Re-adapting radical forms of expression in the digital era - Investigating new aspects of recuperation, Michael Tsangaris, University of Piraeus, Greece
XIX ISA World Congress of Sociology, Toronto 2018,
The Transformative Power of Visual Encounters
Thursday, 19 July 2018: 08:30-10:20
Location: 203B (MTCC NORTH BUILDING)
RC57 Visual Sociology (host committee)
Language: English
Abstract
Undoubtedly, all past media forms held possibilities for alternative communications but most of the times commodification that turns everything into ‘Spectacle’ degenerated such options. Even some of the most experimental forms of painting, photography, music or moving images, after all, removed far away from the original ideological frames in which they were initially created, and got absorbed by the mainstream cultural industry. In fact, alternative media forms such as aggressive rock music, street graffiti or tattoos, were initially used to express distinctive youth cultural scenes or counter-movements challenging the dominant culture. Nowadays all those radical expressions are getting into mainstream circulation for commercial purposes and they are exploited by the very culture which they intended to challenge. In this sense, the transformative power of mainstream media visual encounters cultivates mimicry and converts ideologies and myths into commercial fashion. The investigation of the cases mentioned above will also take under consideration that perhaps we are marching through the final stage of a complicated recuperation process: the social media era. Is this the dawn of an open and horizontal communication system that abolishes hierarchal authorities, promoting progressive ideas at the service of social communities; or is it the ‘Empire’, that strikes back supported by global media enterprises, aspiring to take control over existence? This work has been partly supported by the University of Piraeus Research Center.
Modernity refers to a historical period beginning in the 15th century that saw the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and secular rational thinking. It is divided into three phases: early modernity from 1453-1789, classical modernity from 1789-1900, and late modernity from 1900-1989. Modernism emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization in the 19th-20th centuries and is reflected in artistic and cultural movements. While related, modernity refers to a specific time period, whereas modernism refers to trends in art, culture, and social relations characterized by the development of the modern world.
Examining Media and Ideology. Our starting point "media and Ideology" chapter from the book Media society: industries, images, and audiences
by David Croteau, William Hoynes.
Audiences and readers of alternative media - a book chapter by John D. H. Dow...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 17 of the book "International Communication. A reader", edited by Daya Kishan Thussu.
Ferdinand tonnies contribution to Social Sciences.Muhammad Awais
Ferdinand Tönnies was a German sociologist born in 1855 who made influential contributions to sociology. He is most famous for his conception of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, which refers to two types of social groups - Gemeinschaft representing community and Gesellschaft representing society. Tönnies argued that social groups are formed through either a natural will oriented towards the collective, or an arbitrary will oriented towards individual goals. He applied this framework to understand changes in social structures from rural communities to industrialized cities. Tönnies' work influenced later sociologists like Emile Durkheim and remains relevant for analyzing tensions between community and individualism in modern societies.
FreedomWorks is a small-government advocacy group led by former House Majority Leader Dick Armey that is trying to organize conservative activists and harness growing discontent with Democratic policies. It has lent support and organizational resources to tea party protests and town hall demonstrations opposing healthcare reform and other issues. While building its own membership, FreedomWorks is also trying to avoid appearing like it is trying to control the loosely organized conservative movement. Some observers worry large protests risk alienating moderates, while FreedomWorks aims to ride the wave of activism without being seen as its leader.
This document summarizes key concepts and theorists related to social capital. It discusses the work of Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman, and Robert Putnam, who view social capital as the advantages generated by social networks and relationships. It also covers network perspectives that focus on measuring individuals' social ties and potential access to resources. The document outlines theories of social capital and studies that have tested relationships between social networks, accessed and mobilized social capital, and socioeconomic outcomes.
Rollins - Implications of Social ConstructionismZach Rollins
This document discusses the theory of social constructionism and its implications. Social constructionism views society and understandings of reality as constructs created by social institutions like media, rather than objective realities. While this perspective seems pessimistic, it also suggests benefits. Media can help immigrants acclimate to a new culture by exposing them to it, and can give people a sense of belonging. However, social constructionism also implies the perpetuation of stereotypes through selective media representations. Ultimately, the theory suggests that while media reflection of culture can help some groups, it also presents an exaggerated version of reality that can negatively impact society.
Modernity refers to a historical period beginning in the 15th century that saw the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and secular rational thinking. It is divided into three phases: early modernity from 1453-1789, classical modernity from 1789-1900, and late modernity from 1900-1989. Modernism emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization in the 19th-20th centuries and is reflected in artistic and cultural movements. While related, modernity refers to a specific time period, whereas modernism refers to trends in art, culture, and social relations characterized by the development of the modern world.
