World Health Organization provides reliable information about health performance of countries around the global. In most of their periodical data, sub Saharan Africa kept performing poorly in relation to most health indicators such as maternal mortality, child mortality, HIV AIDS rate, health financing, vaccination coverage for under 1year child and others. A major challenge in the health indicators is the high Total Fertility Rate of West African countries, with some countries recording Total Fertility Rate of six children per woman in her reproductive age. Many researchers have focused in Total Fertility reduction as a way of reducing the poor quality of health in West Africa, but fertility control efforts have not yielded the needed outcomes, as usage of contraceptives in the region is not encouraging. This study used World Health Organizations statistics data for 2017 to established the fact that Maternal and Infant Mortality can be reduced not only by reducing the high Total Fertility Rate but also by increasing the yearly expenditure on health, increasing vaccination coverage, increase the number of skilled birth attendants, while providing other needed health inputs. The paper revealed significant association between total fertility rate and maternal mortality, child mortality and stunting growth of children. The positive association between total fertility and other variables show the high total fertility rate is impacting negatively on the other variables. Hence the need to control fertility rate in West Africa as it will lead to heath systems improvement in the region. Ahotovi Thomas Ahoto | Lokmani Giri | Stanley Kofi Alor "Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality in West Africa: Improve Health Indicators for Mother and Child Well-Being" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33033.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33033/reducing-maternal-and-child-mortality-in-west-africa-improve-health-indicators-for-mother-and-child-wellbeing/ahotovi-thomas-ahoto
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Saharsa_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Improving nutrition in Mizoram:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Mizoram, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include a reduction in infant and child mortality rates but stagnating rates of undernutrition. Stunting prevalence among children under 5 declined slightly from 28% to 29% between 2015-2016 and 2019-2020, while wasting increased from 7% to 10%. Anemia among children under 5 sharply increased from 20% to 46% over the same period. The document analyzes district-level variations and numbers of children affected by different forms of undernutrition.
Improving nutrition in Tripura:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Karnataka:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
The document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Karnataka, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition among children and women has declined over time but inter-district disparities remain. Stunting prevalence in the state was 35% in 2019-20.
- Overweight/obesity and non-communicable diseases are increasing among both children and adults.
- The highest burdens of undernutrition are found in densely populated districts like Bangalore, Belgaum, and Gulbarga.
- National and state policies have increasingly prioritized nutrition but focus remains on health programs rather than underlying causes of poverty and food insecurity.
Improving nutrition in Goa: Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervention...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Kerala:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Trends in outcomes, determi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Himachal Pradesh: Trends in outcomes, determinants and...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Saharsa_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Improving nutrition in Mizoram:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Mizoram, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include a reduction in infant and child mortality rates but stagnating rates of undernutrition. Stunting prevalence among children under 5 declined slightly from 28% to 29% between 2015-2016 and 2019-2020, while wasting increased from 7% to 10%. Anemia among children under 5 sharply increased from 20% to 46% over the same period. The document analyzes district-level variations and numbers of children affected by different forms of undernutrition.
Improving nutrition in Tripura:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Karnataka:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
The document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Karnataka, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition among children and women has declined over time but inter-district disparities remain. Stunting prevalence in the state was 35% in 2019-20.
- Overweight/obesity and non-communicable diseases are increasing among both children and adults.
- The highest burdens of undernutrition are found in densely populated districts like Bangalore, Belgaum, and Gulbarga.
- National and state policies have increasingly prioritized nutrition but focus remains on health programs rather than underlying causes of poverty and food insecurity.
Improving nutrition in Goa: Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervention...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Kerala:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Trends in outcomes, determi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Himachal Pradesh: Trends in outcomes, determinants and...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Sikkim:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Nagaland:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interven...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Maharashtra:Trends in outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Andhra Pradesh: Trends in outcomes, determinants and i...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Andhra Pradesh between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include a reduction in undernutrition rates like stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under 5 between 2005-06 and 2019-20. However, inter-district variability exists, with some districts still having high rates above thresholds of concern. The number of undernourished children remains high in several districts like Kurnool, Anantapur, and Visakhapatnam. Overweight and non-communicable diseases are emerging issues as well.
