This document discusses core material selection for baluns and transformers. It recommends using lower permeability cores like 73 material for receiving applications up to 30 MHz due to their lower turns count. For high power applications, even lower permeability cores like 65 or 61 material are recommended due to their higher Curie temperatures and lower losses. The core's internal length parallel to the conductor has the largest effect on impedance, while diameter and thickness have smaller effects. Minimizing conductor length outside the core window improves performance. Binocular and stacked cores are preferred to minimize external conductor length. Measurements show phase inversion transformers and Beverage matching transformers perform well with the recommended core materials and designs.
Deicing of transmisson line by dielectrc lossesbindasbhabani
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on de-icing of transmission lines using dielectric losses. The presentation discusses how ice formation can cause failures and outages, and introduces de-icing through applying a high frequency excitation to cause dielectric heating within the ice. It describes dielectric and skin effect heating mechanisms, and proposes combining the effects with a 100kHz field to achieve uniform ice melting. The presentation covers dielectric loss principles, de-icing types, advantages of reducing costs and applicability to live lines, and disadvantages of potential interference. It concludes dielectric heating is a promising approach for de-icing transmission lines.
The document discusses considerations for sizing conductors connecting station class arresters to transformers. It states that the conductor diameter has a negligible effect on the arrester's protection, but the length can impact inductance and protection. The key factors for sizing conductors are mechanical strength to withstand fault currents without failing, limiting corona at high voltages, and minimizing voltage reflections from separation of arrester and bushing. The optimum conductor size is determined by mechanical requirements over electrical considerations.
This document discusses overvoltage protection in distribution substations. It describes how lightning is a major cause of overvoltage and can damage electrical equipment if not protected. The Dagon East substation in Myanmar uses DynaVar station class and intermediate lightning arresters rated at 72kV and 10kA to protect its equipment from overvoltage. The arresters help limit transient voltages and protect the substation during lightning strikes and faults, helping to prevent damage and ensure reliable power supply.
This document discusses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in an electrical engineering design chapter. It covers minimizing susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) through primary, secondary, and tertiary controls like component layout, input filtering, and shielding. Primary controls include avoiding inductive and capacitive coupling through layout and using ground planes. Secondary controls involve input filtering. Tertiary controls use shielding as a last resort. The document also discusses minimizing generated EMI through design techniques.
Witricity is a technology that wirelessly transfers electrical energy between two objects using magnetic resonance. It was first proposed by Nikola Tesla in 1899, but recent research and development has improved efficiency. Witricity works by generating oscillating magnetic fields between two coils - one powered and one receiving power. While it has advantages like eliminating wires and cables, challenges remain around standardization, costs, and potential for energy theft. Possible applications include charging consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and industrial equipment without plugs.
The document discusses various types of losses in power distribution and transmission lines, including technical and non-technical losses. Technical losses are due to heat generated in conductors, transformers, and other equipment. Non-technical or commercial losses are due to issues like power theft, metering inaccuracies, unmetered supply, billing problems, and errors in meter reading. Some ways discussed to reduce losses include converting low voltage lines to high voltage, utilizing feeders at average capacity, replacing old equipment, and implementing energy audits.
This document provides guidance on selecting cables, connectors, and fuses for solar electrical systems. It discusses the importance of using the correct cable type and gauge depending on the circuit's current and length. Multi-stranded tri-rated cable is recommended for flexibility and high-temperature tolerance. The minimum required cable size is calculated using a formula or table to limit voltage drop to less than 5%. Fuses should be installed for safety with a rating equal to or lower than the cable. Proper crimping tools should be used to securely connect terminals to cable ends.
This document discusses core material selection for baluns and transformers. It recommends using lower permeability cores like 73 material for receiving applications up to 30 MHz due to their lower turns count. For high power applications, even lower permeability cores like 65 or 61 material are recommended due to their higher Curie temperatures and lower losses. The core's internal length parallel to the conductor has the largest effect on impedance, while diameter and thickness have smaller effects. Minimizing conductor length outside the core window improves performance. Binocular and stacked cores are preferred to minimize external conductor length. Measurements show phase inversion transformers and Beverage matching transformers perform well with the recommended core materials and designs.