Examining Media and Ideology. Our starting point "media and Ideology" chapter from the book Media society: industries, images, and audiences
by David Croteau, William Hoynes.
Audiences and readers of alternative media - a book chapter by John D. H. Dow...Xanat V. Meza
Disclaimer: all images and original texts belong to their rightful owners.
Chapter 17 of the book "International Communication. A reader", edited by Daya Kishan Thussu.
Ferdinand tonnies contribution to Social Sciences.Muhammad Awais
Ferdinand Tönnies was a German sociologist born in 1855 who made influential contributions to sociology. He is most famous for his conception of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, which refers to two types of social groups - Gemeinschaft representing community and Gesellschaft representing society. Tönnies argued that social groups are formed through either a natural will oriented towards the collective, or an arbitrary will oriented towards individual goals. He applied this framework to understand changes in social structures from rural communities to industrialized cities. Tönnies' work influenced later sociologists like Emile Durkheim and remains relevant for analyzing tensions between community and individualism in modern societies.
FreedomWorks is a small-government advocacy group led by former House Majority Leader Dick Armey that is trying to organize conservative activists and harness growing discontent with Democratic policies. It has lent support and organizational resources to tea party protests and town hall demonstrations opposing healthcare reform and other issues. While building its own membership, FreedomWorks is also trying to avoid appearing like it is trying to control the loosely organized conservative movement. Some observers worry large protests risk alienating moderates, while FreedomWorks aims to ride the wave of activism without being seen as its leader.
This document summarizes key concepts and theorists related to social capital. It discusses the work of Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman, and Robert Putnam, who view social capital as the advantages generated by social networks and relationships. It also covers network perspectives that focus on measuring individuals' social ties and potential access to resources. The document outlines theories of social capital and studies that have tested relationships between social networks, accessed and mobilized social capital, and socioeconomic outcomes.
Rollins - Implications of Social ConstructionismZach Rollins
This document discusses the theory of social constructionism and its implications. Social constructionism views society and understandings of reality as constructs created by social institutions like media, rather than objective realities. While this perspective seems pessimistic, it also suggests benefits. Media can help immigrants acclimate to a new culture by exposing them to it, and can give people a sense of belonging. However, social constructionism also implies the perpetuation of stereotypes through selective media representations. Ultimately, the theory suggests that while media reflection of culture can help some groups, it also presents an exaggerated version of reality that can negatively impact society.
This document provides an overview of Raymond Williams' book "Modern Tragedy" and discusses various thinkers' contributions to the idea of tragedy. It summarizes Williams' analysis of how the concept of tragedy has changed over time from the ancient Greeks to modern era. Key points discussed include Lessing's rejection of neoclassicism and advocacy for bourgeois tragedy, Hegel's view of tragedy in terms of conflict and resolution, and Bertolt Brecht's rejection of tragedy through his theory of epic theater which aimed to provoke rational thought over emotional response.
This document discusses the concept of the "social" in social media. It argues that while social media platforms construct an idea of social interaction, their use can also mobilize people for political and social change, as seen in events like the Arab Spring and 2011 London Riots. The document reviews literature on the concept of the social, including work by Raymond Williams that traces the term's history and ambiguity. It proposes looking at social media through the lens of "social energy" to understand its role in political expression and mobilization of large groups.
The document discusses Lefebvre's views on the socio-spatial dialectic. It notes that Lefebvre disagreed with those who saw spatial forces as less important or those who saw them as merely resulting from economic processes. Instead, Lefebvre saw social and spatial relations as dialectically interdependent and co-produced by the mode of production. The document also discusses how Lefebvre's ideas influenced other thinkers like Gramsci, Harvey, and Castells in seeing the importance of spatial analysis for understanding capitalism and class struggle.
This document discusses the changing nature of civic engagement in contemporary democracies. It argues that civic participation is developing across privately public and publicly private spaces enabled by convergent media and technologies. This suggests newer modes of citizenship defined by a plasticity of public and private boundaries, with political and other expression emanating from within a networked, civic, and private "cocoon" that emphasizes connection over struggle. The private sphere serves as a metaphor to describe and explain the mechanisms enabling civic connections in modern democracies.
Mass communication & media literacy 06Clive McGoun
The document discusses media representation and stereotyping. It defines key concepts like representation, archetypes, and stereotypes. It explains that media representations are selective and inform our understanding of groups. Representations encode certain ideologies and can reinforce dominant views in society. Stereotypes serve as shortcuts but can overgeneralize. New media has led to more diverse representations as video equipment has become cheaper and distribution networks expanded.
Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist best known for his analysis of postmodernism. In his seminal work "Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", Jameson argues that postmodernism emerges from late stage capitalism and is characterized by the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism. He uses Ernest Mandel's designation of late capitalism or multinational capitalism as the economic stage that gives rise to postmodernism and its cultural trends and stylistic features. Jameson examines how postmodernism manifests in various cultural domains including architecture, literature, music and more.
Modernity and postmodernity are concepts debated by sociologists. Classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber analyzed modernity. Durkheim saw modernity weakening morals through organic solidarity. Marx viewed modernity critically due to capitalism's exploitation. Weber noted modernity's "iron cage of rationality." Giddens defined late modernity through capitalism, industrialism, and surveillance. Postmodernists argue society has progressed beyond modernity. Baudrillard believed modernity "ruptured" with society now dominated by media and entertainment. Lyotard rejected metanarratives in favor of localized truths. However, postmodern ideas are criticized for being vague and offering no positive vision for society.
The document discusses Karl Marx's theory of ideology and how it relates to modern media. It examines Marx's view that the ruling class controls both material production and ideas in society. It also analyzes works by Judith Williamson and Louis Althusser that expanded on Marx's theory of ideology and how advertising and state institutions influence people's beliefs. While their views differed somewhat from Marx, they largely reinforced his core argument about the power of elites to shape mass ideology. The document concludes Marx's theory of ideology remains relevant for understanding how social classes and capitalism influence ideas today through media like blockbuster films.
This document discusses the history and development of urban sociology. It begins by defining urban sociology and its goals of studying urban structures, processes, changes, and problems to inform planning and policymaking. It then discusses some of the early contributors to urban sociology in Europe in the late 19th century, including Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, and Friedrich Engels, who examined the social impacts of industrialization and urbanization. The document also highlights the influential work of George Simmel and his examination of how urban life transforms individual consciousness. A major section focuses on the development of urban sociology at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century, led by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess,
This document discusses social capital and resilience as they relate to research on Aboriginal youth. It defines social capital and resilience at both the individual and community levels. The document presents a conceptual framework showing the four dimensions of this relationship: community resilience and social capital, community resilience and individual social capital, individual resilience and community social capital, and individual resilience and individual social capital. It reviews literature on the different types of social capital (individual vs. community/ecological) and the subdivisions within community social capital, such as bonding, bridging, and linking social capital.
This document provides an overview of new media art and activism, covering historical contexts, strategies, and ethical considerations. It discusses how artists like Goya and the emergence of conceptual art expanded boundaries between art and politics. Key topics covered include activist art strategies using public spaces and media, copyright and creative commons approaches, censorship issues, and emerging forms of online resistance like those enabled by Anonymous and Critical Art Ensemble. Ethics of representation, authenticity, and identity are also briefly touched on in relation to new media contexts.
This document discusses modernization theory and its evolution over three waves to explain changing communication patterns in traditional and modern societies. The first wave in the 1950s-60s argued that Western media diffuses modern values and priorities. The second wave criticized this as Western imperialism. The third wave sees modernization as creating both unified global culture and fragmented local identities through disembedding social interactions from communities via mass media and digital networks.
The document discusses several theorists' concepts relating to media representations of social groups and collective identity. Giroux (1997) argues that media representations of youth serve adult interests and make youth an "empty category." Acland (1995) and Cohen (1972) discuss how media representations of deviant youth reproduce social order and create moral panics. Gramsci (1971) introduces the concept of cultural hegemony. Althusser (1970) discusses ideological state apparatuses, and McRobbie (2004) and Gerbner (1986) discuss symbolic violence and cultivation theory, respectively. The document provides exam advice on answering a question about the social implications of media representations of social groups.
This document discusses the concept of "new media" and analyzes what makes media technologies new. It addresses several key topics:
1) It examines different understandings of what makes something new, as newness is not simply about arriving later in time. It involves theories of history and progress.
2) It notes that new media both break with the past but also recall older practices, as there is continuity alongside change.
3) It explores how new media are often positioned in contrast to "old media" through implicit critiques, but the boundaries are blurred.
4) It analyzes the "technological imaginary" where new technologies are invested with hopes and expectations for transformation, raising debates around whether
My presentation at the Media Ecology Association Convention 2010. Objective: to explore and expand the ecological metaphor including concepts like media evolution, media extinction, human-media coevolution, etc.
Cultural theories of mass communication developed in the 1950s-1960s as alternatives to limited effects theories. Cultural theories focus on how media affects culture and social norms rather than individuals. They include micro-level cultural studies theories, which examine how groups use media to create new forms of culture, and macro-level critical/political theories, which analyze how elites use media to maintain power and propagate dominant ideology.