Improving nutrition in West Bengal:Trends in outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Early interpretations of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version.
Improving nutrition in Manipur:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Gujarat: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interven...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Telangana:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Jammu & Kashmir: Trends in outcomes, determinants and ...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Munger_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Improving nutrition in Meghalaya:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Meghalaya, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition rates among children under 5 have declined over time but remain high, with stunting at 47% and wasting at 12% in 2019-20.
- The districts of East Khasi Hills and West Garo Hills have the highest numbers of stunted, wasted, and underweight children.
- Anemia among children has decreased from 48% to 45% from 2015-16 to 2019-20.
- Overweight and obesity as well as non-communicable diseases are emerging issues, with rates increasing over time.
Improving nutrition in Bihar: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
1) Nutrition outcomes in Bihar have improved between 2006-2020 but undernutrition levels remain high, with stunting at 43%, wasting at 23% and severe wasting at 9% according to the latest NFHS data.
2) Intervention coverage and underlying determinants like access to sanitation and healthcare have also improved but poverty, food insecurity and lack of women's empowerment continue affecting nutrition levels.
3) The National Nutrition Mission launched in 2018 aims to strengthen programs focused on ICDS, health and sanitation but does not directly address poverty alleviation which is a major underlying cause of undernutrition in Bihar.
Cost implications of scaling up essential nutrition interventions in India an...POSHAN
This presentation was made by Suman Chakrabarti (IFPRI) in the session on ‘Big numbers about small children: Research on nutrition financing’ at the POSHAN Conference "Delivering for Nutrition in India Learnings from Implementation Research", November 9–10, 2016, New Delhi.
For more information about the conference visit our website: www.poshan.ifpri.info
Improving nutrition in Ladakh:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This document summarizes trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Ladakh, India between 2006-2019. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition among children declined overall but inter-district variability remains. Stunting declined the most while wasting reduction slowed.
- Overweight/obesity increased among all groups, as did non-communicable diseases.
- Coverage of nutrition interventions expanded significantly but underlying causes like poverty and food insecurity were not directly addressed.
How is India doing on the global nutrition targets?POSHAN
The document analyzes India's progress towards global nutrition targets. It shows that between 2006-2015, India has seen declines in childhood stunting, anemia in women, and low birth weight rates according to national survey data, though some targets remain unmet. Progress varied by state, with some seeing bigger reductions in malnutrition rates than others. Most states also saw increases in exclusive breastfeeding rates over this period.
The document discusses strategies to improve child survival globally and reduce child mortality. It states that nearly 10 million children die before their 5th birthday annually, mostly from preventable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles and malnutrition. Over 8 in 10 of these deaths could be avoided with timely access to basic healthcare. The document then outlines several evidence-based interventions to improve child survival, including integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI), community case management (CCM), immunizations, and preventative measures like breastfeeding and insecticide-treated bednets. It emphasizes scaling up access to essential services, improving quality of care, increasing demand for healthcare, and supporting innovation and policies to promote child survival.
The global in-vitro fertilization (IVF) market was valued at US$XX billion in 2014 and is projected to grow to US$XX billion by 2019. Rising infertility rates due to increasing maternal age and lifestyle factors are driving demand for IVF treatment. The success rate of IVF decreases with age, with approximately 70% of IVF attempts failing. The US market is the largest contributor currently, but the Asia Pacific region is expected to see the fastest growth over the forecast period due to improving healthcare infrastructure and medical tourism in countries like India. However, the high cost of IVF treatment remains a major challenge limiting market expansion.
Improving nutrition in Assam: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Awareness and practices of family planning in the wa municipalityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined awareness and practices of family planning in Wa Municipality, Ghana. It begins with an introduction that provides background on high fertility rates in Ghana and the need for family planning. The study aims to analyze determinants of family planning practices and examine awareness/knowledge levels. A literature review covers factors influencing contraceptive use and definitions of key terms. Data were collected through surveys and analyzed using statistical methods like logistic regression to identify relationships between family planning adoption and socioeconomic/demographic predictors. The findings provide insight into family planning awareness, knowledge and practices in the given region of Ghana.
