz, solar, eólica y geotérmica, señalando
Polycryst is a 360-degree puzzle platformer developed by Revelop Studios led by Art Director Nick Karras and Lead Game Designer Ryan James. Players rotate levels to progress towards a goal in this casual mobile game targeted at puzzle game fans on the go. Though the crowded mobile puzzle market is understandable, Polycryst's core rotating mechanic aims to set it apart from competitors with short, replayable levels allowing varied play.
El documento describe los componentes y procesos de un tanque séptico. Un tanque séptico almacena y trata las aguas residuales de una vivienda mediante la sedimentación de sólidos y la fermentación anaerobia de la materia orgánica por bacterias. Esto convierte los desechos en un lodo inofensivo mientras que el agua tratada se filtra de manera segura al suelo. El documento también proporciona detalles sobre el diseño e implementación adecuada de tanques sépticos.
TAC, RESONANCIA MAGNÉTICA NUCLEAR, ELECTROENCEFALOGRAMA, RAYOS X Y ANGIOGRAFIA.Daniela Ramirez
Este documento describe diferentes pruebas diagnósticas como la tomografía computarizada (TAC), resonancia magnética nuclear, electroencefalograma, rayos X y angiografía. Explica brevemente cómo funciona cada procedimiento, la preparación necesaria y cómo se realizan.
This study explored the effect of social media on college student study habits. A survey of 10 college students found mixed results, with 50% agreeing they check social media while studying but only 40% finding social media useful for studying. Interviews of 2 additional students found social media is seen as a distraction from studying and they prefer studying in person. The conclusion is that for the students surveyed, social media does not significantly impact their study habits. However, the small sample size limits conclusions and more research is needed.
Social Media & Academic Acheivement- Group Research ProposalJennifer Pearson
This document presents a literature review and proposed research study on the influence of social media use on student grade point averages. The literature review summarizes previous studies that found negative correlations between increased social media use and lower GPAs. The proposed study aims to further examine this relationship through surveys of Kennesaw State University students measuring social media use frequency, time management skills, and GPAs. It hypothesizes that greater time management leads to higher GPAs than frequent social media use. The study methods, variables, and ethics are also outlined.
The effects of social media on college studentsArina Fauzi
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of social media on college students. A survey was administered to 48 college students, collecting data on their social media usage habits and perceptions of how social media affects their studies. The results showed that Facebook was the most popular site, with students spending 6-8 hours per day on average checking social media. While social media allowed students to connect with others, 80% of respondents used social media while doing homework, which could increase distraction and negatively impact academic performance. The study concluded that most college students' social media usage affects their study efficiency and may lower grades.
Social Networking and Depression among University StudentsDr.Nasir Ahmad
Rawal Institute of Health Sciences2, Islamabad.
Abstract
Background: Students in the modern world are busy using social media for different purposes along with other
activities. Research studies revealed that excessive use of social media influence the mental health of students.
This study was design to measure the relationship of social media and depression among university students.
Objectives: The main objectives of the study were, to investigate the perception of university students
regarding the usage of social media networks, to find out gender-wise differences of university students in using
social media networks and depression level and to measure the relationship of social media and depression
among university students.
Subjects and Methods: Following quantitative correlational research design, the sample which was consists of
200 Facebook and Twitter users comprising of 123 male and 77 female students from university of Swat and
Peshawar were surveyed through two research instruments i.e. a questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI).
Results: The main findings of the study were; most of the male social media users were more depressed than
female. The students who spent more time on social media were found depressed. The students who spent
more time on social media for searching health information and playing games were more depressed than those
who used social media for chat with friends and family.
Conclusion: It was concluded that male students who spent more time on social media were found more
depressed than female and students who used social media for searching health information and playing games
were more depressed than those who used social media for chat with friends and family.
Relationships between facebook intensity self esteem and personalityMarcelo Pesallaccia
1) The study examined relationships between Facebook use, friendship-contingent self-esteem, personality, and narcissism in 200 U.S. college students.
2) It found that students who strongly tied their self-esteem to the quality of their friendships were more active Facebook users, supporting the hypothesis.
3) No significant relationships were found between Facebook use and personality or narcissism. The results suggest Facebook allows students to maintain social connections that are important for friendship-contingent self-esteem.
THE GRATIFICATION AND MISUSE PATTERNS OF FACEBOOK USE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE S...American Research Thoughts
This study explored the consequences of Facebook use in the lives of undergraduate
students and to what extent this social network site was subjective to their everyday requirements. In
this respect 100 college students from Govt. College Dharamshala were randomly chosen and after
reviewing several studies on Facebook use, a questionnaire containing 20 close-ended questions was
framed and circulated them in their free times. The collected data was tabled and analyzed with the
assistance of IBM SPSS 20. Finally, the study summarizes that the undergraduates access Facebook
for various purposes in their everyday life in which, academic search, online shopping, developing
(social) relations, sharing data, chatting, and killing loneliness are primary. The study also confirms
and supports the results of previous studies that the consumption of Facebook influences students’
academic, health and social life both negative and positive manners. It is alarmed that if the
dependency of students on Facebook is not taken seriously by parents, teachers and policymakers, it
would influence their social relationship, health status, moral attitude and academic performance to a
large manner in coming years.