Deicing of transmisson line by dielectrc lossesbindasbhabani
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on de-icing of transmission lines using dielectric losses. The presentation discusses how ice formation can cause failures and outages, and introduces de-icing through applying a high frequency excitation to cause dielectric heating within the ice. It describes dielectric and skin effect heating mechanisms, and proposes combining the effects with a 100kHz field to achieve uniform ice melting. The presentation covers dielectric loss principles, de-icing types, advantages of reducing costs and applicability to live lines, and disadvantages of potential interference. It concludes dielectric heating is a promising approach for de-icing transmission lines.
The document discusses considerations for sizing conductors connecting station class arresters to transformers. It states that the conductor diameter has a negligible effect on the arrester's protection, but the length can impact inductance and protection. The key factors for sizing conductors are mechanical strength to withstand fault currents without failing, limiting corona at high voltages, and minimizing voltage reflections from separation of arrester and bushing. The optimum conductor size is determined by mechanical requirements over electrical considerations.
This document discusses overvoltage protection in distribution substations. It describes how lightning is a major cause of overvoltage and can damage electrical equipment if not protected. The Dagon East substation in Myanmar uses DynaVar station class and intermediate lightning arresters rated at 72kV and 10kA to protect its equipment from overvoltage. The arresters help limit transient voltages and protect the substation during lightning strikes and faults, helping to prevent damage and ensure reliable power supply.
This document discusses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in an electrical engineering design chapter. It covers minimizing susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) through primary, secondary, and tertiary controls like component layout, input filtering, and shielding. Primary controls include avoiding inductive and capacitive coupling through layout and using ground planes. Secondary controls involve input filtering. Tertiary controls use shielding as a last resort. The document also discusses minimizing generated EMI through design techniques.
Witricity is a technology that wirelessly transfers electrical energy between two objects using magnetic resonance. It was first proposed by Nikola Tesla in 1899, but recent research and development has improved efficiency. Witricity works by generating oscillating magnetic fields between two coils - one powered and one receiving power. While it has advantages like eliminating wires and cables, challenges remain around standardization, costs, and potential for energy theft. Possible applications include charging consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and industrial equipment without plugs.
The document discusses various types of losses in power distribution and transmission lines, including technical and non-technical losses. Technical losses are due to heat generated in conductors, transformers, and other equipment. Non-technical or commercial losses are due to issues like power theft, metering inaccuracies, unmetered supply, billing problems, and errors in meter reading. Some ways discussed to reduce losses include converting low voltage lines to high voltage, utilizing feeders at average capacity, replacing old equipment, and implementing energy audits.
This document provides guidance on selecting cables, connectors, and fuses for solar electrical systems. It discusses the importance of using the correct cable type and gauge depending on the circuit's current and length. Multi-stranded tri-rated cable is recommended for flexibility and high-temperature tolerance. The minimum required cable size is calculated using a formula or table to limit voltage drop to less than 5%. Fuses should be installed for safety with a rating equal to or lower than the cable. Proper crimping tools should be used to securely connect terminals to cable ends.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Overvoltages can be caused by both external and internal factors in power systems. Switching surges are now the dominant design factor for EHV and UHV systems, while lightning surges are less important. Switching surges are generated by events like energizing lines, load rejection, and fault clearing. They take the form of traveling waves on the lines. Temporary overvoltages can last from cycles to seconds and are caused by events like load rejection, the Ferranti effect, and ground faults. Overvoltages can be controlled by phase-controlled switching, use of resistors, reactors, and draining trapped charges. Surge arresters like zinc oxide varistors protect equipment by conducting current during an overvoltage and limiting
This document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 student. The project studies the variation in current flow in a circuit containing a light dependent resistor (LDR) due to variation in light. The 3-page report includes an introduction to LDRs and how they work, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed, observations made by varying the light source and interceptor material, and conclusions. The aim was to design a simple intruder alarm circuit using an LDR that triggers a buzzer when light is interrupted.
This document provides information on fuses and circuit breakers used in electrical systems. It discusses the purpose of fuses and circuit breakers as overcurrent protection devices that open a circuit when too much current flows. The key components and operating principles of fuses and various types of circuit breakers like thermal, magnetic, and thermomagnetic are described. Characteristics such as rated current, breaking capacity, and time-current curves are also covered.
This document discusses insulation coordination for electrical systems. It defines insulation coordination as selecting suitable insulation levels for system components and arranging them rationally. The goals of insulation coordination are to ensure insulation can withstand normal and abnormal stresses and efficiently discharge over voltages. It also discusses determining live insulation levels, equipment BIL levels, and selecting lightning arrestors. Various insulation levels for lines and equipment are recommended based on system voltage.
