Kingfisher Airlines is one of the largest private airlines in India, operating domestic and international services. It faces challenges from rising fuel costs and labor costs. However, it has a strong brand and reputation. Its acquisition of Deccan Airlines expanded its fleet and route network, making it the largest private airline in India. Further consolidation in the industry through Kingfisher's acquisition of SpiceJet could strengthen its position.
This document discusses scientific research methods and the hypothetico-deductive method. It outlines:
- The hallmarks of scientific research which include purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony.
- The building blocks of scientific research including observation, problem identification, developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses.
- The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method including identifying a problem area, defining the problem statement, developing hypotheses, determining measures, data collection, data analysis and interpreting results.
The document discusses the Indian aviation industry, including its rapid growth, key players, factors influencing costs, and regulatory environment. It notes that the industry has grown significantly since liberalization began in the 1990s, with passenger traffic growing at 16% annually, and various events like the entry of low-cost carriers in 2003 further fueling expansion. However, challenges remain like high taxes on jet fuel, inadequate infrastructure, and financial difficulties faced by many airlines.
Digital 2017 Philippines (January 2017)DataReportal
Everything you need to know about mobile, internet, social media, and e-commerce use in The Philippines in 2017. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit http://datareportal.com
Digital 2023 Russian Federation (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in the Russian Federation in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in the Russian Federation, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Vistara Airlines SWOT Analysis
Vistara Airlines is a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines Limited.The document contains in depth analysis of strengths,weaknesses and opportunities for the airlines in Indian and International Markets.
Kingfisher Airlines is one of the largest private airlines in India, operating domestic and international services. It faces challenges from rising fuel costs and labor costs. However, it has a strong brand and reputation. Its acquisition of Deccan Airlines expanded its fleet and route network, making it the largest private airline in India. Further consolidation in the industry through Kingfisher's acquisition of SpiceJet could strengthen its position.
This document discusses scientific research methods and the hypothetico-deductive method. It outlines:
- The hallmarks of scientific research which include purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony.
- The building blocks of scientific research including observation, problem identification, developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses.
- The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method including identifying a problem area, defining the problem statement, developing hypotheses, determining measures, data collection, data analysis and interpreting results.
The document discusses the Indian aviation industry, including its rapid growth, key players, factors influencing costs, and regulatory environment. It notes that the industry has grown significantly since liberalization began in the 1990s, with passenger traffic growing at 16% annually, and various events like the entry of low-cost carriers in 2003 further fueling expansion. However, challenges remain like high taxes on jet fuel, inadequate infrastructure, and financial difficulties faced by many airlines.
Digital 2017 Philippines (January 2017)DataReportal
Everything you need to know about mobile, internet, social media, and e-commerce use in The Philippines in 2017. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit http://datareportal.com
Digital 2023 Russian Federation (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in the Russian Federation in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in the Russian Federation, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Vistara Airlines SWOT Analysis
Vistara Airlines is a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines Limited.The document contains in depth analysis of strengths,weaknesses and opportunities for the airlines in Indian and International Markets.
Vistara, a new airline joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, aims to launch scheduled domestic air transport services in India. The submission document provides details on Vistara's vision, mission, competitive analysis of the Indian aviation industry, proposed marketing strategy and brand, financial projections, fleet and route details, management structure, and timeline. Vistara plans to differentiate itself through high quality customer service while operating as a hybrid carrier between full service and low cost models. Key goals include revolutionizing India's corporate travel market and setting new standards of service excellence in domestic aviation.
Digital 2023 Qatar (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Qatar in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Qatar, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Southwest Airlines was founded in 1971 in Dallas, Texas and has since expanded across the United States and to other countries. It focuses on providing low-cost and reliable air travel. Southwest utilizes several strategies to keep costs low, such as using a single aircraft model, efficient boarding processes, and encouraging employees to assist with multiple tasks. The company also places strong emphasis on developing a positive company culture and profit sharing plan to motivate employees. These consistent practices have helped Southwest withstand economic challenges better than competitors.
Digital 2023 Taiwan (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Taiwan in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Taiwan, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Digital 2023 Pakistan (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Pakistan in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Pakistan, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
FADEC stands for Full Authority Digital Engine Control. It is a system that uses a digital computer to control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADEC receives input on flight conditions up to 70 times per second and uses this data to optimize engine efficiency. It provides redundancy through multiple identical digital control channels. While FADEC allows for more automated and efficient engine control, it also presents disadvantages like having no manual override and the risk of total engine failure if the FADEC fails.