This document discusses theories of social change and social movements. It covers evolutionary and revolutionary views of social change, as well as early social evolutionary theories from the 19th century and more modern resource mobilization and new social movement theories. Key figures discussed include Marx, Weber, Bell, and Castells. The document also defines key terms like social change, cultural lag, and globalization and provides discussion questions about different aspects of social change and social movement theories.
This document discusses Jean Baudrillard's theories about media and society. It outlines how Baudrillard initially criticized Marshall McLuhan's views but later adopted McLuhan's idea that "the medium is the message" as a central tenet. Baudrillard argued that media create a hyperreality and world of simulations that has replaced the real. He also believed that media dissolve meaning and distinctions between media and reality through a process of implosion. While McLuhan saw potential benefits of media, Baudrillard viewed media more negatively as isolating individuals and preventing meaningful communication.
This course provides an introduction to sociology and rural sociology. It aims to help students understand complex human behaviors and conceptualize key sociological definitions and theories. The course covers the emergence and development of sociology as a discipline, key theoretical perspectives, and research methods. It also defines and discusses the scope and importance of rural sociology. Several topics will be examined, including culture, social groups and organizations, social structure and institutions, and socialization. The overall objective is for students to gain foundational knowledge of sociology and rural sociology.
A level media theory knowledge organiser with examMrSouthworth
This document summarizes key concepts and theories from media studies, covering semiotics, narratology, genre theory, structuralism, postmodernism, representation, identity, feminism, audience reception, and media industries. It outlines important ideas from thinkers such as Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Steve Neale, Stuart Hall, David Gauntlett, Judith Butler, Paul Gilroy, Albert Bandura, George Gerbner, Henry Jenkins, and David Hesmondhalgh. The concepts discussed include how meaning is constructed through signs and codes, how narratives and genres function, how identity and representation work, how audiences interpret media, and the political and economic contexts of media production and regulation.
This document provides an overview of Raymond Williams' book "Modern Tragedy" and discusses various thinkers' contributions to the idea of tragedy. It summarizes Williams' analysis of how the concept of tragedy has changed over time from the ancient Greeks to modern era. Key points discussed include Lessing's rejection of neoclassicism and advocacy for bourgeois tragedy, Hegel's view of tragedy in terms of conflict and resolution, and Bertolt Brecht's rejection of tragedy through his theory of epic theater which aimed to provoke rational thought over emotional response.
This document discusses the concept of the "social" in social media. It argues that while social media platforms construct an idea of social interaction, their use can also mobilize people for political and social change, as seen in events like the Arab Spring and 2011 London Riots. The document reviews literature on the concept of the social, including work by Raymond Williams that traces the term's history and ambiguity. It proposes looking at social media through the lens of "social energy" to understand its role in political expression and mobilization of large groups.
The document discusses Lefebvre's views on the socio-spatial dialectic. It notes that Lefebvre disagreed with those who saw spatial forces as less important or those who saw them as merely resulting from economic processes. Instead, Lefebvre saw social and spatial relations as dialectically interdependent and co-produced by the mode of production. The document also discusses how Lefebvre's ideas influenced other thinkers like Gramsci, Harvey, and Castells in seeing the importance of spatial analysis for understanding capitalism and class struggle.
This document discusses the changing nature of civic engagement in contemporary democracies. It argues that civic participation is developing across privately public and publicly private spaces enabled by convergent media and technologies. This suggests newer modes of citizenship defined by a plasticity of public and private boundaries, with political and other expression emanating from within a networked, civic, and private "cocoon" that emphasizes connection over struggle. The private sphere serves as a metaphor to describe and explain the mechanisms enabling civic connections in modern democracies.
Mass communication & media literacy 06Clive McGoun
The document discusses media representation and stereotyping. It defines key concepts like representation, archetypes, and stereotypes. It explains that media representations are selective and inform our understanding of groups. Representations encode certain ideologies and can reinforce dominant views in society. Stereotypes serve as shortcuts but can overgeneralize. New media has led to more diverse representations as video equipment has become cheaper and distribution networks expanded.
Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist best known for his analysis of postmodernism. In his seminal work "Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", Jameson argues that postmodernism emerges from late stage capitalism and is characterized by the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism. He uses Ernest Mandel's designation of late capitalism or multinational capitalism as the economic stage that gives rise to postmodernism and its cultural trends and stylistic features. Jameson examines how postmodernism manifests in various cultural domains including architecture, literature, music and more.