This study examined the relationship between social media usage and anxiety. An online survey was completed by 89 participants, measuring their social media usage habits and self-reported anxiety levels. On average, participants spent 3.56 hours per day on social media. Anxiety levels showed a left-skewed distribution, with most reporting below average anxiety. A moderate positive correlation was found between social media usage time and anxiety. Instagram showed a slightly significant correlation with anxiety. While some relationship exists, social media was not found to be a primary cause of anxiety. The study provides initial evidence of a link between social media and anxiety but indicates other factors also influence individuals' anxiety levels.
ORIGINAL ARTICLESThe Relationship Between Facebook and the.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The Relationship Between Facebook and the Well-Being
of Undergraduate College Students
Maria Kalpidou, Ph.D., Dan Costin, M.A., and Jessica Morris, B.A.
Abstract
We investigated how Facebook use and attitudes relate to self-esteem and college adjustment, and expected to
find a positive relationship between Facebook and social adjustment, and a negative relationship between
Facebook, self-esteem, and emotional adjustment. We examined these relationships in first-year and upper-class
students and expected to find differences between the groups. Seventy undergraduate students completed
Facebook measures (time, number of friends, emotional and social connection to Facebook), the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale, and the Student Adaptation to College Scale. First-year students had a stronger emotional con-
nection to and spent more time on Facebook while they reported fewer friends than upper-class students did.
The groups did not differ in the adjustment scores. The number of Facebook friends potentially hinders academic
adjustment, and spending a lot of time on Facebook is related to low self-esteem. The number of Facebook
friends was negatively associated with emotional and academic adjustment among first-year students but
positively related to social adjustment and attachment to institution among upper-class students. The results
suggest that the relationship becomes positive later in college life when students use Facebook effectively to
connect socially with their peers. Lastly, the number of Facebook friends and not the time spent on Facebook
predicted college adjustment, suggesting the value of studying further the notion of Facebook friends.
Introduction
In recent years, online social-networking sites haveachieved notable popularity among college students. The
creation of Facebook, in 2004, has revolutionized social be-
haviors and networking practices among college students.
Facebook allows a user to create a profile, display personal
information, upload pictures, access other users’ profiles, ac-
cumulate online friends, and interact with those friends
through messages, gifts, and other applications. In the litera-
ture, the average amount of time spent on Facebook ranges
from 30 minutes1 to over 2 hours daily.2,3 While it appears that
Facebook is the preferred approach to networking among
college students, there has been little research on its rela-
tionship with psychological well-being.
Past research has extensively examined the effects of gen-
eral Internet use on social well-being. Initial studies con-
cluded that greater Internet use led to a decline in family
communication, and local and distant network size.4 Based
on the results of the HomeNet project,4 participants who
spent a significant amount of time on the Internet reported
higher levels of loneliness and a greater number of daily
stresses than people who did not use the Internet as much.
Moreover, greater Internet use has been associated with a
highe.
- Researchers investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and social skills, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, extraversion, and emotional stability in undergraduate students.
- They found that increased Facebook usage was correlated with impaired social skills and higher depressive symptoms, as well as lower self-esteem.
- Increased Facebook usage was also related to higher extraversion and lower emotional stability.
- The results suggest that excessive Facebook use could have negative impacts on well-being, and modifications to the platform may help reduce these effects, especially in younger people. Further research on other social media is warranted.
Personality and Social Media Related JealousyFelicia Goff
This study investigated links between personality, time spent on social media, and jealousy. Participants completed surveys on time spent on Facebook, jealousy levels from hypothetical posts, and personality (introversion/extraversion). Participants logged onto Facebook an average of 16 times per week for 8 minutes. Total time spent on Facebook positively correlated with jealousy levels. Introverts logged on more but for less time than extroverts. While extroverts reported higher jealousy, the difference compared to introverts was not statistically significant. The study was limited to Facebook use among college-aged adults.
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
A Study on Gender Differential Factors in Uses of Social Networking Sitesinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that explored gender differences in the uses of social networking sites (SNSs) among young adults in Bangalore, India. The study surveyed 120 males and females aged 20-35 to identify the most popular SNSs used and how usage differs by gender. It found that both males and females most frequently used Facebook, but males tended to use SNSs more for networking, dating, chatting, and promoting brands/actors, while females used SNSs more for maintaining connections, sharing knowledge, updating locations, and looking for jobs. The study provides insight into how marketing professionals can target digital campaigns based on these gender differences in SNS usage.
customer satisfaction towards whatsapp bba projectsjsuriya
1) WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former Yahoo employees, and is based in California.
2) It allows users to send text messages, images, video and audio free of charge between smartphones.
3) Rajapalayam was formed in 1940 and gets its name from the Tamil words for "king's fort". It was originally settled in 1483 by people from the Vijayanagar state.