This document summarizes the evolution of governance at Tesla Motors from its inception in 2003 to its IPO in 2010. It discusses how the board of directors, antitakeover protections, compensation structures, and other governance elements changed over time as Tesla transitioned from a startup to a public company. The board grew in size and became more independent, adding representatives from investors and later independent directors. Antitakeover protections were adopted to protect the company. Executive compensation heavily emphasized equity to incentivize success. As Tesla matures further, its governance structures will likely continue evolving to be more conventional for a public firm.
Organisational structure of airline industryJetline Marvel
The document discusses the typical organizational structure of airline companies. It begins by describing a functional structure with departments headed by executives who report to the CEO. Large international airlines may have 8 executives overseeing areas like human resources, finance, operations, marketing, and cargo. Smaller regional airlines have fewer positions but similar divisions. The document also describes the roles and organization of an airline operations control center, and provides Southwest Airlines as an example of a company that has successfully used a centralized structure.
With 40 consecutive years of profitability, Dallas-based Southwest Airlines (NYSE: LUV) continues to differentiate itself from other carriers with exemplary Customer Service delivered by nearly 46,000 Employees to more than 100 million Customers annually. On May 2, 2011, Southwest completed the acquisition of AirTran Holdings, Inc., and now operates AirTran Airways as a wholly-owned subsidiary. Southwest is the nation’s largest carrier in terms of originating domestic passengers boarded and, including AirTran, operates the largest fleet of Boeing aircraft in the world to serve 96 destinations in 41 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and five near-international countries. Southwest has lower unit costs (adjusted for stage length), on average, than virtually all major domestic airlines and consistently has one of the best overall Customer Service records. Southwest’s all-Boeing fleet consistently offers leather seating and the comfort of full-size cabins. The majority of Southwest’s fleet is equipped with a new, eco-friendly cabin interior, and satellite-based WiFi connectivity, including a new inflight entertainment portal, which gives Customers the ability to watch live TV, news, sports, and movies.
- The document analyzes Southwest Airlines' fuel hedging strategies to manage the risks associated with volatile jet fuel prices. It discusses Southwest's history of hedging and examines five hedging alternatives available to the company.
- The analysis considers two scenarios - declining or rising future fuel prices - and evaluates the costs and benefits of different hedging options like swaps, options, and futures contracts under each scenario to determine the best strategy.
- The goal is to help Southwest's Director of Corporate Finance choose a hedging approach that limits risks from unpredictable fuel costs while allowing the company to budget and forecast accurately.
Interfirm comparison of Cipla and Torrent PharmaceuticalsVarun Nigam
This document compares the pharmaceutical companies Cipla and Torrent Pharmaceuticals. It provides an overview of each company's history, products, market capitalization, and key financial metrics from 2009-2013 such as revenues, expenses, profits, assets, and ratios. The financial ratios show that Cipla has better liquidity and less debt than Torrent, while Torrent is more efficient at converting sales to profits and has a higher return on capital employed. Overall, Torrent has exhibited higher maximum year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter growth rates compared to Cipla.
The document summarizes the merger of Air India and Indian Airlines in 2007 to form National Aviation Company of India. It discusses the reasons for the merger such as declining profits and increasing competition. However, the merger has brought additional problems. Issues included employee opposition, operational differences between the airlines, and incomplete integration of IT systems and infrastructure. As a result, customer service has declined and losses have ballooned. The leadership changes have also exacerbated the challenges of integrating the two airlines.
Southwest Airlines is a major US airline that has been profitable for 44 consecutive years. It aims to be the world's most loved airline through low fares, outstanding customer service, and fun-loving culture. While it has historically focused on domestic US routes, its future strategy involves international expansion into markets like Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and Europe. It will seek to maintain its low cost leadership through measures like single aircraft type, point-to-point routes, and fuel hedging, while bringing its unique corporate culture and customer experience to new global markets.
South west airlines case presentation (strategic management & operations)chaithu reddy
This document provides information about Southwest Airlines, including its history, operations, achievements, and strategies. It was founded in 1971 in Texas as a "discount airline". Key points are that it operates over 90 destinations within the US using Boeing 737 aircraft, has over 46,000 employees, and has achieved over 40 consecutive years of profitability. Its strategy focuses on low fares, high-frequency short flights, and excellent customer service.