Improving nutrition in Sikkim:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Nagaland:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interven...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Maharashtra:Trends in outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Andhra Pradesh: Trends in outcomes, determinants and i...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Andhra Pradesh between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include a reduction in undernutrition rates like stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under 5 between 2005-06 and 2019-20. However, inter-district variability exists, with some districts still having high rates above thresholds of concern. The number of undernourished children remains high in several districts like Kurnool, Anantapur, and Visakhapatnam. Overweight and non-communicable diseases are emerging issues as well.
Improving nutrition in West Bengal:Trends in outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Early interpretations of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants and inter...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version.
Improving nutrition in Manipur:Trends in outcomes, determinants and intervent...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Gujarat: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interven...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Telangana:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Improving nutrition in Jammu & Kashmir: Trends in outcomes, determinants and ...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Munger_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Improving nutrition in Meghalaya:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interve...POSHAN
This document provides an overview of trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Meghalaya, India between 2006 and 2020. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition rates among children under 5 have declined over time but remain high, with stunting at 47% and wasting at 12% in 2019-20.
- The districts of East Khasi Hills and West Garo Hills have the highest numbers of stunted, wasted, and underweight children.
- Anemia among children has decreased from 48% to 45% from 2015-16 to 2019-20.
- Overweight and obesity as well as non-communicable diseases are emerging issues, with rates increasing over time.
Improving nutrition in Bihar: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
1) Nutrition outcomes in Bihar have improved between 2006-2020 but undernutrition levels remain high, with stunting at 43%, wasting at 23% and severe wasting at 9% according to the latest NFHS data.
2) Intervention coverage and underlying determinants like access to sanitation and healthcare have also improved but poverty, food insecurity and lack of women's empowerment continue affecting nutrition levels.
3) The National Nutrition Mission launched in 2018 aims to strengthen programs focused on ICDS, health and sanitation but does not directly address poverty alleviation which is a major underlying cause of undernutrition in Bihar.
Cost implications of scaling up essential nutrition interventions in India an...POSHAN
This presentation was made by Suman Chakrabarti (IFPRI) in the session on ‘Big numbers about small children: Research on nutrition financing’ at the POSHAN Conference "Delivering for Nutrition in India Learnings from Implementation Research", November 9–10, 2016, New Delhi.
For more information about the conference visit our website: www.poshan.ifpri.info
Improving nutrition in Ladakh:Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This document summarizes trends in nutrition outcomes, determinants, and interventions in Ladakh, India between 2006-2019. Key findings include:
- Undernutrition among children declined overall but inter-district variability remains. Stunting declined the most while wasting reduction slowed.
- Overweight/obesity increased among all groups, as did non-communicable diseases.
- Coverage of nutrition interventions expanded significantly but underlying causes like poverty and food insecurity were not directly addressed.
How is India doing on the global nutrition targets?POSHAN
The document analyzes India's progress towards global nutrition targets. It shows that between 2006-2015, India has seen declines in childhood stunting, anemia in women, and low birth weight rates according to national survey data, though some targets remain unmet. Progress varied by state, with some seeing bigger reductions in malnutrition rates than others. Most states also saw increases in exclusive breastfeeding rates over this period.
The document discusses strategies to improve child survival globally and reduce child mortality. It states that nearly 10 million children die before their 5th birthday annually, mostly from preventable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles and malnutrition. Over 8 in 10 of these deaths could be avoided with timely access to basic healthcare. The document then outlines several evidence-based interventions to improve child survival, including integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI), community case management (CCM), immunizations, and preventative measures like breastfeeding and insecticide-treated bednets. It emphasizes scaling up access to essential services, improving quality of care, increasing demand for healthcare, and supporting innovation and policies to promote child survival.
The global in-vitro fertilization (IVF) market was valued at US$XX billion in 2014 and is projected to grow to US$XX billion by 2019. Rising infertility rates due to increasing maternal age and lifestyle factors are driving demand for IVF treatment. The success rate of IVF decreases with age, with approximately 70% of IVF attempts failing. The US market is the largest contributor currently, but the Asia Pacific region is expected to see the fastest growth over the forecast period due to improving healthcare infrastructure and medical tourism in countries like India. However, the high cost of IVF treatment remains a major challenge limiting market expansion.