The document analyzes survey data on Americans' use of social networking sites and how it relates to their social lives. Some key findings:
1) Nearly half of American adults now use at least one social networking site, double the rate from 2008. The average age of users has increased to 38.
2) Facebook dominates, used by 92% of social networking site users. Daily use is most common among Facebook (52%) and Twitter (33%) users.
3) Controlling for other factors, Facebook users have more close relationships, receive more social support, are more trusting of others, and are more politically engaged than other internet users or non-users.
4) Social networking sites
The document analyzes survey data on Americans' use of social networking sites and how it relates to their social lives. Some key findings:
1) Nearly half of American adults now use at least one social networking site, double the rate from 2008. The average age of users has increased to 38.
2) Facebook dominates, used by 92% of social networking site users. Daily use is most common among Facebook (52%) and Twitter (33%) users.
3) Regression analysis found that frequent Facebook users have more close relationships, receive more social support, are more trusting of others, and are more politically engaged compared to other internet users and non-users after controlling for demographics.
The document analyzes survey data on Americans' use of social networking sites and how it relates to their social lives. Some key findings:
1) Nearly half of American adults now use at least one social networking site, double the rate from 2008. The average age of users has increased to 38.
2) Facebook dominates, used by 92% of social networking site users. Daily use is most common among Facebook (52%) and Twitter (33%) users.
3) Controlling for other factors, Facebook users have more close relationships, receive more social support, are more trusting of others, and are more politically engaged than other internet users or non-users.
4) Social networking sites
Pew Internet Trends :Social networking and SeniorsSumit Roy
1) Social networking site use has nearly doubled since 2008 and the average age of users has increased to 38. Facebook is the dominant site with 92% of social network users on the platform.
2) Facebook users tend to be more trusting of others and have more close relationships than both internet users and non-users. They also receive more social support.
3) Facebook users are much more politically engaged, being more likely to attend political events, try to influence votes, and vote than both other internet users and Americans overall.
Research proposal on impect of social media of university students.docxMDNAYANMia2
This research proposal aims to study the impact of social media use on university students. The objectives are to identify the most used social media, students' purposes and time spent on social media, and the relationship between social media use and academic performance. The study will use questionnaires and surveys to collect data on students' social media usage habits and their perceptions of social media's influence. Ethical considerations like informed consent and voluntary participation will be prioritized during the research.
Research Proposal Grade SheetTitle Page (4 points)______.docxgholly1
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Title Page (4 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
_________
Introduction (16 points)
__________
Literature Review (7 points)
Specifics on proposed study (5 points)
APA format (4 points)
Method (16 points)
__________
Content (12 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (4 points)
Discussion (12 points)
__________
Content (8 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (4 points)
References (6 points)
__________
At least 6 peer-reviewed sources (4 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 60 points
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Research Proposal
Social Media Platform Users and Poor Eating Habits
Barbara Pina
Dr. Hackett
University of Houston Downtown
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the relation that exists on social media users and the type of food that they consume. This is has been an existing problem in society especially with the fact that social media platforms advertise fast-moving foods and target the millennial. Therefore, to get the exact impact that these foods have on the people, secondary.
Influence of social networking sites on lifestyles, acculturation and self es...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how social networking sites influence the lifestyles, acculturation, and self-esteem of university students in Ondo State, Nigeria. It finds that social networking has deeply impacted student life by affecting their lifestyles and how they socialize and adapt to the university culture. Both positive and negative effects were found. The document recommends that students use social networking as an educational tool to help them achieve university goals and develop new skills, while also maintaining their integrity and commitment to the university.
Similar to Examining the Ability of Extroversion (20)
Influence of social networking sites on lifestyles, acculturation and self es...
Examining the Ability of Extroversion
1. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 1
Examining the Ability of Extroversion, Need for Popularity, Smart Phone Usage, and Socializing
to Predict Social Media Use
Julia Chapman, Laura Liebers, Crystal Houston, Arlaina Harris, Astro Jiang
University of Rochester
2. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 2
Abstract
The current study examined the ability of extroversion, need for popularity, socializing,
and smart phone usage to predict frequency of Facebook and Instragram usage, as measured by
number of log-ins per week. Affiliation with Greek life, conscientiousness, and social network
size were added as control variables. The sample consisted of 384 undergraduate students, 76.6%
of which were female students. Our results showed that smart phone usage and Greek life
affiliation were significant predictors of Facebook use, and that extroversion, need for
popularity, socializing and smart phone usage were significant predictors of frequency of
Instagram use. We did not find a significant association between Facebook use and extroversion,
need for popularity, or socializing after controlling for other predictor variables. Implications of
these results will be discussed.
3. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 3
Examining the Ability of Extroversion, Need for Popularity, Smart Phone Usage, and
Socializing to Predict Social Media Use
In recent years, the growing popularity of social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter,
and Instagram have changed the way we communicate with each other. Research on this topic
has attempted to look at factors that may correlate to different usage patterns, including levels of
extroversion, face-to-face social interaction, and importance of popularity. The increased use of
social media sites has important implications for college students’ academics and social life, as it
provides an easy way to stay in contact with family and friends but can also be a distraction to
many students. We therefore feel that examining the predictors of social media usage is not only
fascinating but very relevant to today’s college students.
