Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.) with its origin in the north western part of South America is the most important and extensively cultivated cucurbit in India, Africa, Latin America, Southern Asia and the United States. In India production reached an all-time high of 2,093 MT in 2019. The increase is due to its high productivity, nutritive value, good storability, long period of availability and better transport potentialities but, productivity is still low as compared to other pumpkin producing countries like Israel and Netherlands. Achieving the improvement is necessary due to various reasons; WHO declared that the vitamin A deficiency is a significant concern in developing countries and 48 % children in India are underweight and stunted due to chronic under nutrition (Aditika et al., 2017). Incorporating nutritive and ß-carotene rich vegetable like pumpkin may help to bridge the gap of availability and requirement. Among the three main cultivated species of cucurbita, pumpkin is the least studied species although it is highly domesticated and widely cultivated (Hazra et al., 2007), their great diversity in cultivars and the potential to cultivate them in a wide range of environments indicate an enormously untapped potential which can be used as a basis of breeding work. Therefore, today’s topic involves; understanding the breeding behaviour of pumpkin, breeding methods like inbreeding, hybridization, recurrent selection, pedigree and backcrossing employed for pumpkin improvement, development and inheritance of important characters like high ß-carotene, hull less seeds, bush growth habit, resistance to diseases; powdery mildew, crown rot, ZYMV, pests; silver leaf white fly, and applications of biotechnological tools; double haploids, proroplast fusion and molecular markers for speedy improvement in yield, quality, biotic and abiotic resistances. Recent achievements like development of new cultivar/ varieties and evaluation of new lines of Cucurbita moschata is also included.

1. CREDIT SEMINAR ON
RECENT ADVANCES in the IMPROVEMENT of PUMPKIN
Seminar-II (Credit Seminar) Course No-VSC- 692 Date:26.02.21
Presented by:
UJYOL RAI
(Reg. No. : H-2018-018-D)
Chairman: Prof. Suchand Datta
Semester: V
Department of Vegetable and Spice crops
Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
WHERE WISDOM IS FREE

2. INTRODUCTION
Common name Pumpkin (english), Kaddu (hindi)
Botanical name Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir
Family Cucurbitaceae
Origin Central and South America
Chromosome number 2n = 2x = 40
Relative species C. pepo
C. maxima
C. moschata
C. argyrosperma
C.ficifolia
Cucurbita moschata
( Suresh and Sisodia, 2018)
Cucurbita pepo Cucurbita maxima
(Mondaca et al., 2019)
Seeds

3. Karnataka 2.590 ha Madhya
Pradesh
12.768 ha
Punjab 0.110 ha Uttar Pradesh 9.474 ha
Jharkhand 0.272 ha Andhra Pradesh 0.425 ha
Nagaland 0.564 ha Tamil Nadu 1.132 ha
Rajasthan 1.300 ha Meghalaya 1.375 ha
Tripura 0.824 ha Chhattisgarh 8.013 ha
source: www.ceicdata.com |Department of Agriculture and Cooperation.
66.81
1.68 3.6 5.76 16.5 15.405
273.296
361.063
9.037
29.156
18.226 13
106.554
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PRODUCTION OF PUMPKIN STATE WISE (MT)
277.565
372.816 416.105
1122.472
1509.000
1664.000 1714.000
2093.000
0.000
500.000
1000.000
1500.000
2000.000
2500.000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
INDIA'S PRODUCTION: PUMPKIN (SITAPHAL) FROM 2012 TO 2019 (MT)

4. USES
Cooking
Beverages
‘Yerusseri’
Ornaments
PROCESSED PRODUCTS
Pumpkin milk
powder
Soup base
Pumpkin flour
Seed oil
Puri
CANNING VARIETIES
Buckskin, Chelsey,
DickinsonField,
Kentucky Field.
JAM MAKING
Vegetable Spaghetti and Yellow
Crookneck (Dhiman et al,. 2009)
Roasted seeds

5. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Composition of fresh pumpkin (%)
Moisture 92.24
Fat 0.15
Protein 0.98
Crude fiber 0.56
Carbohydrate 5.31
Minerals, mg/100 g edible portion
Ca 10
P 30
Mg 38
K 139
S 16
(Khatib and Muhieddine, 2019)
Nutrient value of seeds/100 g
Carbohydrates 10.71 grams
Total Fats 49.05g
Protein 30.23g
Cholesterol 0mg
B9 (Folic acid) 58 micro gram
B3 (Niacin) 4.8mg
Vit. C 0.272mg
Vit. A 16 IU
Vit E 35.1 mg
(Syed and Shukat, 2019)
• High nutritional potential (Encyclopedia of
Foods, 2004).
• β-carotene content range: 1.6 to 45.6 mg/100
g (Kripanand et al., 2016)
• Contains polysaccharides, amino acids, active
proteins, and minerals.
• Provides an anti-fatigue effects (Khatib and
Muhieddine, 2019)
• Chrome (Cr) mineral found in higher amount
(Zhou et al., 2007)
• Seeds have 35–45% oil
• Essential omega (ω)-6 fatty acid: 35–65%.

6. IMPROVEMENT ?
Develop hybrids
(heterosis, stress
resistance and
quality
improvement)
Change in
demand and
needs
Bridging the gap
of availability and
requirement of
nutrient
Least studied
species
(untapped
potential for their
improvements)
Increased
popularity of
pumpkin

7. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
Inbreeding, hybridization
Selection (recurrent and pedigree)
and backcrossing.
Biotechnological tools Transgenic biotechnology
STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVEMENT
Monoecious flowers
Anthesis
3 am, max:4- 5 am
Pollen dehiscent: 5:30
Stigma receptivity:
max during anthesis
Pollination- honey bee
(Apis mellifera), bumble
bee (Bombus spp.) most
commonly, squash bee
(Peponapis pruinosa).

8. Incompatibility obstructs interspecific crossing
Presence of natural barriers:
pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
Failure in fruit setting, Fruit lacking seeds, Incompletely
developed embryos
PROBLEMS
OVERCOMING PROBLEMS OF INTERSPECIFIC INCOMPATIBILITY
•Use of heterozygous parents
• Use of genetic bridges
•Use of particular accession
•Repeated pollination
•Bud pollination
•Embryo culture
•Ovule/ ovary culture
•Adjustment of fluroscence and environmental condition

9. Early fruiting
with high fruit
yield
High female to
male flower
ratio
Thick flesh with
small cavity
High β-carotene
Round/oblong
or flat-round
shape
Green or yellow
fruit skin with
smooth surface
Resistance pest and
diseases
Tolerant to low
temperature
and salinity
BREEDING
GOALS

10. HYBRIDIZATION
Introgression of essential traits to new
cultivars.
Numerous attempts have been made
but none of the cross produced fertile
progenies (Lebeda et al., 2006).
Some lines of C. maxima X C. moschata
are fertile (Ram, 2012).
Interspecific hybrids: slow to develop,
abortion of staminate flowers, failure of
pollen dehiscence, abortion of embryo
etc. (Bemis, 1963).
Seeds of interspecific hybrids of C.
moschata X C. maxima are on sale by
Sakata Seed Company, Japan. (Ram,
2012).
ATTEMPTS FOR IMPROVEMENT
V1: Cucurbita maxima round
shape.
V2and V3 : Cucurbita moschata
straight neck and egg shaped.

11. Species (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
C. moschata (1) SC *** * * *** CC(*)
C. pepo (2) *** SC *** * * CC +
C. mixta (3) * *** SC * *** CC +
C. maxima (4) * * + SC ** CC (x)
C. ficifolia (5) * ** *** ** SC CC (x)
C. lundelliana
(6)
CC (x) CC + CC + CC (x) CC (x) SC
Interspecific crossability among different Cucurbita species.
SC: self compatible; CC: cross compatible; *: F1 viable but self sterile; **: Few viable F1 seeds and weak F1
plants; ***: F1 sparingly viable and self sterile; +: small F1 seeds and very weak seedlings; (x): self fertile
F1 plant.
(Hazra et al., 2007)