Improving nutrition in Assam: Trends in outcomes, determinants and interventi...POSHAN
This slide deck is an evolving work in progress, with updates being made frequently. If you want to use or cite this, please email us at IFPRI-POSHAN@cgiar.org to receive the most updated version
Awareness and practices of family planning in the wa municipalityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined awareness and practices of family planning in Wa Municipality, Ghana. It begins with an introduction that provides background on high fertility rates in Ghana and the need for family planning. The study aims to analyze determinants of family planning practices and examine awareness/knowledge levels. A literature review covers factors influencing contraceptive use and definitions of key terms. Data were collected through surveys and analyzed using statistical methods like logistic regression to identify relationships between family planning adoption and socioeconomic/demographic predictors. The findings provide insight into family planning awareness, knowledge and practices in the given region of Ghana.
Professor Lanre Olaniyan: Family Planning, COVID-19 Pandemic and Progress Tow...NigeriaFamilyPlannin
This was presented at the guest lecture on the second day of the 6th Nigeria Family Planning Conference which happened in Abuja from December 7 - 11, 2020.
Gabon has made progress toward reducing maternal and child mortality but still lags behind on some indicators. The under-five mortality rate decreased to 56 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013 from 94 in 2000. Leading causes of child death are neonatal causes (41%), malaria (19%), and pneumonia (10%). Maternal mortality remains high at 342 deaths per 100,000 live births, with postpartum hemorrhage as the leading cause. Coverage of key interventions is variable, with high antenatal care attendance but lower coverage of services around childbirth. Inequities in coverage exist between wealth quintiles. Continued efforts are needed to improve newborn and maternal health and close gaps in coverage, especially among
‘Every year, 9.2 million young children (including 3.7 million newborns) and 536,000 mothers die during pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 76 million unintended pregnancies occur worldwide. The need for strengthened family planning efforts is imperative if the MDGs are to be achieved
The document discusses the importance of family planning in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) related to reducing child mortality and improving maternal health. It notes that family planning can help reduce unintended pregnancies and slow population growth, making it easier and more affordable to achieve the MDGs. The document then provides background on Nigeria's demographic and family planning situation, and discusses how the NURHI project aims to increase access to and use of modern contraceptives in urban areas through integrated supply and demand initiatives.
Under Five Child Mortality Experience from Bangladeshijtsrd
Under five mortality rates is a key indicator for several development policies, targets and programs. However, relevant source of data on causes of death are not available in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Because sometimes the information is hidden with the various causes of risk. The main purpose of this study is to find out some different cases of child mortality with the various causes. The paper reveals that several characteristics socioeconomic, demographic, health related disease and non disease are affecting child mortality. Juliet Reberio "Under Five Child Mortality: Experience from Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42601.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/other/42601/under-five-child-mortality-experience-from-bangladesh/juliet-reberio
FP2020 Measurement Report 2015 compressedNina Miller
This document provides a summary of progress toward FP2020 goals based on core indicators. Key points include:
- 24.4 million additional women are using modern contraception, bringing the total to 290.6 million but 10.1 million short of the 2015 goal.
- Modern contraceptive prevalence has increased from 32% to 33.2% on average across focus countries between 2012-2015.
- An estimated 133 million women in focus countries have an unmet need for family planning.
- Use of modern contraception in focus countries in 2015 averted 80 million unintended pregnancies, 26.8 million unsafe abortions, and 111,000 maternal deaths compared to 2012.
- Contra
The document discusses accountability for women's, children's and adolescents' health in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) significantly reduced maternal and child mortality, rates remain unacceptably high. The SDGs launched in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives for all at all ages. A new Global Strategy aligned with the SDGs provides a roadmap to end preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030. The Independent Accountability Panel will prepare annual reports on progress using data from UN agencies and others to ensure accountability. Better data and national leadership are crucial to true accountability.
Philippines HDI Value and Ranking and Highlights of the 5th MDG Progress Reportkukaii
The document discusses the Philippines' progress on human development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals based on two reports. It finds that:
1) The Philippines' Human Development Index increased 16.5% from 1980 to 2013, ranking 117 out of 187 countries, though inequality lowers the index by 18.1%.