Modernity and postmodernity are concepts debated by sociologists. Classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber analyzed modernity. Durkheim saw modernity weakening morals through organic solidarity. Marx viewed modernity critically due to capitalism's exploitation. Weber noted modernity's "iron cage of rationality." Giddens defined late modernity through capitalism, industrialism, and surveillance. Postmodernists argue society has progressed beyond modernity. Baudrillard believed modernity "ruptured" with society now dominated by media and entertainment. Lyotard rejected metanarratives in favor of localized truths. However, postmodern ideas are criticized for being vague and offering no positive vision for society.
The document discusses Karl Marx's theory of ideology and how it relates to modern media. It examines Marx's view that the ruling class controls both material production and ideas in society. It also analyzes works by Judith Williamson and Louis Althusser that expanded on Marx's theory of ideology and how advertising and state institutions influence people's beliefs. While their views differed somewhat from Marx, they largely reinforced his core argument about the power of elites to shape mass ideology. The document concludes Marx's theory of ideology remains relevant for understanding how social classes and capitalism influence ideas today through media like blockbuster films.
This document discusses the history and development of urban sociology. It begins by defining urban sociology and its goals of studying urban structures, processes, changes, and problems to inform planning and policymaking. It then discusses some of the early contributors to urban sociology in Europe in the late 19th century, including Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, and Friedrich Engels, who examined the social impacts of industrialization and urbanization. The document also highlights the influential work of George Simmel and his examination of how urban life transforms individual consciousness. A major section focuses on the development of urban sociology at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century, led by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess,
This document discusses social capital and resilience as they relate to research on Aboriginal youth. It defines social capital and resilience at both the individual and community levels. The document presents a conceptual framework showing the four dimensions of this relationship: community resilience and social capital, community resilience and individual social capital, individual resilience and community social capital, and individual resilience and individual social capital. It reviews literature on the different types of social capital (individual vs. community/ecological) and the subdivisions within community social capital, such as bonding, bridging, and linking social capital.
Similar to Re-adapting radical forms of expression in the digital era - Investigating new aspects of recuperation, Michael Tsangaris, University of Piraeus, Greece
This document provides an overview of new media art and activism, covering historical contexts, strategies, and ethical considerations. It discusses how artists like Goya and the emergence of conceptual art expanded boundaries between art and politics. Key topics covered include activist art strategies using public spaces and media, copyright and creative commons approaches, censorship issues, and emerging forms of online resistance like those enabled by Anonymous and Critical Art Ensemble. Ethics of representation, authenticity, and identity are also briefly touched on in relation to new media contexts.
This document discusses modernization theory and its evolution over three waves to explain changing communication patterns in traditional and modern societies. The first wave in the 1950s-60s argued that Western media diffuses modern values and priorities. The second wave criticized this as Western imperialism. The third wave sees modernization as creating both unified global culture and fragmented local identities through disembedding social interactions from communities via mass media and digital networks.
The document discusses several theorists' concepts relating to media representations of social groups and collective identity. Giroux (1997) argues that media representations of youth serve adult interests and make youth an "empty category." Acland (1995) and Cohen (1972) discuss how media representations of deviant youth reproduce social order and create moral panics. Gramsci (1971) introduces the concept of cultural hegemony. Althusser (1970) discusses ideological state apparatuses, and McRobbie (2004) and Gerbner (1986) discuss symbolic violence and cultivation theory, respectively. The document provides exam advice on answering a question about the social implications of media representations of social groups.
This document discusses the concept of "new media" and analyzes what makes media technologies new. It addresses several key topics:
1) It examines different understandings of what makes something new, as newness is not simply about arriving later in time. It involves theories of history and progress.
2) It notes that new media both break with the past but also recall older practices, as there is continuity alongside change.
3) It explores how new media are often positioned in contrast to "old media" through implicit critiques, but the boundaries are blurred.
4) It analyzes the "technological imaginary" where new technologies are invested with hopes and expectations for transformation, raising debates around whether
My presentation at the Media Ecology Association Convention 2010. Objective: to explore and expand the ecological metaphor including concepts like media evolution, media extinction, human-media coevolution, etc.
Cultural theories of mass communication developed in the 1950s-1960s as alternatives to limited effects theories. Cultural theories focus on how media affects culture and social norms rather than individuals. They include micro-level cultural studies theories, which examine how groups use media to create new forms of culture, and macro-level critical/political theories, which analyze how elites use media to maintain power and propagate dominant ideology.
This document discusses theories of social change and social movements. It covers evolutionary and revolutionary views of social change, as well as early social evolutionary theories from the 19th century and more modern resource mobilization and new social movement theories. Key figures discussed include Marx, Weber, Bell, and Castells. The document also defines key terms like social change, cultural lag, and globalization and provides discussion questions about different aspects of social change and social movement theories.