12. MA1 MA4 MA9 MA11 MA12 MA13 MA15 MA20
MO2 X 25.0y
75.0z
X X 361 ±
39.4
X X X
MO4 X 50
Ab
25.0
Ab
X 76.4 ±
10.1
Ab
15.5
Ab
X 18.0
Ab
MO6 0.0 Ab X 15.0 ± 5.0
Ab
X 24.0 ± 7.5
Ab
8.4 ± 2.2
Ab
X 2.5±2.2
Ab
MO7 X X X X 28.8 ±
18.9
Ab
18.1 ±
10.2
Ab
X 7.0 ± 5.4
Ab
MO8 116 ±
25.4
12.0 ± 8.0
365 ±
41.3
9.6 ± 8.1
207 ±
28.9
0.0 ± 0.0
122±15.1
0.0±0.0
148 ±
20.0
3.0 ± 1.4
54.2 ±
11.4
Ab
X 5.4 ± 2.5
Ab
MO10 X X X X X X 125.0
15.2
X
MO12 X X 36.0
69.1
X 17. ± 4.5
Ab
3.0
Ab
X 5.9 ± 1.1
Ab
MO13 X X 17.0 ± 6.7
Ab
X 15.3 ± 5.0
Ab
4.5 ± 3.5
Ab
X 6.8 ± 0.7
Ab
♀
♂
X: Absence of fruit set; y: Seed number/fruit; z: Rate of abortive seed; Ab: All seeds were aborted

13. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Rich source of antioxidant and pro vitamin A compund
WHO declared: vitamin A deficiency a significant concern in developing countries
Daily recommended dietary allowance of vitamin A
for adults (3000 IU) and children (2300 IU)
Carotenoid content varies greatly among Cucurbita accessions
Utilization of such diversity for nutritional security and crop improvement

14. The hybrid 'Ambili' x 'Pusa Viswas' had highest negative standard
heterosis for the fruit weight.
The hybrids Saras x 'Pusa Viswas has positive significant standard heterosis
for beta carotene content.
Saras x Pusa Viswas could also be adjusted as the best combination for beta carotene,
since it recorded highest mean, sca and standard heterosis for beta carotene content.

15. DEVELOPMENT OF HULL LESS SEEDS
a. Hulled seed. b. Hull less seed
(Lelley, 2009)
PAU Magaz Kadoo-1
Seeds possesses a number of prospective health
benefits (Dhatt et al., 2020)
At onset seeds were manually de-hulled
Hull-less or ‘‘naked-seeded’’ mutant occurred
around 1880. (Paris, 2015)
The first oil-seed pumpkin cultivar:
‘Gleisdofer Olkurbis’
Today, the oilseed pumpkin is based entirely on
cultivars with hull-less (h) seed trait
1st hull less seed variety in India ‘PAU Magaz
Kadoo-1’ (2018).
Lady Godiva, Baby Bear, Eat All, Snack Jack,
Streaker and Triple Treat

16. DEVELOPMENT OF BUSH TYPE CHARACTER
•Bush plants:
earlier flowering, higher pistillate to staminate
flowers, earlier maturation, higher ratio of fruit
to vegetative biomass, amenability to high-density
planting, rapid leaf canopy closure, and more
sustainable weed control (Ferriol and Pico, 2008).
•Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) released
two hybrids- PPH-1 (a) and PPH-2 (b) in 2016
with dwarf vines, short internodal length.
Dhatt et al. 2020
•C. pepo have a bushy phenotype, which was transferred into the
Pumpkin cv. PM143 by inter-specific hybridization followed by
backcrosses to C. moschata.

17. Pumpkins are warm-season annuals and are sensitive to frost
and chilling injury. (Kelley et al., 2017).
•Pumpkin ‘Japanese Cedar F1’, ‘Japanese Developed Root Sprouts
Wood’, ‘Alam’ was used as rootstock for melon ‘Haojie 6’.
•Result: Pumpkin ‘Alam’ used as rootstock material could improve
the survival rate of grafted seedlings and the chilling tolerance of
melon seedlings significantly.