For Air India's turnaround strategy to succeed, all measures taken need to work together and be aligned. Air India is losing money due to operational inefficiencies like high turnaround times and flight cancellations. A comprehensive analysis of Air India and the airline industry will be conducted to formulate a turnaround strategy that capitalizes on strengths and opportunities.
Digital 2021 Uzbekistan (January 2021) v01DataReportal
This document provides important notes about changes to data sources and calculations in the Digital 2021 reports. It notes that internet user numbers no longer include data from social media platforms, and as a result may appear lower than previous reports. Social media user numbers also may not represent unique individuals. Readers are advised to check footnotes and data sources for details on changes affecting comparability with previous reports.
Digital 2023 Austria (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Austria in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Austria, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
The document summarizes a project analyzing factors that impact the landing distance of commercial flights. It includes:
- Combining and cleaning two datasets of 950 flight landings, removing duplicates and abnormal values
- Descriptive analysis finding linear relationships between distance and ground speed, and less linear relationships with other factors
- Linear regression identifying ground speed, height, and aircraft type as significant factors impacting landing distance
- The final model uses 832 observations and explains landing distance based on ground speed, height, and whether the aircraft is an Airbus or Boeing
FAA Flight Landing Distance Forecasting and AnalysisQuynh Tran
The overall goal of this project is to get an ideal model to forecast landing distance based on variables given in the dataset. To be able to come up with a good model that fits the dataset, we need to go through some certain steps to explore, clean, visualize, and analyze values in the dataset.
Vistara, a new airline joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, aims to launch scheduled domestic air transport services in India. The submission document provides details on Vistara's vision, mission, competitive analysis of the Indian aviation industry, proposed marketing strategy and brand, financial projections, fleet and route details, management structure, and timeline. Vistara plans to differentiate itself through high quality customer service while operating as a hybrid carrier between full service and low cost models. Key goals include revolutionizing India's corporate travel market and setting new standards of service excellence in domestic aviation.
Digital 2023 Qatar (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Qatar in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Qatar, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Southwest Airlines was founded in 1971 in Dallas, Texas and has since expanded across the United States and to other countries. It focuses on providing low-cost and reliable air travel. Southwest utilizes several strategies to keep costs low, such as using a single aircraft model, efficient boarding processes, and encouraging employees to assist with multiple tasks. The company also places strong emphasis on developing a positive company culture and profit sharing plan to motivate employees. These consistent practices have helped Southwest withstand economic challenges better than competitors.
Digital 2023 Taiwan (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Taiwan in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Taiwan, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
Digital 2023 Pakistan (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Pakistan in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Pakistan, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
FADEC stands for Full Authority Digital Engine Control. It is a system that uses a digital computer to control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADEC receives input on flight conditions up to 70 times per second and uses this data to optimize engine efficiency. It provides redundancy through multiple identical digital control channels. While FADEC allows for more automated and efficient engine control, it also presents disadvantages like having no manual override and the risk of total engine failure if the FADEC fails.
This document summarizes the evolution of governance at Tesla Motors from its inception in 2003 to its IPO in 2010. It discusses how the board of directors, antitakeover protections, compensation structures, and other governance elements changed over time as Tesla transitioned from a startup to a public company. The board grew in size and became more independent, adding representatives from investors and later independent directors. Antitakeover protections were adopted to protect the company. Executive compensation heavily emphasized equity to incentivize success. As Tesla matures further, its governance structures will likely continue evolving to be more conventional for a public firm.
Organisational structure of airline industryJetline Marvel
The document discusses the typical organizational structure of airline companies. It begins by describing a functional structure with departments headed by executives who report to the CEO. Large international airlines may have 8 executives overseeing areas like human resources, finance, operations, marketing, and cargo. Smaller regional airlines have fewer positions but similar divisions. The document also describes the roles and organization of an airline operations control center, and provides Southwest Airlines as an example of a company that has successfully used a centralized structure.