2) The Philippines has made high progress on reducing food poverty, boosting education rates, empowering women, and improving access to water and sanitation, but medium progress on reducing income poverty and nutrition levels.
3) Several Millennium Development Goals on reducing poverty, hunger, disease, and improving education, gender equality and environmental sustainability are on track to be met by 2015
Nutrition outcomes of under-five children of smallholder farm households: do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with the National Nutrition Committee (ASRT affiliated): "100 million healthy lives: Scientific evidence on the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt"
Nutrition Outcomes of Under-five Children of Smallholder Farm Households: Do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
195 place personnel & recollection three modalities on antenatal and new...ijtsrd
The involvement of CHWs in the state of UP has a long history since the 70s and currently it is the key strategy to percolate primary health care to the masses through the Front Line Workers like the Accredited Social Health Activists ASHA and the Angan Wadi Workers AWW . Dr. Tridibesh Tripathy | Dr. Uma Kant Prusty "Place, Personnel & Recollection- Three Modalities on Antenatal and Newborn Care Messages for Recently Delivered Women in Uttar Pradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30774.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/30774/place-personnel-and-recollection-three-modalities-on-antenatal-and-newborn-care-messages-for-recently-delivered-women-in-uttar-pradesh-india/dr-tridibesh-tripathy
Progress, Challenges and Opportunities for Vaccines to Reduce Under-5 Childho...Sara Berlanda
In this slideset, Professor Shabir Madhi, WAidid board member, analyses the trends in global and sub-Saharan Africa under-5 childhood mortality, to then demonstrate the contribution of new childhood vaccines in reducing under-5/neonatal morbidity and mortality by vaccination.
To learn more, visit www.waidid.org!
Prepared by:
Richmond Aryeetey (University of Ghana), Afua Atuobi-Yeboah (University of Ghana), Mara van den Bold (International Food Policy Research Institute), Nick Nisbett (Institute of Development Studies)
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
This document provides an overview and analysis of progress towards universal access to reproductive health and family planning based on key indicators. Some key points:
- Globally, contraceptive use has increased to two-thirds of married women, but 12% still have unmet need. The most common methods are female sterilization and IUD.
- Over 80% of married women's family planning needs are satisfied globally, but less than half in Africa.
- 15.3 million adolescent girls give birth each year. Adolescent contraceptive use and access to family planning services lag behind other age groups.
- Disparities exist based on location, education, and wealth. Rural, less educated and poorer
This document summarizes the key points from an analysis of accelerating progress on MDG 5 in Nigeria using the MDGs Acceleration Framework. It provides justifications for selecting MDG 5, including its importance to the government's agenda and addressing disparities across zones. Key data on Nigeria's maternal mortality ratio, causes of maternal death, and coverage of interventions is presented. The analysis identified five priority interventions within MDG 5: family planning, skilled birth attendants, emergency obstetric and newborn care, universal antenatal and postnatal care coverage, and an improved referral system. Bottlenecks within these areas were also identified.
This study examined the utilization of skilled birth attendance among women in Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. The researchers found that:
1) Only 26.8% of mothers gave birth at a health facility, attended by a skilled birth attendant.
2) Younger age, higher education levels, fewer births, more antenatal care visits, previous facility delivery experience, and greater maternal knowledge were associated with increased use of skilled birth attendance.
3) Reasons for preferring home delivery over facilities included the proximity of traditional birth attendants and perceptions of unclean equipment, lack of supplies, and unfriendly providers at facilities.
Similar to Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality in West Africa Improve Health Indicators for Mother and Child Well Being (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33033 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1121
Since the focus of the study is to evaluate how maternal
mortality, child mortality and stunting growth can be
reduced in west Africa. Data of 2015 in relation to the 15
west Africa countries was extracted. Countries involved in
the study are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, CoteD’Ivoire,
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger,
Nigeria. Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.
Key health indicators selected were; Health Expenditure,
Skilled Health Professionals’Density, SkilledBirthAttendant,
Total Fertility Rate, Vaccination Coverage, Maternal
Mortality, Child Mortality and Stunting Growth in Children.