Lightning protection for overhead distribution linesGilberto Mejía
This document summarizes techniques for lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines. It discusses the types of lightning overvoltages that can occur on medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks from direct strikes and indirect strikes. Direct strikes can cause overvoltages over 2000kV, far exceeding insulation levels and causing flashovers. Indirect strikes have lower but still significant voltages and are more common. The document reviews methods to mitigate these overvoltages, including increasing insulation, using grounded shield wires, and installing surge arresters. Shield wires and arresters are most effective at reducing faults from direct strikes, while all methods help reduce faults from indirect strikes.
52-INTRODUCTION & EFFECTS OF CORONA RING DESIGN BY ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY ...Venkatesh Sampengala
This paper evaluates the effect of different corona ring designs on electric field intensity near the live end of polymer insulators using 3D modeling software. Five corona ring designs with diameters ranging from 200mm to 425mm were modeled and tested. Both simulation and practical high voltage testing were performed. Simulation results found electric field intensities exceeded 3kV/mm at inception voltages that were generally within 10% of practical test values. Larger diameter rings had higher inception voltages. The research demonstrates how ring geometry influences electric field distribution and provides guidance for insulator design.
This document discusses the operating principles of metal-oxide surge arresters. It explains that arresters limit fast-front overvoltages like lightning strikes and slow-front overvoltages like switching surges to protect power system equipment. Metal-oxide arresters have a highly nonlinear voltage-current characteristic that allows them to conduct surge currents while maintaining a low voltage. Key points on the voltage-current curve are identified, including the continuous operating voltage, rated voltage, and residual voltage corresponding to the protection level. An example curve for a 420kV system arrester is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers ( VCSELs )Tafhim Bin Nasir
This document discusses vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). It begins by introducing VCSELs and their advantages over edge emitting lasers and LEDs. Key points include that VCSELs emit light perpendicular to the surface, allowing thousands to be processed at once on a wafer. VCSELs can also be tested throughout production to check for issues. The document then covers the history and development of VCSELs, their materials and wavelengths, operating characteristics, structure, applications, and concludes that VCSELs are now commonly used for short-range fiber optic communication due to their lower costs and higher reliability compared to edge emitters.
All about amateur radio RF transmission lines. This relates to Section 26 of the NZART Radio Syllabus and may be used to teach this section of the exam.
This document discusses three key factors in selecting an appropriate amplifier power for loudspeakers: 1) A loudspeaker's power handling rating indicates its limit before damage, but does not correspond to the optimal amplifier size. 2) The appropriate amplifier size depends on required sound levels and audio signal types. As a rule of thumb, twice the loudspeaker's power rating allows reproduction of peaks. 3) Preventing loudspeaker damage depends more on proper system operation than on amplifier sizing alone.
ISOLOOP MAGNETIC COUPLERS REPLACED OPTOCOUPLERSSalman Lulat
This document discusses magnetic couplers that can replace opto-couplers. Magnetic couplers use giant magneto resistance (GMR) materials and a planar coil to transmit signals magnetically across an insulating layer, providing galvanic isolation. They have advantages over opto-couplers like higher bandwidth, smaller size, better noise immunity, and temperature stability. The document provides details on the construction and working of magnetic couplers and their benefits in industrial applications.
The document provides safety guidelines and instructions for basic home electrical installations and repairs. It discusses checking for safety issues, how electrical systems work with components like cables, fuses, and ceiling roses. It emphasizes that any permanent electrical work requires inspection and certification by a qualified electrician to ensure safety and compliance with regulations. Failure to do so could invalidate home insurance and cause issues selling a home.
A surge arrester is a device connected to electrical conductors that protects electrical equipment from overvoltage transients such as lightning. It diverts excess current from surges to ground through changes in its internal composition. Different types of surge arresters are discussed, including rod gap, horn gap, multi-gap, expulsion, valve, silicon carbide, and metal oxide arresters. Each type has advantages and limitations in protecting equipment from damaging surges on electrical systems.
This document from www.victorleds.com defines several key lighting and electrical terms including lumens, lux, luminous efficacy, power factor, MOV, PCB, SMD, CRI, CCT, and surge voltage. Lumens measure visible light output, lux measures illuminance, and luminous efficacy is the ratio of lumens to watts describing a light source's efficiency. Power factor relates true power to apparent power. MOV, PCB, and SMD describe common electrical components. CRI and CCT characterize light quality and color temperature. Surge voltage refers to sudden increases in voltage that can damage systems.