This document discusses Jean Baudrillard's theories about media and society. It outlines how Baudrillard initially criticized Marshall McLuhan's views but later adopted McLuhan's idea that "the medium is the message" as a central tenet. Baudrillard argued that media create a hyperreality and world of simulations that has replaced the real. He also believed that media dissolve meaning and distinctions between media and reality through a process of implosion. While McLuhan saw potential benefits of media, Baudrillard viewed media more negatively as isolating individuals and preventing meaningful communication.
This course provides an introduction to sociology and rural sociology. It aims to help students understand complex human behaviors and conceptualize key sociological definitions and theories. The course covers the emergence and development of sociology as a discipline, key theoretical perspectives, and research methods. It also defines and discusses the scope and importance of rural sociology. Several topics will be examined, including culture, social groups and organizations, social structure and institutions, and socialization. The overall objective is for students to gain foundational knowledge of sociology and rural sociology.
A level media theory knowledge organiser with examMrSouthworth
This document summarizes key concepts and theories from media studies, covering semiotics, narratology, genre theory, structuralism, postmodernism, representation, identity, feminism, audience reception, and media industries. It outlines important ideas from thinkers such as Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Steve Neale, Stuart Hall, David Gauntlett, Judith Butler, Paul Gilroy, Albert Bandura, George Gerbner, Henry Jenkins, and David Hesmondhalgh. The concepts discussed include how meaning is constructed through signs and codes, how narratives and genres function, how identity and representation work, how audiences interpret media, and the political and economic contexts of media production and regulation.
New media has been defined in various ways throughout history as new technologies emerged and evolved. Originally, McLuhan viewed new media as extensions of human senses that would facilitate mediated public spheres and social change. Popularly in the 1980s-90s, new media referred to emerging digital mass media. More recently, new media is understood as a perspective representing the activities of people using innovative technologies to extend and mediate human experiences through hybrid social and cultural spaces.
Here are the key dates in women's rights:
- 1848 - The first women's rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York.
- 1920 - The 19th Amendment is ratified, giving women the right to vote.
- 1963 - The Equal Pay Act is passed, making it illegal to pay men and women unequal wages for the same work.
- 1964 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bans discrimination based on sex as well as race, color, religion, and national origin.
- 1972 - Title IX is passed, prohibiting sex discrimination in educational programs that receive federal funding.
- 1973 - Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion nationwide.
- 1975 -
This document introduces the key concepts and theories related to understanding new media. It begins by discussing Marshall McLuhan and Friedrich Kittler's views that media play a central role in shaping humanity and history. It then examines different terms used to describe new media - digital media, online media, and new media - and argues that "new media" is the most appropriate term as it encompasses technological, connectivity, and novelty aspects without prioritizing any single attribute. The document concludes by outlining debates around the relationship between media/technology and society, and whether media determine society or vice versa.
1. Media Ecology examines how media and communication technologies shape human culture, society, and the environment. It was coined by Marshall McLuhan and has evolved into a broader field of research.
2. Media Ecology theorists argue that media are not neutral tools but profoundly impact how we perceive the world, interact with each other, and structure societies.
3. Major theorists who contributed to Media Ecology include Marshall McLuhan, Lance Strate, and others who studied the interaction of communication, culture, and consciousness.
This document discusses forms of global culture at the beginning of the 21st century. It analyzes mass media culture and corporatist culture that have emerged from globalized cultural phenomena. It describes how mass media like television and the internet have created a global communication society and mass culture. It also discusses how multinational corporations have influenced the development of a corporate and consumerist culture connected to the global economy. The mass media are seen as actively shaping social reality and manipulating audiences on a global scale.
This document discusses the evolution of media and industries from traditional frameworks to new models in the current era of Web 2.0 and social media. Specifically, it describes a shift from top-down hierarchies to more participatory and self-service models, where users take on entrepreneurial roles as cultural agents and workers have more autonomy. Key aspects of this new landscape include aggregation of user-generated content, social connections between individuals, and the blending of production and consumption into a collective intelligence.
This document summarizes different perspectives on the relationship between new media technologies and society. It discusses theorists like McLuhan who argued that media determine society, Kittler who believed technology shapes situations, and Stiegler who viewed humanity and technology as co-originary. It also outlines Castells' perspective that technology and society influence each other, with networks replacing individuals and communities in modern times.
Similar to Re-adapting radical forms of expression in the digital era - Investigating new aspects of recuperation, Michael Tsangaris, University of Piraeus, Greece (20)
The document discusses a 10-step process but provides no details on the actual steps or their purpose. It contains only punctuation marks with no other words or information.