A correlational study by Chistofides, Muise, and Desmarais (2009) examined the
relationship between the need for popularity and amount of Facebook usage. The authors used an
online survey to examine the Facebook habits of 343 university undergraduates in Ontario,
Canada. They specifically observed the amount of time participants spent on Facebook per day,
the kinds of information they typically disclosed on Facebook, and their use of particular privacy
settings on the site. Additionally, participants were asked questions about their personal need for
popularity, general tendency to disclose personal information, and the specific likelihood of their
disclosure of personal information over Facebook. Not surprisingly, researchers found that even
after controlling for general tendency for self-disclosure, higher levels of need for popularity
predicted higher levels of disclosure on Facebook. The authors believed that this correlation
could be due either to the Facebook environment increasing the saliency of popularity or due to
the idea that popularity on Facebook would require more disclosure of personal information such
as pictures and active discussions with friends. The present study sought to expand upon this
4. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 4
research by finding the relationship between need for popularity and amount of time spent daily
on social media sites in general (e.g. Instagram, Twitter, Facebook).
In another study, Jacobsen and Forste (2011) also looked at the social media use of
university students, specifically looking for a correlational relationship between use of social
networking sites like Facebook and amount of face-to-face social interaction. The authors used
an Internet survey that included a questionnaire and a 3-day log to study a sample of 1,026 first-
year university students. The 3-day log was used as a diary in which students detailed up to three
activities they had participated in for each half hour period of the day for 3 days they had chosen
from a 3-week period. The activities were picked based on a list of 44 online and offline,
structured and unstructured activities and were placed into the categories of primary, secondary,
and other based on the amount of time each of the three activities took place during each half-
hour span. The results of this study showed a positive correlation between social media use and
face-to-face social interactions, specifically that for every hour increase in social media use there
was a 10 to 15 minute increase in face-to-face interaction. These results suggested that there was
no displacement effect between the two activities (i.e. one activity does not replace the other),
which was perhaps due to students’ ability to use social media during in-person interactions and
tendency to use social media as a means of planning face-to-face interactions. The current study
aimed to expand upon this research by switching the predictor and criterion variables to see if
amount of time spent socializing, particularly in extracurricular activities at the university level,
would independently predict levels of social media use, after controlling for other predictors of
Facebook usage.
Additionally, research has found a correlational relationship between Facebook usage and
levels of extroversion and conscientiousness (Ryan & Xenos, 2011). In a sample of 1,635
5. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 5
Australian Internet users as participants, the study used an online survey with 124 questions
assessing demographic information, scores for each of the Big Five personality factors, levels of
narcissism, shyness, and loneliness, and Facebook usage. The Facebook usage questions
attempted to find not only the time the participants spent on the site but also the kinds of
Facebook activities they engaged in. Types of activities were grouped into active social
contributions, passive engagement, news and information, and real-time social interaction (e.g.
the use of Facebook chat). Results showed that not only do Facebook users tended to be more
extroverted than nonusers but that higher levels of extroversion also tended to predict more
active social contributions and more real-time interaction on Facebook. Furthermore, higher
levels of conscientiousness tended to predict slightly lower levels of news and information
gathering on Facebook. The current study intended to expand this research to other forms of
social media, such as Instagram and Twitter, specifically looking at the ways extroversion and
conscientiousness predict the use of different social media forms.
In the Current Study
The aim of the current study was to find the factors that predict social media usage
through use of an online sample of 394 university undergraduates. As an expansion of previous
research, we looked at the ability of extroversion, social interaction, and the importance of
popularity to predict social media usage. We also examined participants’ access the smart
devices (i.e. portable devices with access to internet or data plans) as a predictor of frequency of
social media use, as we believed the two would likely be correlated.
One hypothesis of the current study was that higher levels of extroversion would predict
higher social media usage. This hypothesis was based on previous research findings that
Facebook users tend to be more extroverted than Facebook nonusers (Ryan & Xenos, 2011).
6. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 6
Secondly, we expected to find is that a higher perceived importance of popularity would predict
higher social media usage. Again, this expectation was based on previous research linking need
for popularity to higher levels of Facebook disclosure (Chistofides et al., 2009). Additionally, we
expected that more socializing behavior and participation in extracurricular activities amongst
university students would predict higher levels of social media usage. This hypothesis was in
line with previous research linking higher social media use to higher levels of face-to-face
interaction (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011). Lastly, we predicted higher levels of smart phone usage
would predict an increase in social media use. While there is no current research to support this
prediction, it seemed reasonable to assume that with greater use of phones with Internet access
and social media applications, social media usage would increase.
The study also used conscientiousness, social network size, and affiliation with Greek life
as control variables. In line with previous research (Ryan & Xenos, 2011), we expected higher
levels of conscientiousness to predict lower levels of social media usage. We also believed that
larger social network sizes and affiliation with Greek life would predict higher levels of social
media use, as they would be likely to increase average amount of social interaction which was
shown to have a positive relationship with social media use (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011).