This document provides an overview of basics of electrical engineering including wires, cables, types of wires, three core wire, cable structure, cable classification, cable grading, cable termination, cable safety, and electrical joints. It also discusses Ohm's law, electric circuits including series and parallel circuits, and mixed circuits. Key topics covered include that wire thickness must match power needs, common wire types like PVC and their uses, color coding in wiring, cable components, and calculating equivalent resistances in various circuit configurations.
study of lightning arrester ' working principal and working of lighning and construction of lightning arrester. and at the end what are the types of lightning arrester how these types are different from each other and what is their working principal and which is used mostly on 500kva substation.
This study examines the impact of resistance and non-resistance discharge circuits on power consumption in wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM). The researchers found that non-resistance circuits consume less power than resistance circuits, with savings of up to 6 kilowatt-hours after 7 hours of machining. Non-resistance circuits also recycle and reuse energy discharged through the workpiece and electrode, reducing power consumption by 10-20% compared to traditional resistance circuits. The study concludes that non-resistance circuits significantly reduce power usage and temperature generation during long-duration WEDM processes.
This document discusses proper techniques for connecting audio equipment to prevent ground loops and noise. It recommends:
1) Using balanced connections with three-conductor shielded cables and tying the cable shield to the chassis ground at both ends to guarantee hum-free results.
2) If using unbalanced equipment, transformer isolating the connections to prevent unwanted hum and noise from ground loops between balanced and unbalanced equipment.
3) As a last resort, using special cable assemblies that prevent shield currents from entering equipment with improper grounding schemes that could introduce noise into the audio signal. Proper grounding techniques are important to ensure plug-and-play capability without hum or noise issues.
The document discusses proper earthing and grounding practices for electrical systems, noting that earthing works like a drainage system to dissipate fault currents and prevent voltage build up, and that using a mesh of conductors increases the rate of dissipation. It also highlights the importance of minimizing impedance in earthing paths to reduce noise currents, and providing separate earthing of shields for data cables to prevent noise infiltration.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Overvoltages can be caused by both external and internal factors in power systems. Switching surges are now the dominant design factor for EHV and UHV systems, while lightning surges are less important. Switching surges are generated by events like energizing lines, load rejection, and fault clearing. They take the form of traveling waves on the lines. Temporary overvoltages can last from cycles to seconds and are caused by events like load rejection, the Ferranti effect, and ground faults. Overvoltages can be controlled by phase-controlled switching, use of resistors, reactors, and draining trapped charges. Surge arresters like zinc oxide varistors protect equipment by conducting current during an overvoltage and limiting
This document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 student. The project studies the variation in current flow in a circuit containing a light dependent resistor (LDR) due to variation in light. The 3-page report includes an introduction to LDRs and how they work, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed, observations made by varying the light source and interceptor material, and conclusions. The aim was to design a simple intruder alarm circuit using an LDR that triggers a buzzer when light is interrupted.
This document provides information on fuses and circuit breakers used in electrical systems. It discusses the purpose of fuses and circuit breakers as overcurrent protection devices that open a circuit when too much current flows. The key components and operating principles of fuses and various types of circuit breakers like thermal, magnetic, and thermomagnetic are described. Characteristics such as rated current, breaking capacity, and time-current curves are also covered.
This document discusses insulation coordination for electrical systems. It defines insulation coordination as selecting suitable insulation levels for system components and arranging them rationally. The goals of insulation coordination are to ensure insulation can withstand normal and abnormal stresses and efficiently discharge over voltages. It also discusses determining live insulation levels, equipment BIL levels, and selecting lightning arrestors. Various insulation levels for lines and equipment are recommended based on system voltage.
Lightning protection for overhead distribution linesGilberto Mejía
This document summarizes techniques for lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines. It discusses the types of lightning overvoltages that can occur on medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks from direct strikes and indirect strikes. Direct strikes can cause overvoltages over 2000kV, far exceeding insulation levels and causing flashovers. Indirect strikes have lower but still significant voltages and are more common. The document reviews methods to mitigate these overvoltages, including increasing insulation, using grounded shield wires, and installing surge arresters. Shield wires and arresters are most effective at reducing faults from direct strikes, while all methods help reduce faults from indirect strikes.