Changes in the cultural production of Southern Europe: the evolution of the r...Michael Tsangaris
Social Structures, Culture and Institutions in Southern European Societies European Sociological Association/RN27 Catania, 4-6 October 2018
Related Publication
THE EVOLUTION OF ROCK FESTIVALS IN GREECE
http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/12313
Presentd at the ISA RC10: International Conference 'Democracy and Participation in the 21st Century'
Lisbon 12-15 JUL 2017
Abstract
Wall graffiti and slogans are considered to be the unconventional artistic media of expression that communicate the social bitterness and discontent about social inequalities. Exposed in the public space these unconventional forms of political activism are considered by the authorities as acts of civil disobedience that belong to the sphere of contentious politics. However, wall slogans and graffiti can reflect the deep rooted patriarchal positions and attitudes that characterise our society. Even progressive and non-discriminatory social groups or individuals that used the public walls as a means of expression unwittingly have misused symbols and words producing confusion concerning their ideas. This paper, based on a research in central urban districts in the metropolitan area Athens explores the ways in which some manifestations of individual expression can provoke confusion concerning gendered biases on the symbolic level. In our analysis, by using the semiotic approach, we attempt to decode visual representations, symbolisms and typical slogans that promote gender equality.
Gender Occupational Segregation in Films Does the Story Still Goes on? /Micha...Michael Tsangaris
This document summarizes research on gender occupational segregation in 90 popular films from 1990-2015. The key findings are:
1) Females comprised only 24.14% of all characters, consistent with the typical ratio of 3 males to every 1 female.
2) Males dominated leadership roles, holding 8 of 10 leader roles in each time period studied.
3) Artistic conventions and economic risks discourage breaking from standard formulas, hindering progress towards gender equality in films. While not truth, films still influence society and should work to support more balanced representations.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Re-adapting radical forms of expression in the digital era - Investigating new aspects of recuperation, Michael Tsangaris, University of Piraeus, Greece
1. Re-adapting radical forms of
expression in the digital era
Investigating new aspects of
recuperation
MichaelTsangaris, University of Piraeus, Greece
this presentation has been partly supported by the University of Piraeus Research Center
TheTransformative Power ofVisual Encounters - RC57Visual Sociology
3. this presentation investigates contemporary developments
of visual significations
concerning former emblems of resistance
in the social media environment
it is a part of a larger theoretical project that examines
historically the social, ideological and aesthetic
dimension of the counter cultures recuperation from the
dominant culture
7. the Situationist International used the term recuperation
in the sense that the system is recovering something that
has escaped and revolted,
avoiding in this way a potential overthrown (Knabb 1981)
introduction to recuperation
8. introduction to recuperation
the recuperation of a radical act or idea can be realized
by separating parts from the total revolutionary claim and
incorporating them into the spectacle as cultural
elements,
while not necessarily obtaining the approval by the part
of the counter cultural group or the system
10. the term co-option (co-optation) that was coined by Philip
Selznick is similar
however, co-option seems to obtain the approval by the
system and the opposition
introduction to recuperation
12. Ronald Barthes (1972), gave examples of a similar process
based on his theory of ‘myth’
a small ‘vaccination’ of an ‘acknowledged evil’ can
protect the bourgeois establishment against the risk of a
generalized subversion
introduction to recuperation
14. isolated from the real context, subversive signs can
exploit consumers eagerness to identify with rebellious
ideas
rebellion is feasible through consumption
introduction to recuperation
16. since the beginning of the twentieth century scholars have
been investigating counter-cultures and sub-cultures from
various perspectives:
as youth socialization mechanisms, in relation to social
homologies etc.
counter-mores (Lasswell 1935)
contra-cultures (Yinger 1960)
counter-cultures (Roszak 1969)
sub-cultures (Hall & Jefferson 1993)
neo-tribes (Brookman 2001)
scenes (Bennett & Peterson 2004; Straw 2015)
introduction to recuperation
17. I will use the term counter culture as the cultural
framework of any social group that is opposed to the
dominant culture
introduction to recuperation
19. in order to explore visually how does the process of
recuperation operate
I will present images of particular alternative modes of
communication that have been used before by social groups
for the symbolic construction of resistance against the
dominant culture
giving also their current recuperated meaning
applications of visual recuperation
21. punk culture is very convenient for the purposes of this
presentation as it was based on symbolic expression
mohawk hairstyles, ripped clothes and decorated black
leather jackets were typical symbolic emblems of the punk
generation
23. the first image includes a Mohawk,
this haircut was one of the major punk emblems that
denoted concepts such as
rebellion, disorder, anarchy etc.