With 40 consecutive years of profitability, Dallas-based Southwest Airlines (NYSE: LUV) continues to differentiate itself from other carriers with exemplary Customer Service delivered by nearly 46,000 Employees to more than 100 million Customers annually. On May 2, 2011, Southwest completed the acquisition of AirTran Holdings, Inc., and now operates AirTran Airways as a wholly-owned subsidiary. Southwest is the nation’s largest carrier in terms of originating domestic passengers boarded and, including AirTran, operates the largest fleet of Boeing aircraft in the world to serve 96 destinations in 41 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and five near-international countries. Southwest has lower unit costs (adjusted for stage length), on average, than virtually all major domestic airlines and consistently has one of the best overall Customer Service records. Southwest’s all-Boeing fleet consistently offers leather seating and the comfort of full-size cabins. The majority of Southwest’s fleet is equipped with a new, eco-friendly cabin interior, and satellite-based WiFi connectivity, including a new inflight entertainment portal, which gives Customers the ability to watch live TV, news, sports, and movies.
- The document analyzes Southwest Airlines' fuel hedging strategies to manage the risks associated with volatile jet fuel prices. It discusses Southwest's history of hedging and examines five hedging alternatives available to the company.
- The analysis considers two scenarios - declining or rising future fuel prices - and evaluates the costs and benefits of different hedging options like swaps, options, and futures contracts under each scenario to determine the best strategy.
- The goal is to help Southwest's Director of Corporate Finance choose a hedging approach that limits risks from unpredictable fuel costs while allowing the company to budget and forecast accurately.
Interfirm comparison of Cipla and Torrent PharmaceuticalsVarun Nigam
This document compares the pharmaceutical companies Cipla and Torrent Pharmaceuticals. It provides an overview of each company's history, products, market capitalization, and key financial metrics from 2009-2013 such as revenues, expenses, profits, assets, and ratios. The financial ratios show that Cipla has better liquidity and less debt than Torrent, while Torrent is more efficient at converting sales to profits and has a higher return on capital employed. Overall, Torrent has exhibited higher maximum year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter growth rates compared to Cipla.
The document summarizes the merger of Air India and Indian Airlines in 2007 to form National Aviation Company of India. It discusses the reasons for the merger such as declining profits and increasing competition. However, the merger has brought additional problems. Issues included employee opposition, operational differences between the airlines, and incomplete integration of IT systems and infrastructure. As a result, customer service has declined and losses have ballooned. The leadership changes have also exacerbated the challenges of integrating the two airlines.
Southwest Airlines is a major US airline that has been profitable for 44 consecutive years. It aims to be the world's most loved airline through low fares, outstanding customer service, and fun-loving culture. While it has historically focused on domestic US routes, its future strategy involves international expansion into markets like Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and Europe. It will seek to maintain its low cost leadership through measures like single aircraft type, point-to-point routes, and fuel hedging, while bringing its unique corporate culture and customer experience to new global markets.
South west airlines case presentation (strategic management & operations)chaithu reddy
This document provides information about Southwest Airlines, including its history, operations, achievements, and strategies. It was founded in 1971 in Texas as a "discount airline". Key points are that it operates over 90 destinations within the US using Boeing 737 aircraft, has over 46,000 employees, and has achieved over 40 consecutive years of profitability. Its strategy focuses on low fares, high-frequency short flights, and excellent customer service.
For Air India's turnaround strategy to succeed, all measures taken need to work together and be aligned. Air India is losing money due to operational inefficiencies like high turnaround times and flight cancellations. A comprehensive analysis of Air India and the airline industry will be conducted to formulate a turnaround strategy that capitalizes on strengths and opportunities.
Digital 2021 Uzbekistan (January 2021) v01DataReportal
This document provides important notes about changes to data sources and calculations in the Digital 2021 reports. It notes that internet user numbers no longer include data from social media platforms, and as a result may appear lower than previous reports. Social media user numbers also may not represent unique individuals. Readers are advised to check footnotes and data sources for details on changes affecting comparability with previous reports.
Digital 2023 Austria (February 2023) v01DataReportal
All the data, statistics, and trends you need to make sense of digital in Austria in 2023. Includes the latest reported numbers for internet users, social media users, and mobile connections in Austria, as well as key indicators of ecommerce use. For more reports, including the latest global trends and individual data for more than 230 countries around the world, visit https://datareportal.com/
The document summarizes a project analyzing factors that impact the landing distance of commercial flights. It includes:
- Combining and cleaning two datasets of 950 flight landings, removing duplicates and abnormal values
- Descriptive analysis finding linear relationships between distance and ground speed, and less linear relationships with other factors
- Linear regression identifying ground speed, height, and aircraft type as significant factors impacting landing distance
- The final model uses 832 observations and explains landing distance based on ground speed, height, and whether the aircraft is an Airbus or Boeing
FAA Flight Landing Distance Forecasting and AnalysisQuynh Tran
The overall goal of this project is to get an ideal model to forecast landing distance based on variables given in the dataset. To be able to come up with a good model that fits the dataset, we need to go through some certain steps to explore, clean, visualize, and analyze values in the dataset.