52-INTRODUCTION & EFFECTS OF CORONA RING DESIGN BY ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY ...Venkatesh Sampengala
This paper evaluates the effect of different corona ring designs on electric field intensity near the live end of polymer insulators using 3D modeling software. Five corona ring designs with diameters ranging from 200mm to 425mm were modeled and tested. Both simulation and practical high voltage testing were performed. Simulation results found electric field intensities exceeded 3kV/mm at inception voltages that were generally within 10% of practical test values. Larger diameter rings had higher inception voltages. The research demonstrates how ring geometry influences electric field distribution and provides guidance for insulator design.
This document discusses the operating principles of metal-oxide surge arresters. It explains that arresters limit fast-front overvoltages like lightning strikes and slow-front overvoltages like switching surges to protect power system equipment. Metal-oxide arresters have a highly nonlinear voltage-current characteristic that allows them to conduct surge currents while maintaining a low voltage. Key points on the voltage-current curve are identified, including the continuous operating voltage, rated voltage, and residual voltage corresponding to the protection level. An example curve for a 420kV system arrester is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers ( VCSELs )Tafhim Bin Nasir
This document discusses vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). It begins by introducing VCSELs and their advantages over edge emitting lasers and LEDs. Key points include that VCSELs emit light perpendicular to the surface, allowing thousands to be processed at once on a wafer. VCSELs can also be tested throughout production to check for issues. The document then covers the history and development of VCSELs, their materials and wavelengths, operating characteristics, structure, applications, and concludes that VCSELs are now commonly used for short-range fiber optic communication due to their lower costs and higher reliability compared to edge emitters.
All about amateur radio RF transmission lines. This relates to Section 26 of the NZART Radio Syllabus and may be used to teach this section of the exam.
This document discusses three key factors in selecting an appropriate amplifier power for loudspeakers: 1) A loudspeaker's power handling rating indicates its limit before damage, but does not correspond to the optimal amplifier size. 2) The appropriate amplifier size depends on required sound levels and audio signal types. As a rule of thumb, twice the loudspeaker's power rating allows reproduction of peaks. 3) Preventing loudspeaker damage depends more on proper system operation than on amplifier sizing alone.
ISOLOOP MAGNETIC COUPLERS REPLACED OPTOCOUPLERSSalman Lulat
This document discusses magnetic couplers that can replace opto-couplers. Magnetic couplers use giant magneto resistance (GMR) materials and a planar coil to transmit signals magnetically across an insulating layer, providing galvanic isolation. They have advantages over opto-couplers like higher bandwidth, smaller size, better noise immunity, and temperature stability. The document provides details on the construction and working of magnetic couplers and their benefits in industrial applications.
The document provides safety guidelines and instructions for basic home electrical installations and repairs. It discusses checking for safety issues, how electrical systems work with components like cables, fuses, and ceiling roses. It emphasizes that any permanent electrical work requires inspection and certification by a qualified electrician to ensure safety and compliance with regulations. Failure to do so could invalidate home insurance and cause issues selling a home.
A surge arrester is a device connected to electrical conductors that protects electrical equipment from overvoltage transients such as lightning. It diverts excess current from surges to ground through changes in its internal composition. Different types of surge arresters are discussed, including rod gap, horn gap, multi-gap, expulsion, valve, silicon carbide, and metal oxide arresters. Each type has advantages and limitations in protecting equipment from damaging surges on electrical systems.
This document from www.victorleds.com defines several key lighting and electrical terms including lumens, lux, luminous efficacy, power factor, MOV, PCB, SMD, CRI, CCT, and surge voltage. Lumens measure visible light output, lux measures illuminance, and luminous efficacy is the ratio of lumens to watts describing a light source's efficiency. Power factor relates true power to apparent power. MOV, PCB, and SMD describe common electrical components. CRI and CCT characterize light quality and color temperature. Surge voltage refers to sudden increases in voltage that can damage systems.
This document provides an overview of basics of electrical engineering including wires, cables, types of wires, three core wire, cable structure, cable classification, cable grading, cable termination, cable safety, and electrical joints. It also discusses Ohm's law, electric circuits including series and parallel circuits, and mixed circuits. Key topics covered include that wire thickness must match power needs, common wire types like PVC and their uses, color coding in wiring, cable components, and calculating equivalent resistances in various circuit configurations.
study of lightning arrester ' working principal and working of lighning and construction of lightning arrester. and at the end what are the types of lightning arrester how these types are different from each other and what is their working principal and which is used mostly on 500kva substation.
