for reading proficiency

2. Reading Models
Bottom-up Model
• Text-based; reading
instruction emphasizes
letters, letter-sound
relationships and words.
• Reading is essentially
mechanical decoding of
speech written down
(Silberstein, 1987)

3. • Knowledge-based and
conceptually-driven
• Comprehending the
selection is possible even
if each word in the
selection is not
recognized.
• Reading instruction
emphasizes prior
knowledge.
Top-down Model
(Goodman, 1967)

4. • Pictures reading as
making sense of print
through the interaction
between TEXT and
READER.
• Believes that meaning
is not residing in the
text alone waiting to be
decoded
Interactive Model
(Rummelhart, 1977)

5. involves the transaction between the mind
of the reader and the language of the text.
READING
bottom - up
top - down

6. SCHEMATA
• Influence reading comprehension
and learning
• Provide a framework that allows
readers to select information
relevant to their purposes
• Help readers organize text
information by enabling them to
relate the new to the old which
eventually facilitates retention and
retrieval

7. Predicting
Hypothesizing
Deducing
Inferring
Drawing implications
Cognitive processes which act as tools for
understanding the text

8. UNDERSTANDING THREE LEVELS OF IDEAS
The main focus of reading is getting the main point – the
core, the message, the thesis, the main idea, the central
focus, the controlling idea, and the central thought.
MAIN POINT
Major Detail Major Detail Major Detail
minor detail
minor detail minor detail
minor detail
minor detail
minor detail

9. The TOPIC is the general subject of the
material. It answers questions like,
Who or what is discussed in the text?
or Who or what is the content of the
material?

10. Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a
company or even the country as a whole has to
survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A
plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses
by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity
and water faucets when not in use. Going to
supermarket only once instead of water trips.
These practices also help prevent panic buying
which results in shortage of food supplies.
Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be
reduced by observing some cost-cutting
measures.

11. The MAIN IDEA is the chief point an
author is making about the topic. It
sums up the author’s primary message.
It is also called the central idea or
thesis. It is usually found in the
beginning of the paragraph.

12. Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a
company or even the country as a whole has to
survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A
plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by
recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and
water faucets when not in use. Going to
supermarket only once instead of water trips.
These practices also help prevent panic buying
which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed
the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced
by observing some cost-cutting measures.

13. DETAILS develop, explain, and prove the
main point or main idea. These are facts,
descriptions, examples, and reasons that
convince the reader and make the
material interesting.

14. Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a
company or even the country as a whole has to
survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A
plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by
recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and
water faucets when not in use. Going to
supermarket only once instead of water trips.
These practices also help prevent panic buying
which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed
the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced
by observing some cost-cutting measures.

15. INFERENCING is to interpret unstated
meaning; the author provides clues so
that the reader can put together facts and
details in a logical order and draws
conclusions.

16. Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a
company or even the country as a whole has to
survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A
plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by
recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and
water faucets when not in use. Going to
supermarket only once instead of water trips.
These practices also help prevent panic buying
which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed
the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced
by observing some cost-cutting measures.
TIMES ARE HARD SO IT IS IMPORTANT
FOR PEOPLE TO SAVE.

17. PREDICTION is made on the basis of
prior knowledge. It answers questions
such as: What do you think will happen?
and Why do you think so?

18. IF WE DON’T OBSERVE COST-CUTTING
MEASURES, WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY
LIVING UP WITH THE TIMES.
Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a
company or even the country as a whole has to
survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A
plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by
recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and
water faucets when not in use. Going to
supermarket only once instead of water trips.
These practices also help prevent panic buying
which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed
the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced
by observing some cost-cutting measures.

19. There are some potential advantages in being closer to the
sun. Given enough fertilizers and water, year-round
sunshine can create an extraordinary agricultural potential
allowing as much as three crops a year. But water shortage
restricts the areas where this is possible. As the oil runs out
and solar power becomes more economical, the Third World
will have greater possibilities of endlessly renewable energy
than the developed Temperate Zone countries.
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A.Fertilizer and irrigation can increase the productivity of
the developing world.
B.Two potential advantages of ample sunshine are
increased agricultural output and solar energy.
C.The developed world has less solar energy potential than
the developing world.
D.Oil runs out and solar power becomes more economical.

20. Following the structure of an EXPOSITORY
text, arrange the following sentences in order.
___ A. In a democracy the individual is given
importance so he possesses rights in
accordance with the laws of the land.
___ B. These opposing forces keep the balance of
power and the world at its feet. Each force wants to
protect its ideology and principles..
___ C. Basically, democracy and communism are two
opposing forces which make the world drama
exciting.
___ D. On the other hand, individuality is lost in a
communist society because the state controls
everything

21. ___ A. To them brutal killings, palakasan, bribery
and shady business deals, fraudulent and vote-
buying during elections were the way of life.
___ B. The traditional Filipino values which were
totally erased should be restored with emphasis on a
sense of responsibility and result-effort for genuine
dialogue for justice.
___ C. Rebuilding Philippine society is erasing the
wrong values from these young Filipinos.
___ D. Martial Law babies were exposed to wrong
sense of values.
___ E. Cronyism and nepotism dominated the
societal values they inherited from the past.