This document describes a statistical analysis project to determine the factors that affect commercial flight landing distance. The author analyzes 950 flight observations to build a linear regression model with landing distance as the target variable. Key factors found to impact landing distance are aircraft type, ground speed, and height of the aircraft. The final regression equation found is: Distance =-2554.47 + 501.57(Aircraft_Cat)+ 42.79(Ground Speed)+ 12.52(Height), where Aircraft_Cat is a dummy variable for aircraft type. 832 observations were used to fit the final model after removing outliers.
Predicting landing distance: Adrian VallesAdrián Vallés
Conducted data preparation/cleaning and statistical modeling in a project using SAS to consider factors affecting flight landing overrun and predicting landing distance of commercial flights to reduce overrun. This was the final project for the statistical computing class (BANA 6043)
The objective of this analysis is to quantify the factors that impact the landing distance of a commercial flight and built a linear regression model to predict the risk of landing overrun.
The aim of the project is to track the on-time performance of major domestic carriers in the US. The complete information on air travel report including raw data and summary statistics is available which enables to make predictions about possible delays in flights
Predicting aircraft landing overruns using quadratic linear regressionPrerit Saxena
The aim of the project is to predict landing overrun for an aircraft given the airstrip length of the airport. The methodology used is quadratic linear regression. Mean R-squared of 98% is achieved with MSE being just 9% of the mean landing distance.
The project looks at factors which impact landing distance of a commercial flight so as to minimize risk over run. SAS is used to perform exploratory data analysis and fit a regression model.
Optimized Multi model Fuzzy Altitude and Translational Velocity Controller fo...Abimbola Ogundipe
This document discusses the design and testing of fuzzy logic controllers to control the altitude and translational velocity of an autonomous drone. Two Mamdani-style fuzzy controllers were created in Matlab - a multi-modal altitude controller using distance to ground and target area as inputs, and a translational velocity controller using distance to ground and distance to target. The controllers were shortened to 3 rules each for implementation in C++. Membership functions and rule bases were adjusted to best match the original ideal controllers. Weighted average defuzzification was used due to its computational simplicity compared to other methods like centroid. Testing validated the controllers' smooth inputs/outputs for stable drone control.
Air traffic forecast serves as an important quantitative basis for airport planning - in particular for capacity planning CAPEX ,as well as for aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenue planning. High level decisions and planning in airports relies heavilly on future airport activity.
This document summarizes an assignment analyzing taxi trip data from New York City. It discusses:
1) Analyzing the distribution of trip lengths and removing outliers over 25km, finding most trips are short.
2) Implementing algorithms in Matlab and Hadoop to calculate trip distributions, finding results are similar but Hadoop has overhead.
3) Analyzing "detour ratios" to find top-k trips with highest ratios of total trip length to direct distance, and challenges of computing this in Hadoop.
A study of the Behavior of Floating-Point Errorsijpla
The dangers of programs performing floating-point computations are well known. This is due to numerical reliability issues resulting from rounding errors arising during the computations. In general, these round-off errors are neglected because they are small. However, they can be accumulated and propagated and lead to faulty execution and failures. Typically, in critical embedded systems scenario, these faults may cause dramatic damages (eg. failures of Ariane 5 launch and Patriot Rocket mission). The ufp (unit in the first place) and ulp (unit in the last place) functions are used to estimate maximum value of round-off errors. In this paper, the idea consists in studying the behavior of round-off errors, checking their numerical stability using a set of constraints and ensuring that the computation results of round-off errors do not become larger when solving constraints about the ufp and ulp values.