This study examines the impact of resistance and non-resistance discharge circuits on power consumption in wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM). The researchers found that non-resistance circuits consume less power than resistance circuits, with savings of up to 6 kilowatt-hours after 7 hours of machining. Non-resistance circuits also recycle and reuse energy discharged through the workpiece and electrode, reducing power consumption by 10-20% compared to traditional resistance circuits. The study concludes that non-resistance circuits significantly reduce power usage and temperature generation during long-duration WEDM processes.
This document discusses proper techniques for connecting audio equipment to prevent ground loops and noise. It recommends:
1) Using balanced connections with three-conductor shielded cables and tying the cable shield to the chassis ground at both ends to guarantee hum-free results.
2) If using unbalanced equipment, transformer isolating the connections to prevent unwanted hum and noise from ground loops between balanced and unbalanced equipment.
3) As a last resort, using special cable assemblies that prevent shield currents from entering equipment with improper grounding schemes that could introduce noise into the audio signal. Proper grounding techniques are important to ensure plug-and-play capability without hum or noise issues.
The document discusses proper earthing and grounding practices for electrical systems, noting that earthing works like a drainage system to dissipate fault currents and prevent voltage build up, and that using a mesh of conductors increases the rate of dissipation. It also highlights the importance of minimizing impedance in earthing paths to reduce noise currents, and providing separate earthing of shields for data cables to prevent noise infiltration.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
The document discusses best practices for minimizing electrical noise in control panels. It covers techniques like high frequency bonding, segregating noisy components, shielding, filtering, and contact suppression. Proper grounding and bonding helps ensure all metalwork is at the same electrical potential to reduce common mode noise, while techniques like shielded cables and physical separation of components can shield noise victims from noise sources.
1)Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors.pdfsanjeevtandonsre
1)
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted
together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external
sources.
A shielded cable is an electrical cable of one or more insulated conductors enclosed by a
common conductive layer.
The shield may be composed of braided strands ofcopper (or other metal, such as aluminium), a
non-braided spiral winding of copper tape, or a layer of conducting polymer.
Usually this shield is covered with a jacket.
The shield acts as a Faraday cage to reduce electrical noise from affecting the signals, and to
reduce electromagnetic radiation that may interfere with other devices.
The shield minimizes capacitively coupled noise from other electrical sources.
The shield must be applied across cable splices.
In shielded signal cables the shield may act as the return path for the signal, or may act as
screening only.
High voltage power cables with solid insulation are shielded to protect the cable insulation,
people and equipment.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) has four pairs of wires with each wire in each pair twisted together.
The difference is that STP is surrounded with a foil shield and copper braided around the wires
that allows more protection from any external electromagnetic interference.
2)
Advantages:
Better protection from crosstalk.
Better protection from external interference.
Secured data transmission.
Disadvantages:
The maximum cable length with no signal regenerating device is 100 meters, with a maximum
data transfer rate is 500 Mbps.
STP cables work by attracting interference to the shield, then running it off into a grounded
cable. If the cable is improperly grounded, then its noise-canceling capabilities are severely
compromised
STP cables are bigger than UTP cables, and are more expensive.
STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.
c)
150 Ohm Shielded Cable - Defines a cable in which twisted pairs are individually covered in a
foil shield and again enclosed in an outer braided wire shield. The shielding helps to minimize
EMI and crosstalk. The maximum signaling frequency is 16 MHz.
All known 150- W STP-A LAN applications use the pairs unidirectionally: one pair for data
traveling in one direction and the other pair for data traveling in the opposite direction. As a
result, problems with near-end echoes don\'t arise, because when you transmit on one pair, you
are not also listening on that same pair.
Why is 150- W STP-A always used in the unidirectional mode?
The reason has to do with the typical development scenario for most LAN-type products.
Early in their life, several high-speed LAN standards historically endorsed 150- W STP-A,
because the bandwidth of the cable is so great that it is easy to make it work.
The early adopters that purchase new LAN standards are often willing to undergo the pain of
150- W STP-A installation in order to gain the benefits of bleeding-edge LAN technology. Later,
as the .
This document provides guidelines for laying out analog circuit boards to minimize noise. It recommends using multilayer boards with separate analog and digital ground and power planes. Traces should be short and avoid loops or 90 degree turns. Digital signals should be routed away from analog components. Bypass capacitors are needed at power inputs and op amps to filter different frequency ranges. Following these techniques can help reduce conducted and radiated noise by 20 decibels or more.