Data was analyzed using statistical software STATA 15,
natural logarithm use to bring the figure in the data under a
single unit. Pair wise Correlation was used to show
association between variables since the interest of the study
is to establishassociations between the healthindicatorsand
identify the indicators when controlled can help reduce
maternal mortality, child mortality and stunting growth in
west Africa.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33033 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1122
RESULTS
Figure 1.0 World Health Organization’s health indicators and years recorded
COUNTRIES
Health
expenditure %
skill health
professionals
per 1000
population
skilled birth
attendant %
Vaccine
coverage per
1 year old %
Total Fertility
Children per
woman
Maternal
mortality per
100,000
Life births
Child mortality
per 1000
Life births
Stunting
growth
Under 5years
%
Benin
9.6
(2014)
7.5
(2005-2015)
77
(2015 - 2016)
79 (2015)
4.7
(2010 - 2015)
408 (2015) 99.5(2015)
30.4
(2015-2016)
Burkina
Faso
11.2
(2014)
6.8
(2005-2015)
66
(2015 - 2016)
91(2015)
5.6
(2010 - 2015)
371(2015) 88.6(2015)
27.3
(2015-2016)
Cape Verde
11.6
(2014)
8.7
(2005 - 2015)
92
(2015 - 2016)
93(2015)
2.4
(2010 - 2015)
42(2015) 24.5(2015) -
Côte
d'Ivoire
7.3
(2014)
6.2
(2005 - 2015)
59
(2015 - 2016)
83(2015)
5.1
(2010 - 2015)
645(2015) 92.6(2015)
29.6
(2015-2016)
The Gambia
15.3
(2014)
10.0
(2005 -2015 )
57
(2015 - 2016)
97(2015)
5.8
(2010 - 2015)
706(2015) 68.9(2015)
25.0
(2015-2016)
Ghana
6.8
(2014)
10.2
(2005 - 2015)
71
(2015 - 2016)
88(2015)
4.2
(2010 - 2015)
319(2015) 61.6(2015)
18.8
(2015-2016)
Guinea
9.0
(2014)
-
45
(2015 - 2016)
51(2015)
5.1
(2010 - 2015)
679(2015) 93.7(2015)
31.3
(2015-2016)
G-Bissau
7.8
(2014)
7.3
(2005 - 2015)
45
(2015 - 2016 )
80(2015)
5.0
(2010 - 2015)
549(2015) 92.5(2015)
27.2
(2015-2016)
Liberia
11.9
(2014)
2.8
(2010 - 2015)
61
( 2015 - 2016)
52(2015)
4.8
(2010 - 2015)
725(2015) 69.9(2015)
32.1
(2015-2016)
Mali
7.0
(2014)
5.3
(2010 - 2015)
49
(2015 - 2016)
68(2015)
6.4
(2010 - 2015)
587(2015) 114.7(2015)
38.5
(2015-2016)
Mauritania
6.0
(2014)
7.4
(2010 - 2015)
56
(2015 - 2016)
73(2015)
4.7
(2010 - 2015)
602(2015) 84.7 (2015)
27.9
(2015-2016)
Niger
5.6
(2014)
1.6
(2010 - 2015)
40
(2015 - 2016)
65(2015)
7.6
(2010 - 2015)
553(2015) 95.5(2015)
43.0
(2015-2016)
Nigeria
8.0
(2014)
18.3
(2010 - 2015)
35
(2015 - 2016)
56(2015)
5.7
(2010 - 2015)
814(2015) 108.5(2015)
32.9
(2015-2016)
Senegal
10.8
(2014)
4.9
(2010 - 2015)
53
(2016 - 2016)
89(2015)
5.2
(2010 - 2015)
315(2015) 47.2(2015)
20.5
(2015-2016)
SerialLeone
3.4
(2014)
3.4
(2010 - 2015)
60
(2015 - 2016)
86(2015)
4.8
(2010 - 2015)
1360(2015) 120.4(2015)
37.9
(2015-2016)
Togo
7.8
(2014)
3.6
(2010 - 2015)
45
(2015 - 2016)
88(2015)
4.7
(2010 - 2015)
368(2015) 70.4(2015)
27.5(2015-
2016)
Data Sources: World Health Statistics 2017 And World Fertility Patterns 2015 (countries, health indicators and years)
FIGURE 1.1 VARIABLES AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS
Variables Abbreviations
HED Health Expenditure
SHP Skilled Health Professionals
SBA Skilled Birth Attendants
VC Vaccination Coverage
TFT Total Fertility Rate
MM Maternal Mortality
CM Child Mortality
SG Stunting Growth Among Children
Figure 1.2shows positive association between SBAand VC coefficient 0.5164, indicatingwhen SBAgoes up VCwill also go up.