Explore how data science can be used to predict employee churn using this data science project presentation, allowing organizations to proactively address retention issues. This student presentation from Boston Institute of Analytics showcases the methodology, insights, and implications of predicting employee turnover. visit https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/ for more data science insights
The document analyzes and compares implementations of Dijkstra's algorithm for finding shortest paths in graphs using logic programming and standard graph theory. It finds that while the logic programming implementation uses less memory, it is slower than the graph theory implementation, especially for large graphs. For most applications, the graph theory implementation is superior due to its faster speed and greater capabilities, though logic programming may be preferable for working with ontological knowledge bases. Testing on real airline route data showed the graph theory version was several times faster.
The document discusses procedures and recursion in machine level programming. It describes how procedures use stack frames to pass arguments, save registers, and allocate local variables. Stack frames contain saved registers, arguments, local variables, and return addresses. Calling a procedure involves pushing this information onto the stack. Returning involves popping this information off the stack. Recursive procedures work because each call has its own private stack frame that does not interfere with other calls.
The project evaluates linear models that predict the flight landing overrun based on numerical and categorical variables, elaborating the algorithm of variable selection methods.
This project studies the factors impacting the landing distance of a flight. The input data has 7 predictor variables and 1 response variable. First, descriptive study is performed to understand the data and relationship among variables. Data cleaning is done to handle duplicate and missing data. A linear model is then used to predict the landing distance of the flight by selecting the useful predictors. Residual diagnostics is also done to validate the fitted model.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
2. PROBLEM STATEMEMT:
To study the factors that impact the landing distance of a commercial
flight in the given data of 950 flights with the below data variables:
Aircraft: The make of an aircraft (Boeing or Airbus).
Duration (in minutes): Flight duration between taking off and landing.
The duration of a normal flight should always be greater than 40min.
No_pasg: The number of passengers in a flight.
Speed_ground (in miles per hour): The ground speed of an aircraft when
passing over the threshold of the runway. If its value is less than 30MPH
or greater than 140MPH, then the landing would be considered as
abnormal.
Speed_air (in miles per hour): The air speed of an aircraft when passing
over the threshold of the runway. If its value is less than 30MPH or
greater than 140MPH, then the landing would be considered as
abnormal.
Height (in meters): The height of an aircraft when it is passing over the
threshold of the runway. The landing aircraft is required to be at least 6
meters high at the threshold of the runway.
Pitch (in degrees): Pitch angle of an aircraft when it is passing over the
threshold of the runway.
Distance (in feet): The landing distance of an aircraft. More specifically,
it refers to the distance between the threshold of the runway and the
point where the aircraft can be fully stopped. The length of the airport
runway is typically less than 6000 feet.
3. SUMMARY
The factors that impact the landing distance of a commercial flight in
then given data of 950 flights were studied. After eliminating the
observations that did not meet the constraints of the aviation industry,
we analyzed the remaining 831 records to come up with an equation that
explains the landing distance.
Distance = -1049 + 454.45(aircraft_name) + 0.27(speed_ground1) +
14(height) + 21(pitch)
*Aircraft name is ‘0’ for Boeing and ‘1’ for Airbus
*Speed_ground1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑_𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑2
The variables provided in the data were all put to test to check the
impact of each one of them on the landing distance. We found that the
number of passengers and the duration of the flight do not affect the
landing distance which is practically reasonable.
The landing distance depend on the pitch, height and majorly on square
of the variable speed_ground. We can see these results in regression
modelling done with the data further in the report. The distance also
depend on the make of the aircraft and thus it is also a part of our
equation obtained.
We calculate the parametric coefficients for each explanatory variable
through linear regression modelling and check the assumptions under
which we can apply it.
4. CHAPTER ONE: DATA EXPLORATION AND
DATA CLEANING
GOAL:
The objective of exploration and data cleaning is to prepare data for
further analysis as we need to visualize and do modelling in the data to
come up with the results and insights. The validity checks need to be
performed in the data as we have a few conditions that are to be met in
the Airline Business.
Steps:
1.
The data is provided in two separate files, so we import the excel files
and append them together using SAS. It picks blank records which we
need to delete. We use SET command to append data one below others
as the data fields in both data files are almost same.
5. The code stacks the data files one below other, we notice that the data
from the second set has one less variable of duration than the first data
file. There are also data rows with the same values in FAA1 and FAA2
with only one missing variable of duration.
2.
We need to analyze data by taking some more knowledge of the
variables and data points.