Method
Participants
Three hundred eighty-four undergraduate students were recruited for the study, 76.6% of
the participants were female, 55% were Caucasian, and the average age of the participants was
20 years old. Because this was a minimal risk study, there was no informed consent process.
Instead, participants read an information page describing the risks and benefits of the study prior
to completing the online survey. Participants were recruited through the psychology
7. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 7
undergraduate research pool at a medium-sized university in western New York and were given
0.5 credit toward one undergraduate psychology course of their choosing in which they were
currently enrolled.
Measures
The measure of social media usage was divided into two outcome variables, frequency of
Facebook use and frequency of Instagram use. We found that these two variables correlated
weakly enough to be measured separately. Each of the two variables was defined as the number
of times a participant logged in to the respective site per week. Frequency of Facebook use was
measured using a 1-item scale that asked “Thinking of your use of various forms of social media
on a typical week, on average, how often do you use Facebook each week?” Participants
responded using an 8-point scale that ranged from “Never/Don’t use” to “11+ times per day.”
For responses that included a daily value, which ranged from “Daily” to “11+ times per day” the
numerical value associated with the response was multiplied by 7 to determine an approximate
number of weekly logins, such that the resulting number was somewhere between 1 and 77+.
Frequency of Instagram use was measured using the same process, with the only difference
being that the item wording was “Thinking of your use of various forms of social media on a
typical week, on average, how often do you use Instagram each week?” Participants responded
using the same 8-point scale that ranged from “Never/Don’t use” to “11+ times per day.”
The trait of extroversion was defined as being fun-loving, outgoing, and affectionate.
Extroversion levels were measured through use of 8 items from the Big Five Inventory scale
(BFI) (John, Naumann & Soto, 2008). Participants were asked to respond to items using a 5-
point scale ranging from “disagree strongly” to “agree strongly.” Some typical items included “I
am talkative,” “I am full of energy,” and “I generate a lot of enthusiasm.” Responses to the items
8. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 8
were summed so that higher scores indicated higher levels of extraversion and the scale
demonstrated high levels on internal consistency (α = .872) in the current sample.
The need for popularity was defined as the extent to which the participants wanted
recognition or approval by peers. We measured the need for popularity with a 12-item scale
adapted from a self-report scale designed by Santor, Messervey, and Kusumakar (1999).
Participants responded to the items using a 5-point scale ranging from “strongly agree” to
“strongly disagree.” Typical items included “I have done things to make me more popular, even
when it meant doing something I would not usually do,” “I’ve bought things because they were
the ‘in’ things to have,” and “I’ve gone to parties just to be part of the crowd.” Responses to the
items were summed so that higher scores indicated higher levels of need for popularity and the
scale demonstrated high levels on internal consistency (α = .929) in the current sample.
Level of socializing and participation in extracurricular activities was defined as amount
of time, on average, spent each day interacting with friends in a non-academic setting. We
measured this variable using a 5-point scale adapted from the Social Activity Measure (Cooper,
Okamura & Gurka, 1992). Participants responded using a 7-point scale ranging from “Never” to
“All the time.” Typical items included “Considering your social life, how often do you get to just
hang out with friends?” “Considering your social life, how often do you do fun things with your
friends on campus?” and “Considering your social life, how often do you go on dates?”
Responses to the items were summed so that higher scores indicated higher levels of
socialization and participation in extracurricular activities and the scale demonstrated high levels
on internal consistency (α = .791) in the current sample.
Smart phone usage was defined as how often participants used a smart phone on a daily
basis. We created a 2-item self-report scale to measure this. Participants responded using a 7-
9. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 9
point scale ranging from “Never/Don’t own” to “Always.” The two items included in the scale
were “On a daily basis, how often do you have with you or are you near a smartphone?” and “On
a daily basis, how often do you use a smartphone?” Responses to the items were summed so that
higher scores indicated higher levels of access to smart devices and the scale demonstrated high
levels on internal consistency (α = .847) in the current sample.
Conscientiousness was used as a control variable and was defined as the tendency to
show self-discipline, complete tasks on timely manners, and aim for achievement. This was also
measured using the BFI, specifically the 9 items from the 44-item scale dealing with
conscientiousness. Participants were asked to rate statements using a 1-5 scale that ranged from
“disagree strongly” to “agree strongly.” Typical sample items included “I do a thorough job,” “I
am a reliable worker,” and “I persevere until a task is finished” (John, Naumann & Soto, 2008).
Responses to the items were summed so that higher scores indicated higher levels of
conscientiousness and the scale demonstrated high levels on internal consistency (α = .818) in
the current sample.
Additionally, social network size and affiliation with Greek life were used as control
variables. We defined social network size as number of friends participants were regularly in
contact with. We used a single item to asses social network size, participants first answered the
question “How many close friends do you have?” using a 7-point response scale ranging from
“None” to “12 or more.” Affiliation with Greek life was assessed using a single nominal-scale
item that asked, “Are you involved in a fraternity or sorority?” with responses being either “yes”
or “no.”
10. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 10
Procedure
Our measures were embedded in a larger questionnaire that was used for 2 class projects.
The questionnaire took approximately 30 minutes to complete. No debriefing was needed
because we did not use any deception or manipulation.
Results
Table 1 shows the bivariate correlations of the variables in the study. Frequency of
Facebook use showed significant correlations with smart phone use and socializing in the
expected directions. This indicates that higher levels of socializing and smart phone usage were
associated with a higher frequency of Facebook use. Frequency of Instagram use demonstrated
significant correlations with all predictor variables in the expected direction, indicating that
higher levels of extraversion, need for popularity, smart phone usage, and socializing all predict
higher frequency of Instagram use. Additionally, extraversion was significantly correlated with
smart phone use and socializing such that higher levels of extraversion predicted higher levels of
smart phone use and socializing. Levels of need for popularity were significantly correlated with
socializing in a positive direction, so that higher levels of need for popularity predicted higher
levels of socializing. Furthermore, higher levels of smart phone use were correlated with higher
levels of socializing. Finally, it is important to note that higher frequency of Facebook use was
associated with a higher frequency of Instagram use, but the correlation was weak enough for
them to be treated as two separate variables. Taken as a set these correlations suggest an
interesting pattern of associations among the predictor variables and Facebook and Instagram use
meriting further analysis in a multiple regression framework.
Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the ability of extraversion,
need for popularity, smart phone use, and socializing levels to predict frequency of Facebook
11. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 11
use, as measured by the amount of times logged in to Facebook per week. Conscientiousness,
social network size, and affiliation with Greek life were entered in the first step of the analysis as
controls. As can be seen in Table 2, the controls accounted for 4.2% of the variance in frequency
of Facebook use. Specifically, affiliation with Greek life was the only significant predictor of
frequency of Facebook use, on average, participants who were affiliated with Greek life logged
in to Facebook about 10.75 more times per week compared to the sample mean (B = 10.754, t =
3.825, p = .000). Neither social network size (B = 0.47, t = .925, p =.355) nor conscientiousness
(B = -.133, t = -.586, p = .559), were significantly related with frequency of Facebook use.
When extraversion, need for popularity, smart phone use, and socializing were added after
controlling for conscientiousness, social network size, and affiliation with Greek life, they
accounted for an additional 3.6% of the variance. Only one of the predictors, smart phone use (B
= 1.847, t = 3.434, p = .001) were significantly associated with frequency of Facebook use. Thus
higher levels of smart phone use predicted higher frequency of Facebook use.
Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the ability of extraversion,
need for popularity, smart phone use, and socializing levels to predict frequency of Instagram
use, as measured by the amount of times logged in to Instagram per week. Conscientiousness,
social network size, and affiliation with Greek life were entered in the first step of the analysis as
controls. As can be seen in Table 3, the controls accounted for 1.7% of the variance in frequency
of Instagram use. Specifically affiliation with Greek was the only significant predictor of
frequency of Instagram use, on average, participants who were affiliated with Greek life logged
in to Instagram about 6.31 more times per week compared to the sample mean (B = 6.313, t =
2.492, p = .013). Neither social network size (B = -.063, t = -.435, p =.664) nor
conscientiousness (B = .036, t = .176, p = .860), were significantly related with frequency of
12. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 12
Instagram use. After controlling for conscientiousness, social network size, and affiliation with
Greek life , extraversion, need for popularity, smart phone use, and socializing accounted for an
additional 9.1% of the variance. Once these predictors were added in step two, need for
popularity (B = .270, t = 2.620, p = .009), smart phone use (B = 1.622, t = .173, p = .001), and
levels of socializing (B = .471, t = 2.087, p = 0.38) were all significantly associated with
frequency of Instagram use. These associations signify that higher levels of need for popularity,
smart phone use, and socializing all predict more log-ins to Instagram per week. Levels of
extraversion were found to be only marginally associated with frequency of Instagram use (B =
.323, t = 1.666, p = .097) thus providing a small amount of predictive information on how
frequently participants logged in to Instagram over a week.
Discussion
Summary of Results
Frequency of Facebook Use. Only one of our predictor variables, smart phone usage,
was significantly associated with frequency of Facebook use. This might be because the baseline
use of Facebook in a university setting being unusually high to begin with. That is, because
Facebook is used as a main form of communication between organizations and individuals
within a campus setting, most students who are involved in any sort of club may be logging in
many times per week regardless of levels of other variables. This is an experience that is
somewhat unique to undergraduate university students, and may explain the incongruence of our
results on Facebook usage with previous research. However, all of our predictor variables were
significantly associated with Instagram use, and possible explanations for this are further
explored in our discussion of our main hypotheses
13. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 13
Hypothesis 1. Our results partially supported the hypothesis that increased levels of
extroversion would be associated with higher Facebook and Instagram use. After running a
hierarchical regression of our data, our results suggest that higher levels of extroversion do
indeed predict higher levels of Instagram use, but not Facebook use. This would suggest that
people who are talkative, full of energy, have assertive personalities, and consider themselves
outgoing tend to log in to Instagram more often than others. These findings partially fall in line
with Ryan & Xenos’s (2011) research, as they found that higher levels of extroversion predicted
higher levels of social media usage. These researchers, however, specifically found these results
using Facebook as their outcome variable. The current study expanded on previous research by
including another form of social media as an outcome variable, and found the same pattern of
results. Therefore we feel that our results suggest that findings from previous research on the
predicting factors of Facebook use may be able to be generalized to other forms of social media.