But negativeassociations exist between SBA and the following variables TFTcoeficient -0.6895,MMcoefficient-0.5722andCM
coefficient -0.5419 meaning when SBA goes up TFT, MM. and CM will decline. Also TFT has positive associationwith
MMcoefficient 0.7389, CM0.7557 and TG coefficient 0.5955, indicating reduction inTFTwillleadtoreductioninMM,CMandSG
and viceversa. MM is also positively associated with cm 0.8708 and TG 0.6328 again decline in mm will lead to decline in CM
and TG.
Figure1.2 Pairwise correlation (association between health indicators) SIGNIFICANT AT 0.05+
HED SHP SBA VC FT MM CM TG
HED 1.0000
SHP 1.000 1.0000
SBA 0.1532 0.1532 1.0000
VC 0.1963 0.1963 0.5164* 1.0000
FT -0.3114 -0.3114 -0.6895* -0.3250 1.0000
MM -0.3114 -0.1873 -0.5722* -0.4083 0.7398* 1.0000
CM -0.1316 -0.1316 -0.5419* -0.3954 0.7557* 0.8708* 1.0000
TG -0.4763 -0.4763 -0.3946 -0.5177* 0.5955* 0.6328 * 0.8017* 1.000
Correlation coefficient is significant at P< 0.5*
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33033 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1123
DISCUSSION
Reliable data from World health organization’s annual and
periodical reports continuously expose the weaker health
systems of sub-Saharan African countries(Gautier & Ridde,
2017). With a trusted data from the above organization,
health systems of sub-Saharan African countries need to be
improved if most of the Sustainable Development Goals are
to be achieved(Lange & Klasen, 2017).
The heighten total fertility rate of sub-Saharan Africa
countries which stands at the average of 4.2 children per a
woman in her reproductive ages of 15 -49 years is the
highest on the globe(Haal, Smith, & Doorslaer, 2018). Niger
as at the year 2015 was recording fertility rate of 7.6 and
Gambia recording 5.8 in the same period (who, world health
stat, 2017). With these huge fertility turnovers, one may
expect increase in health expenditure(Gautier & Ridde,
2017), but most of these countries contributed less than
10% of their annual budgetary expenditure to health
delivery which are willfully inadequate(Witter et al., 2019).
Since most study relate high fertility to high maternal
mortality, stunting growth, child mortality and others(Lori,
Assistant, Starke, & Nurse-midwife, 2015), itwill be difficult
to expect a downward trend in maternal mortality, stunting
growth, child mortality and other when strategies such as
family planning put in place to apprehend the ever up
surging fertility rate in west Africa is not yielding theneeded
results(Hategeka, Ruton, & Law, 2019).
This study supports other studies which show growing
fertility rate has negative impact on maternal mortality,
stunting growth and child mortality( other factorsconstant.
Similar associations exist between fertility and child
mortality with positive correlation coefficient 0.7557.
fertility rate has been established as a determinant of
wellbeing of children Acheampong, Ejiofor, Salinas-miranda,
Wall, & Yu, 2019). Fertility rate is strongly correlated with
maternal mortality at of coeficient 0.7398 indicating when
fertility rate goes up maternal mortality will equally go up
holding all and mothers health (Lynn & Yadav, 2015) and
high fertility rate without the needed investment in health
delivery makes west Africa less a safer place for women and
children in terms of health delivery (Acheampong et al.,
2019).
The positive association between total fertility rate and the
above indicators, is a clearer call to the sub-Saharan Africa
countries, that reducing the fertility of the area is likely to
come with a lot of health benefits(Mihigo et al., 2019).