This document discusses techniques for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in analytical measurements. It describes what the signal-to-noise ratio is and explains common sources of noise like thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise. It then discusses various hardware and software methods for improving the SNR, such as shielding, grounding, difference amplifiers, filtering (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass), ensemble averaging, and moving averages. Modulation and lock-in amplifiers are also covered as techniques to extract low-level signals from noise.
This document summarizes the design of an antenna and impedance matching network for a communications system that transmits music wirelessly. The author designed a quarter wave transformer (QWT) antenna using a loading coil to reduce the physical length while maintaining the required electrical length. Testing different connection points on the antenna improved the frequency and amplitude of the transmitted signal. Impedance matching was achieved through trial and error, improving the reception range from 1 foot to 12 feet.
This document provides information and safety guidelines for electrical work. It discusses checking for wires before cutting walls, obtaining certificates for work, turning off power when working on circuits. It also summarizes types of electrical equipment, how household electrical systems work with main units and consumer boxes distributing power, basic equations for calculating circuits, types of cables and flex, and guidelines for ring main and radial wiring circuits. Safety is emphasized throughout, including ensuring no accidental power restoration.
This document discusses different types of sound sensors and transducers. It describes various audio to electrical sensors including moving coil microphones, moving iron microphones, and capacitor microphones. It explains how these different microphones work by converting sound wave vibrations into electrical signals using mechanisms like a vibrating diaphragm and magnets. The document also covers ultrasonic and infrasound sensors. It provides details on electrical to audio transducers and how speakers convert electrical signals back into sound waves.
This document discusses noise and interference in biopotential recording. It begins by defining noise and interference, then classifies noise sources as either internal (thermal, contact, shot) or external (conductive coupling, electric and magnetic fields, power line interference). It describes strategies for measuring noise using SNR and noise factor. The document then reviews techniques for noise reduction, including using short, shielded wires, differential amplifiers, common mode rejection, and twisting or shielding wires. It concludes by listing some references on the topic.
This document discusses noise and interference in biopotential recording. It begins by defining noise and interference, then classifies noise sources as either internal (thermal, contact, shot) or external (conductive coupling, electric and magnetic fields, power line interference). It describes techniques for measuring noise using SNR and noise factor. Methods for noise reduction include using short, shielded wires, grounding properly, twisting wires, and using differential amplifiers with high common-mode rejection.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication. It describes antennas such as dipole antennas, horn antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and antenna arrays. Dipole antennas are simple and widely used. They consist of two conductive elements that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Horn antennas guide radio waves into a beam but have limited directivity. Parabolic dish antennas have high gain and directivity due to their distinctive parabolic shape. Antenna arrays combine the radiation patterns of individual antenna elements to provide benefits such as high gain and directivity.
Instrumentation Cable In India are a couple of conductor cables that carry low strength electric indicators used for tracking or controlling electric strength structures and their related approaches.
this topic covered guided media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable and their working process advantages and applications.
Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are guided media that provide a conduit for transmission. Twisted-pair cable reduces noise through regular twisting of the wire pairs. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable is commonly used for telephone and Ethernet connections while shielded twisted-pair (STP) provides better noise shielding but is more expensive. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulating and outer conducting layers to carry higher frequency signals than twisted pair over longer distances.
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Reducing Noise in Very Sensitive Load Cell Applications
1. Phone Number: 1-800-550-0280
Contact Email: contact@tacunasystems.com
Website: https://tacunasystems.com/
Reducing Noise in Very Sensitive
Load Cell Applications
Preface
Load cells produce very small voltages, on the order of millivolts, when measuring a
force. Consequently, any unwanted voltage from the load cell, like that induced from
noise in the environment, actually represents an error in the measurement.
Therefore, when making very sensitive load cell measurements it’s imperative to re-
duce the effects of environmental noise as much as possible. This article contains
some best practices for reducing the effects of electrostatic and electromagnetic
noise in sensitive load cell applications.
Sources of Noise
Almost every electronic device emanates some kind of electrical power which can in-
duce noise in a load cell circuit and impact the accuracy of the measurement. To
simplify, there are two general categories of this induced noise: conducted noise and
radiated noise.
2. Conducted noise, which is the result of an electrostatic field generated by a changing
voltage, enters load cell circuitry through capacitive coupling. Therefore, any conduc-
tor carrying a changing voltage has the potential (no pun intended) to inject noise
into the system. This includes everything from power supply cables to printed circuit
board (PCB) traces. Since capacitance increases with proximity, the closer the noise
source, the higher the capacitance and the greater the injected noise.