6. This shows that data needs to be cleaned as the min and max values
show that the there is some discrepancy in the data with the norms it
needs to follow. Also Nmiss values show that there are 711 values
missing for the variable speed_air whereas only 239 values of this
variable is present. We might want to delete this field as it will not give
a true insight to the result as its not captured for more than 75% of the
data rows. The Proc means table printed will help us think through other
steps we will take in eventually to ready our data for modelling.
3.
Now we need to remove duplicates from the data with the same values
and as we know the FAA2 data file did not have the values for the
duration, we need to exclude this variable from consideration while
looking for the duplicates.
7. For this we sort the data and then use nodupkey option to remove
duplicates by all variables excluding the duration field. This will help us
identify the overlap in the two data sets FAA1 and FAA2 and can be
captured in the data ‘removed’ through the below code.
This leaves us with 850 data rows and puts the duplicated data of 100
rows in a different data set which is trivial but just for us to see.
8. 4.
As the variable speed_air has more than 75% values missing, we can
remove this data or let it be there to drop it later from the data. We might
forecast it or impute it with the mean value basis our model but for the
time being we let it be there to study it further.
5.
Now we perform sanity check of the data by seeing if it fulfills the
norms of the airline industry by validating each variable one by one.
This removes 5 records with the abnormal flight duration. We are left
with 845 records and the 5 data rows with abnormal flight duration can
be put to another data set just for us to see.
(Output below:)
9. 6.
Now we check for the variable height and delete the data rows with the
heights less than 6 as its unacceptable.
10. We are left with 835 records now and get 10 rows with unacceptable
heights.
7.
Now we check for the variable speed_ground as per the constraints the
values of the variable should lie between 30MPH to 140MPH. So we
delete the data rows with the unacceptable speed_ground.
12. 8.
Now we check for the variable distance and as the length of the runway
is 6000; any data value cannot exceed this value.
We are now left with 831 records.
13. 9.
Now we check for the variable speed_air as per the constraints the
values of the variable should lie between 30MPH to 140MPH. So we
delete the data rows with the unacceptable speed_air.
There are no rows with unacceptable data remaining in the data and thus
we are still left with 831 rows.
14. 10.
Now we see the distributions of each of the variables as we require
distribution assumptions for applying modelling techniques. We capture
the moments, null hypotheses, quantiles of each variable. We look at the
histograms of each variable to notice their distributions.
1. Duration
15. The duration is almost normal with little skewed.
2. Number of passengers
21. This doesn’t appear to be normally distributed.
Data Preparation Questions:
1. How to treat data variable with more than 75% of its values
missing?
2. How to realize values in the data for the variables with a very few
data values missing for the sake of completeness.
3. How to impute the values to the data variable with majority of data
missing?
4. How can we substitute a value to an unacceptable data point rather
than delete the entire data row?
22. CHAPTER TWO: DATA EXPLORATION
GOAL:
The objective of data exploration is to study the prepared data to prepare
it for regression model. This includes visualizing data, check for the
linearity and also to see the correlations between each variable to
eliminate variables which do not change our response variable.
Steps:
1. Before beginning the modeling, we plot our data. By examining
these initial plots, we can quickly assess whether the data have
linear relationships or interactions are present.
A variable that has a linear relationship with the response variable will
produce a plot that resembles a straight line(speed_air). The other plots
are scattered.
We can consider transforming other variables in our modeling to
increase the linearity.
25. Distance Vs Pitch
2. Tansformation to speed_ground can increase the linearity.
The square function applied to speed_ground makes the plot much linear
than the previous graph.
26. Distance Vs 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑_𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑2
3. As the aircraft is a categorical variable we define it dummy
numerical values so that they correlation with the response variable
can be realized.
This creates 0 as the name for Boeing aircraft and 1 for the Airbus.
We can take any numerical values in place of ‘0’ and ‘1’; it does
not change our results.
27. 4. Now we create a correlation matrix of each variable in the data to
analyze the dependence of the response variable on these different
variables. The correlation matrix also helps us identify the
dependence between two independent variables. In such a case we
are likely to eliminate one of these variables from our model.
Additionally, running correlations among the independent
variables is helpful. These correlations will help prevent
multicollinearity problems later.
Results:
The variable distance is correlated with all the variables except the
variables aircraft_name and no_pasg which has the p value greater
than 0.05.
Thus we infer that the no_pasg and aircraft_name don’t play a
significant role in explaining our response variables.