18. •A cucumber cultivar hybrid graft 1010 was used as a scion.(obtained from
Enza Zaden company, Holland )
•A salt tolerant pumpkin hybrid was selected as the root stock (obtained
from Qingdaod Agric. Acad. of Sci).
•This study found that grafted plant grown under salinity often exhibited
better growth and yield, than in the control (self-grafted plants grown under
non-salinized condition).

19. VIRUS RESISTANCE
The severity of this disease led to efforts to identify sources of resistance in
Cucurbita.
Resistance to different strains of ZYMV has been identified in C. moschata
‘Nigerian local’ : Zym-0 and Zym-4.
 ‘Menina’ : Zym-2 or Zym-3.
‘Soler’ : zym-6.
This resistance has been introgressed into C.
pepo from the Nigerian and Portuguese sources
(Pachner et al., 2015).
Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus (PYVMV)
is problematic during rainy season under
north-western plains of India.
PAU has recommended variety resistant to
PYVMV, namely, ‘Punjab Nawab’ (PAU, 2019
report).
Babadoost and Zitter, 2009

20. DISEASE RESISTANCE
Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii and Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, is the most destructive disease of cucurbits.
Genetic resistance to powdery mildew was found in C. lundelliana (Zhou et al.,
2010).
Due to linkage drag associated and
incomplete resistance it was not
commercialized
A resistant gene Pm-0 from wild species
C. okeechobeensis ssp. martinezii was
successfully introgressed (Dhatt et al.,
2020).
(Holdsworth et al., 2016)
At present, the Pm-0 gene is responsible for
resistance in nearly all powdery mildew resistant (PMR) commercial cultivars
of C. moschata and C. pepo (Holdsworth et al., 2016).
Similarly, resistance to P. capsici crown rot has been introgressed into C.
moschata from wild species, C. lundelliana and C. okeechobeensis (Padley
et al., 2009).

21. Powdery mildew resistance of C. martinezii was successfully
transferred to the C. moschata cultivar “Wonye 402” through
interspecific hybridization (Cho et al., 2004).
Resistance to crown rot was introgressed in one line of C.
moschata, designated #394-1-27-12 through a series of
hybridizations, self-pollinations, and single plant selections.

22. Leaf-silvering disorder in Cucurbita is a response to the feeding of silver leaf
whitefly Bemisia argentifolii.
The resistance to this whitefly has been reported in C. moschata, namely, the
Paraguayan landrace PI 162889 (Dhatt et al., 2020).
Resistance to other in different species,
fruit fly (Dacus cucurbitae) in C. maxima,
squash vine borer in C. moschata
pickle worm in introductions of C. pepo, C. moschata and C. maxima.
INSECT RESISTANCE
Breeding for insect resistance is difficult because of:
1. Rearing the insects or obtaining natural infestation
2. Exposing test plants at approprate stage to a uniform number of insects
3. Accurately assaying the response.
• Very limited work has been done so far.

23. DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLED HAPLOIDS
First haploid in cucurbits was developed in melon using
irradiated pollen (Dhatt et al., 2020).
Irradiation of pollen and anther culture technique has low
haploidization efficiency (Kurtar et al., 2016).
Few reports on gynogenesis haploidization in Cucurbits
have been published

24. Treatment: Solid MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, BAP, TDZ and NAA.
Observations revealed that 70 plants were haploid, 46 plants were diploid
and the others were mixoploid.
Gynogenesis (ovule culture) is highly recommended in the
dihaploidization.
However, this technique needed improvements.
Figure . The stages of ovule cultures in winter squash and pumpkin: female flowers (A), ovules in unpollinated
female flowers (B), ovules on culture medium (C), callus induction at 3rd–4th weeks of culture (D), callus
maturation at 6th–8th weeks of culture (E), plantlets initiation on the callus at 12th–15th weeks of culture (F)
A B C D
E F

25. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING
M10-13-09 was
soaked in 2.0
mg/ml of
colchicine and
0.05mg/ml of
oryzalin
Oryzalin
was more
efficient
than
colchicine
Tetraploid pumpkin had
prolonged growth period,
small and thick leaves,
descended female flower
position, increase in seed
diameter and total flavonoid
content of tetraploid
increased by 50%
A B C D E F G
A. Vines of autotetraploid plant; B. Vines of diploid plant; C. Male flower of autotetraploid plant; D. Male flower of diploid
plant; E. Female flower of autotetraploid plant; F. Female flower of diploid plant; G. Seeds.