Radiated noise is the result of alternating electromagnetic fields or permanent mag-
nets. The signal wires in load cell applications act as antennas for this radiated
noise.
Similar to conducted noise, the closer the source of the magnetic fields to the signal
wires, the greater the noise effect will be. So, items like motors and transformers,
which produce relatively strong magnetic fields, need to be considered when elimi-
nating noise from the environment.
Best Practices for Minimizing Noise in Load
Cell Applications
3. Cabling
Perhaps the single most important decision you can make to eliminate noise is the
cable you choose for the signals in the load cell circuit. If you can get your hands on
it, use instrumentation cable specifically designed for these types of applications.
Since you need to transport two signals, the excitation voltage and the output signal,
you’ll need two pairs of wires.
4. Each pair must be twisted to reduce coupling capacitance. If they’re not twisted, twist
it manually using a drill to create an unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Ideally, you’d like
both pairs of UTP wrapped in their own shield to reduce the effects of cross talk be-
tween the cables, but that isn’t always possible. At the very least, you’ll want to have
both UTP cables shielded together to reduce effects from radiated noise.
All cables in a load cell circuit should be kept as short as possible to minimize noise
induction. If you can, avoid using a spliced cable, as the splice junction is an oppor-
tunity for noise to enter the system. If you do have to splice cables in the field, be
sure to keep the shield/drain wire intact and solder or secure screw/crimp the splice.
You may also want to consider using a cable splicing kit.
Grounding
If cable choice is the most important decision, then system grounding comes right af-
ter it. In this case, grounding includes both signal cables and power cords. For start-
ers, you’ll want to ground all of the shields in the instrumentation cable at the same
point, ideally at the instrumentation end of the cable. If you use grounding wires, use
the largest gauge possible and keep them as short as possible. And never ground
the signal cable at more than one location.
That creates the opportunity for ground loops. In the event you have unused conduc-
tors in a signal cable, don’t leave them disconnected because they’ll act like anten-
nas. Be sure to ground the signal conductors and any shield around them. With re-
spect to power cable grounding, plug all the signal-handling equipment into a single
power strip if you can. That way all the equipment will utilize a common ground.
Amplifiers
You’re going to need an instrumentation amplifier for your load cell measurements.
The best instrumentation amplifiers today use three operational amplifiers (op amps)
arranged in two stages: a two-op-amp preamp, followed by a difference amplifier.
Instrumentation amplifiers can actually help reduce the effects from noise in the envi-
ronment. Noise on the two signal wires is proportional to how close the two wires
are. Twisted wires are very close, which means the noise signals on both wires are
almost identical. This is an important property if you want the amplifier to eliminate
the noise.
Filters
The best type of load cell noise filter for this application is known as a sinc filter. This
is a software-based signal processing application that emulates an ideal filter, re-
moving all frequency components above a given cutoff frequency without affecting
lower frequencies.
Unfortunately, this is not a DIY filter, but there are some alternatives such as soft-
ware averaging or simple averaging in Excel.
Other Considerations
5. What bridge configuration should you use to minimize the impacts of environ-
mental noise?
The full bridge is the optimal choice. Since all four legs are occupied by nearly identi-
cal gauges, the result is better common-mode rejection and higher signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR). If you cannot deploy a full bridge, then, in this order, you should choose
a 3/4 bridge, a half bridge and finally a quarter bridge with a 3-wire setup.
What physical configurations can you implement?
In a very noisy environment, it’s a good idea to cover strain gauges and lead wires
with aluminum or tin-plated copper foil to shield them from radiated noise. If you do
use a foil shield, you’ll want to ground it where you ground the signal shields, and
make sure you don’t short out the solder joints by first coating them in sealant or with
rubber, Teflon or Kapton tape.
Always do your best to move electronic and radiating devices as far away from the
measurement circuit as possible. This includes items such as fluorescent light bulbs,
WiFi routers and even soldering irons. Finally, if you’re using magnetic shields to
protect the system from radiated signals, make sure you use specially-designed,
high-permeability alloys (e.g., mu-metal®
) that have been developed specifically for
magnetic shielding.
Conclusion
Noise affects the accuracy of load cell measurements. Though load cell noise is in-
evitable in nearly all environments, you can minimize its impact through strategic
connection and configuration techniques.
Phone Number: 1-800-550-0280
Contact Email: contact@tacunasystems.com
Website: https://tacunasystems.com/