As the speed_ground and speed_air are also highly correlated, we
can drop one of these variables. We choose to drop speed_air as
there are numerous observations with the missing values for
speed_air.
28.
29. we can now drop the variable speed_air.
CHAPTER TWO: MODELLING
GOAL:
The objective of modelling is to build an equation for the response
variable to understand its dependence on the independent variables
chosen. We concerned with finding a model that describes the
relationship between distance and several predictor (explanatory)
variables by regression.
Introduction:
A linear model has the form Y = b0 + b1X + ε. The constant b0 is called
the intercept and the coefficient b1 is the parameter estimate for the
variable X. The ε is the error term. ε is the residual that cannot be
explained by the variables in the model.
30. The F value is as high as 2683.94 and R square is .9288 which shows
that the independent variables very clearly explain our response variable
distance and thus we are in a position to obtain our equation.
31. As our model has number of variables thus we look into the value of adj
R Sq which also shows a high value. We can thus assume that our model
is fine.
As the pvalue of the variable duration is more than 0.05 , we drop this
variable and our response variable clearly is not dependent on the
duration. So, it should not be a part of the equation. Rest all variables
have their pvalue greater than 0.05 thus they make our equation.
BUILDING the EQAUTION
Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + ε
Y = distance
B0 = -1049
B1= 454.45
X1=aircraft_name
B2=0.27
X2=speed_ground1
B3=14
X3=height
B4=21
X4=pitch
Distance = -1049 + 454.45(aircraft_name) + 0.27(speed_ground1) +
14(height) + 21(pitch)
32. The mean of residuals is zero. The overall fit of the model can be
checked by looking at the F-Value and its corresponding p-value (Prob
>F) for the total model under the Analysis of Variance portion of the
REG print out. Generally, we want a Prob>F value less than 0.05.
33. CHAPTER TWO: MODEL CHECKING
GOAL:
The objective of model checking is to check the assumptions for the
noise terms.
They are assumed to be:
1. Independent
2. Normally distributed.
3. Mean 0
4. Constant Variance
We will validate that the residuals are independentas it is an assumption
of linear regression by examining the residuals of our final model.
Specifically, we will use diagnostic statistics from REG as well as create
an output dataset of residual values for PROC UNIVARIATE to test.
34. The p of Chi-square value is less than 0.05.
The distribution of the residuals.
36. Write your short answers to these questions:
1. How many observations (flights) do you use to fit your
final model? If not all 950 flights, why?
I fit 831 observations as the final number of observations in the model
and remove the rest 119 observations because of the steps taken in the
data preparation chapter where after removing the blank values and
applying all the validity checks. I identified the overlap in the two data
sets FAA1 and FAA2 and the duplicate values were removed which left
850 observations. I also deleted the data rows with the heights less than
6 as its unacceptable. 835 records remained as there were 10 rows with
unacceptable heights. When checked for the variable speed_ground as
per the constraints the values of the variable should lie between 30MPH
to 140MPH. This got me delete another 3 data rows and 832 rows
remained. The variable distance could have a length of the runway as
6000 at most; one record exceeded this value, so 831 records were left
finally.
37. 2. What factors and how they impact the landingdistance
of a flight?
From my modelling and results the four variables impact the landing
distance namely – speed_ground, height, pitch and the aircraft.
I eliminated the no_pasg, duration and speed_air due to different
reasons.
No-pasg – It wasn’t correlated to the response variable.
Duration – The regression result showed a very low impact of the
variable on the distance.
Speed_air- This variable has very less values to incorporate it for
analysis and also the major reason to eliminate the variable from our
equation was because it showed a very strong correlation between the
speed_ground. So it was insignificant to use it in our equation.
The variables impacting the landing distance are speed_ground, height,
pitch and the aircraft.
All the variables are highly correlated with our response variable and
also we could obtain the parameter estimate for all the 4 explanatory
variables given in the result of the equation.
The speed_ground is actually the square of the speed_ground as it has
more linear relationship with the distance.
38. 3. Is there any difference between the two makes Boeing and Airbus?
Yes, there is definitely a difference between the make of Boeing and
Airbus as our equation has a variable aircraft_name which is based on
the make of the aircraft.
39.
40. The equality of variance shows the f value more than 1 and thus we infer
that there is a significant difference between the two makes.
The GLM and T test are done identify the differences between the two
groups and their result clearly shows the difference in their means,
variance and their impact on the distance.