Hypothesis 2. Our results partially supported our hypothesis that a higher need for
popularity would be associated with higher levels of Facebook and Instagram. After running a
hierarchical regression analysis on our data, we found that higher levels of need for popularity
predicted higher frequency of Instagram use, but not Facebook use. This suggests that people
who do things only to fit with a trend, spend time with others because they consider those people
to be popular, or do things to avoid seeming like a “loser” spend more time posting to and
looking at their Instagram feeds. These results add to a growing body of research that suggests
social media may increase the saliency of popularity to those who use it (Christofides et al.,
2009). In the current study, we expanded upon previous research by including Instagram use as
an additional outcome measure, and found similar results. We believe that this may suggest that
14. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 14
those who have a higher need for popularity find it more important to post to Instagram in order
to gain likes on pictures, which may make them feel validated in their day to day activities.
Hypothesis 3. Our results partially supported the hypothesis that higher levels of
socializing behavior would predict higher levels of Facebook and Instagram use. While higher
levels of socializing were initially correlated with higher frequency of Facebook use, once we
controlled for other variables in a hierarchical regression model, socializing did not predict
frequency of Facebook use beyond what other significant predictor variables could. Higher
levels of socializing did, however, predict higher frequency of Instagram use even after
controlling for other significant predictor variables. These results suggest that people who get to
just hang out with friends, do fun things on or off campus with friends, or go to parties or on
dates more often also use Instagram more often than others who do not participate in these social
activities. These results are congruent with previous findings that more face-to-face interaction is
associated with higher levels of social media use (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011). The current study
expanded upon previous research by adding in a relatively new form of social media, Instagram,
as a dependent variable and found similar results. We believe that increased socializing may
predict increased use specifically for Instagram because it is a form of social media exclusively
used for sharing pictures, and more pictures may tend to be taken in social settings rather than in
solitary settings. Additionally, increased socializing may lead to a larger number of friends on
social media sites and therefore an increased motivation to check in and keep up with these
communication forums.
Hypothesis 4. Our results supported the hypothesis that increased smart phone usage
would be associated with higher levels of Facebook and Instagram use. This would suggest that
the people who have smart phones with them often, and who use them often, also log in to
15. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 15
Instagram and Facebook more often. While there is no previous research to support this finding,
we believe that because smart phones have access to the Internet and applications for many
social media sites at nearly all times, they make logging in to these sites easy and quick.
Therefore, since it is not a hassle to log in to Facebook or Instagram at any given point during the
day, people tend to use the sites more often per week when they have a smart phone.
Greek Life. Interestingly, our results suggest that affiliation with Greek life, which was
used as a control variable, is significantly associated with higher levels of both Facebook and
Instagram use, even after controlling for other significant predictor variables. These results
suggest that undergraduate students that are part of a Greek fraternity or sorority on campus log
in to both Facebook and Instagram more times in a week than students who are not affiliated
with a Greek organization. While there is no previous research on this relationship specifically,
we feel that these results may be understood as a function of increased social interaction. That is,
in being a part of a fraternity or sorority participants may interact with a larger number of people
on a regular basis, whether through Greek housing or through chapter events, and this in turn
increases their number of friends on social media outlets and their motivation to check in and
keep up to date with these forums. Additionally, as has been previously discussed, Facebook
may be used uniquely on college campuses as a means of communication between and within
campus organizations, suggesting that Greek organizations may use Facebook to communicate
with each other on a regular basis, and therefore may have a higher need or motivation to log in
to Facebook numerous times per day to keep up to date with chapter information.
Limitations and Future Directions
Although the current study offered results shedding light on the on the predictors of
social media use, the interpretation of these results is qualified by a number of limitations. First,
16. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 16
the study was conducted entirely in college students and as a result we cannot be sure that these
results can generalize to other populations. Within a university setting, Facebook may be used
more than average as a means of communication between campus groups or individual students.
Additionally, college students may use Facebook as a form of entertainment or distraction from
work more than other populations, especially if they constantly have access to the site and are
not penalized for using it in classes or other academic settings the way younger students might
be. Future research should seek to expand the population by targeting social media users of all
age ranges. As pervious researchers have shown, this can be done by advertising studies via the
social media sites intended to be used as outcome variables (Ryan & Xenos, 201). Secondly, the
study was completely cross-sectional, meaning that we only took data from each subject once.