Comparing the fertility rate ofwest African countries to that
of other highly populated countries such as India and
China(world fertility, 2015), though the size of their
population is huge, their total fertility rate remained very
low which has contributed to the improvement of their
health systems (world have statistics, 2017). Equally the 15
countries of west African have high fertility rate with
worsening health systems making the geographical area to
continuously perform abysmally in WHO ratings(Umeh,
2017).
Stunting growth ofchildren, maternal and child mortality in
west Africa can also be reduced by fixing the disparities in
skilled pregnancy attendants and skilled delivery care
(Hategeka et al., 2019). Though there are availablerecordsof
disparities in healthcare in rural and urban areas, the
compounding issues is the unmatched number of skilled
birth attendants in the region (Yaya et al., 2018). Most
maternal andchild mortality occurred as the result of lackof
midwives and other health logistics in most parts of west
Africa(Hategeka et al., 2019). Though increasing number of
skilled birth attendant in the area may not result in absolute
elimination of maternal and infant mortality(Paul et al.,
2018), the figure may not have been higher ifmorefocuswas
put on training and supporting skilled birth delivery
(Edwards, 2018). As at 2015, Niger, Nigeria, Guinea and
Togo have less than 50% deliveries being supervised by
skilled birth attendants. Mother and infant lives are mostly
at riskwith theabsence of professional midwives(Iacoella&
Tirivayi, 2019). ironical sub-Saharan Africa with its huge
fertility rate hardly provide the needed number of skilled
birth attendants and other needed logistics for the safety of
mothers and children (Arendt, 2016).
While increase in the numberof skilled birth attendant will
result in the reduction number of maternal mortality
(Coburn, Restivo, & Shandra, 2015), training and equipping
midwives in the region to combat maternal and child
mortality remain a dream whichwill be hard to realized due
low allocation to health expenditure which is below the
Abuja Declaration of 2001 which demand Africa countries
invest at least 15% of their annual budget in health
delivery.(Akinlo & Sulola, 2019 and WHO,2002).
A critical tool in lessening child mortality and stunting
growth in child is vaccination coverage(Ma, 2019).
Nonetheless the critical role play by vaccination in child
wellbeing,a lot of children in the region remained
unvaccinated(Lange & Klasen, 2017), exposing them to the
six childhood killer disease and other health implications
(Sanyang, 2019). As at 2015 Liberia, Guinea and other
countries in west Africa have more than 40% of children
unvaccinated(Mihigo et al., 2019) Though none vaccination
may not always result in child mortality, other health
benefits of vaccinated have eluded these children(Kaberuka,
Mugarura, & Bishop, 2017).
The statistical associations between the health indicators
established the fact that improvement in one health
indicator will transient the others. Statistically a change in
maternal mortality will lead to a change in child mortality
and stunting growth of children(Lange & Klasen, 2017).
Nevertheless, there is no doubt that reductioninfertilityrate
can help change the negative trend in the health
indicators(Ahmed & Fielding, 2019), investment in health
and number of health professionals in the region need to
increase(Nyamuranga &Shin, 2019). Thesub-SaharanAfrica
region harbours countries whose contributions to health
delivery leave much to be desired(Akinlo & Sulola, 2019).
With decreasing donor funding for health activities in the
region, it will be prudent if national government increase
their yearly budgetary contribution to health while taking
steps to reduce the high fertility rates(Mccord et al., 2017).
STUDY IMPLICATION
This study supports already existing studies that outline the
implication of high total fertility rate on health delivery.
Nevertheless, we agreed sub-Saharan Africancountriesneed
to reduce their fertility rates to achieve positive improved
health systems, the study suggested that in the absence of
fertility reduction, increasingexpenditure in healthdelivery,
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33033 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1124
increase in number skilled birth attendant and increase
vaccination coverage can help in reduction of maternal and
child mortality in west Africa.
CONCLUSION
This study focus only on west Africa and it is a cross-
sectional study, so only sections of the world health
organization’s data for 2017 was used. Again, not allWHOs
health indictors were factored into the study. These
shortcomings will have some minimal influence of our
findings. Weagain recommend the focus ondowningfertility
rate and increasinginvestment in health delivery as the way
forward to make sub-Saharan Africa a better place for
delivery mothers and children.
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