26. •It helps overcoming natural inherent barrier between closely related as well as
unrelated species.
•Yamaguchi and Shiga (1993) reported the characteristics of the regenerated
plants from the fused protoplasts of melon ‘Cantaloup Charentais’ and pumpkin
‘Shintosa No. 1’.
•It revealed the difficulty of transferring genes between crops belonging to
different genera of the Cucurbitaceae.
PROTOPLAST FUSION

27. Kim et al. (2016) developed a SCAR marker (VirSq-F19) which is related to
Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistance in
Cucurbita moschata.
MOLECULAR MARKERS DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR UTILIZATION

28. SYMBOL TRAIT LINKED MARKERS MARKER TYPE
B precocious yellow fruit 110_1700 RAPD
n hull-less seed trait AK11-340, AN10-340,
AB14-235, H18-385 and
AB07-590
RAPD
Bu bush growth habit AB17-980
AW11–420
RAPD
Gr green rind of mature fruit CMTmC60/12.7 SSR
Rc rind colour PU078072 SSR
Pm-0 powdery mildew resistance S9_1474683 and
S9_1551065
SNP
sl Squash silver leaf disorder
resistant
M121 SSR
Dhatt et al., 2020

29. CONCLUSION
Interspecific hybridization has the potential for introgression of bush growth
habit, fruit colour, naked seed, quality and insect-pest resistance traits in cultivated
Cucurbita species.
Biotechnological tools not only provide the opportunity to overcome cross-
compatibility barriers but accelerate the breeding programme also.
The combination of breeding techniques with biotechnological tools have
provided the possibility to edit genome at base level and stacking of desirable genes
in minimum possible time.
In future, extensive genome analysis and editing studies will help in addressing
issues of climate change, biotic and abiotic stresses and biofortification in pumpkin
and squashes.

30. SOURCE FINDINGS
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,
Varanasi. 2019
Kashi Harit (NDPK-24 x PKM):
short vines, yield of 300-350 q/ha
Kashi Shishir:
yield of 100-450 q/ha (rainy), 385-
400q/ha (summer)
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi, India. 2019.
Identification of promising genotypes,
DPU-14, DPU-26, DPU-41, DPU-54,
DPU-58 and DPU-165
DPU-41 and DPU-43 showed the field
tolerance against begomovirus
(ToLCNDV) and potyvirus (PRSV).
Development of promising hybrids:
DPU-41 x Narendra Amrit.
DPU-145 x Narendra Agrim.
DPU-145 x DPU-63.
DPU 41 x DPU 4.
Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research. 2019.
C. pepo x C. moschata (SQ-15 x BN-1):
vigorous growth, higher yield (42.3 t/ha)
and high tolerant to virus and foliar
diseases.
Hybrids of butternut types BN-25 x BN-
29, BN-8 x BN-20, BN15 x BN-21 had
recorded higher, fruit yield (31.9, 26.6,
30.3 t/ha, respectively) and did not show
fruit fly infestation.
Source: ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable
Research.”Pumpkin”
https://iivr.icar.gov.in/division/division-
crop-protection
DPU-41 x Narendra Amrit

31. IARI, New Delhi Pusa Vishwas
Pusa Vikas
Pusa Hybrid 1
KAU, Trissur Ambili
Suvarna
Saras
Sooraj
CM-14
TNAU, Coimbatore CO1
CO2
IIHR, Bangalore Arka Chandan
UHAF, Solan Solan Badami
ICAR-ICER,RC, Ranchi Swarna Amrit
Anand Agriculture
University, Gujarat
AP 1
VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF PUMPKINS
Tropica Seeds (Green CO.) Clown Giant
Negra
Angel
Dream
Dakara
Martinica
Stone
Mahyco MPH-1
MHPK-2
MHPK-4
Ankur Seeds Vishal
Bejo Sheetal Seeds Vaibhav

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