Therefore, we could not infer causal effects of the predictors on our outcome variables. Future
research should attempt to design a longitudinal study examining how particular predictor factors
may change over time, leading to changes in frequency in social media usage. This would be
particularly useful in examining the predictive value of Greek life affiliation on social media
usage. While our results suggest a relationship between the two, it is impossible to determine
whether being a part of Greek life causes increased frequency in social media usage, or if people
who use social media more often tend to also join Greek life. A longitudinal study could track
the change in social media use in participants before and after they join a Greek organization,
and therefore may be able to find a causal relationship. Third, the data collected was entirely
self-reported, and therefore is limited by the amount of insight each subject has into their own
life and how well each participant was paying attention to and was invested in our survey. Future
studies may seek to use more diverse forms of data collection such as interviews, self-reported
data from friends, time-diary entries, or internet usage tracking. Finally, the sample was largely
17. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 17
female and Caucasian, limiting the ability to generalize our results to a more diverse and
representative demographic. Future researchers should seek to collect data from a sample that is
representative, at least of their population, by targeting both men and women of all races.
Conclusions
By adding frequency of Instagram use to our outcome variables, we have been able to
show that the factors that have previously predicted increased use of other forms of social media
may also be useful in predicting Instagram use. Since Instagram is a relatively new form of
social media, these results suggest that people who tend to use Facebook and other forms of
social media more often, may also be more likely to create accounts for new types of social
media as they arise. Secondly, given there is no previous research regarding the relationship
between smart phone use and social media use, our results suggest a new and exciting finding.
We have learned that there is indeed a strong relationship between smart phone use and social
media use, and in fact it was the only variable that predicted increased frequency of Facebook
use when controlling for all other variables.
This study can greatly contribute to the field of marketing. Our results suggest that the
same types of variables that have been able to predict Facebook use in previous research were
able to predict the frequency of use of a newer form of social media, Instagram. Therefore, when
advertising new social media forms, marketing professionals should place their ads on well-
established social media sites, as people who use these more often may be more likely to use
newer forms of social media more often as well. Additionally, it may be useful to target college
students affiliated with Greek organizations when advertising up-and-coming forms of social
media, based on our results that affiliation with Greek life is significantly correlated with
increased Facebook and Instagram use. Our results suggest that there is very little variance in
18. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 18
Facebook use frequency in a college population, which may imply that most college students are
using Facebook very frequently. Therefore this study also implies that one of the best ways to
reach a large group of university undergraduates is to use Facebook. This information could be
used in marketing, study recruitment, or even prevention tactics where college students are the
main focus.
19. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 19
References
Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on
Facebook: are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes?.
CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(3), 341-345.
Cooper, H., Okamura, L., & Gurka, V. (1992). Social activity and subjective well-being.
Personality and individual differences, 13(5), 573-583.
Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of
electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 14(5), 275-280.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait
taxonomy. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 3, 114-158.
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship
between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in
Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664.
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Measuring peer pressure, popularity,
and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual
attitudes, and substance abuse. Journal of youth and adolescence, 29(2), 163-182.
20. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 20
Table 1. Correlations among variables
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Frequency of Facebook Use ---
2. Frequency of Instagram Use .303* ---
3. Extraversion .061 .166* ---
4. Need for Popularity .084 .175* .033 ---
5. Smart Phone Use .189* .205* .147* .015 ---
6. Socializing .119* .205* .384* .220* .112* ---
Note. Extraversion = BFI – Extraversion subscale, Socializing = SAM
* p < .05
21. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 21
Table 2. Regressions predicting Frequency of Facebook Use
Source Unstandardized
Coeff (B)
Standardized
Coeff ()
t p 2
Step 1 – Controls .042
Constant 26.697 --- 4.433 .000
Conscientiousness -.133 -.30 -.586 .559
Social Network Size .149 0.47 .925 .355
Affiliation with Greek
Life
10.754 .194 3.825 .000
Step 2 – Adding Predictors .036
Constant 5.343 --- .620 .536
Conscientiousness -.118 -.026 -.506 .613
Social Network Size .128 .040 .772 .440
Affiliation with Greek
Life
9.331 .168 3.255 .001
Extraversion -.074 -.018 -.334 .738
Need for Popularity .110 .050 .935 .351
Smart Phone Use 1.847 .174 3.434 .001
Socializing .210 .046 .815 .416
22. Running Head: PREDICTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE 22
Table 3. Regressions predicting Frequency of Instagram Use
Source Unstandardized
Coeff (B)
Standardized
Coeff ()
t p 2
Step 1 – Controls .017
Constant 13.154 --- 2.424 .016
Conscientiousness .036 .009 .176 .860
Social Network Size -.063 -.022 -.435 .664
Affiliation with Greek
Life
6.313 .129 2.492 .013
Step 2 – Adding Predictors .091
Constant -19.157 --- -2.541 .011
Conscientiousness .124 .031 .610 .542
Social Network Size -.159 -.057 -1.099 .272
Affiliation with Greek
Life
2.968 0.61 1.183 .273
Extraversion .323 .091 1.666 .097
Need for Popularity .270 .139 2.620 .009
Smart Phone Use 1.622 .173 3.446 .001.
Socializing .471 .118 2.087 038