24. the second image that comes from a contemporary commercial
web page presents a gentle and moderate male wearing the
same mohawk hairstyle
although the haircut remains the same, the image does not
recall any more rebellion but a fashionable style
29. the mythical image of the Sex Pistols that defined them as
basic emblems of the seventies counter-culture activated
after releasing the song ‘Anarchy in the UK’ in 1976
30. in 2016 during the fortieth anniversary of Punk rock, an
‘Anarchy in the UK’ credit card was designed so consumers
can 'put a little bit of rebellion in their pockets' (Jones
2015)
32. during the twentieth century the middle class considered
tattoos as deviant practices that characterized specific
social groups like bikers, prisoners, drug addicts, punks,
gangsters, skinheads, sailors, etc.
people that had tattoos developed as a fragmented
counterculture that carried signs of resistance against
the white, heterosexual, middle-class cultural domination
(DeMello 2000)
34. in the past, tattoos stood for subcultures
as emblems of toughness, rebellion and disobedience
generating ‘moral panic’ to the bourgeois society (Cohen
1972)
35. a recent advertisement that presented a young British pop
musician full of tattoos
instead of generating a sense of ‘moral panic’
suggests a cool identity for the young consumers
40. the same happened with the bikers’ corporate motorcycle
logo tattoos
Harley Davidson tattoos are emblems related to rebellion,
club unity and toughness
41. the ‘supermarket era’ of tattooing (Atkinson 2003)
increased the popularity of corporate logo tattoos that
directly signify consumerism
43. wall slogans and graffiti function as alternative media
that communicate social arguments and discontent by the
oppressed social groups who are normally excluded from
media production (Downing 2001; Fuchs 2010)
44. advertising graffiti on canvas supports exactly the values
that this alternative communication practice struggles to
confront:
the prevalence of mainstream messages that are inclined by
the consumerist culture
46. the late seventies the Crass initiated a great stencil
anti-establishment campaign at the underground of London
47. during the nineties many graffiti writers turned to
professional muralists using the form of graffiti-stencil
for advertising purposes
forms, processes and techniques that promoted free speech
and social contention to some extent lost their initial
radical mode of signification and got neutralized by the
spectacle
49. recuperation and social media
perhaps,
we are entering a final stage of capitalism
through a complicated process that can be defined as
the phase of social media recuperation
50. recuperation and social media
the social media have changed the way typical mediated
mass communications work as they can be used by anyone
the conventional media ecology was disrupted as radical
media can be embedded to mainstream communication
platforms
51. recuperation and social media
there is a strange connection between counter cultures
and social media
this can be reflected:
52. -in the continuing dialogue regarding internet structure
that fluctuates between the concepts of centralised control
capitalism and decentralized network democracy
recuperation and social media
53. -the user generated content of social media in combination
to their commercial orientation set up a framework that
represents together
the comic with the tragic, the real with the fake, the
political with the commercial etc.
bringing everything to an ‘eternal, illusory party’
(Ludovico and Cirio, 2013)
recuperation and social media
54. this condition does not recall decentralized and
alternative systems of communication but constructs
mechanisms that increase recuperation and apathy
as Morozov (2013) argues, it rather brings about passive
states such as ‘slacktivism’ or 'armchair activism'
recuperation and social media
55. the meanings of the images in social media are flexible
they can take many connotations depending on the profile and
the social capital of the prosumer/produser (Toffler 1990,
Bruns 2008) that makes them available publicly on the
platform
in this sense, there is a great diffusion of counter
cultural visual elements through social media loaded with
multiple meanings and this fact neutralizes the original
purpose of the initial symbolic connotation
recuperation and social media
56. conclusions
the dominant capitalist culture reproduces and represents
itself continuously
in order to be updated, it defines, categorizes redefines
and recuperates counter cultural visual elements within
its range
57. conclusions
digital technology and the new media communications
intensify this process by diffusing further the counter
cultural emblems in a confusing mixed media environment
depending on the social capital of the addresser,
images take various meanings
reflecting each time his/her rhetoric
58. conclusions
counter cultural representations in social media are all
subjected to commodification and recuperation
mixing everything within a commercial framework
that belongs to the sphere of ‘Spectacle’
59. ‘…images detached from every aspect of life merge into
a common stream, and the former unity of life
is lost forever…’
(Debord 1970)
[29]
60. Bibliography
Atkinson, M. (2003) Tattooed: The sociogenesis of a body art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Atton, Ch. (2001) Alternative media. Sage: London.
Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. New York: The Noonday press.
Bell, S. (1999) ‘Tattooed: A participant observer's exploration of meaning’ The Journal of American Culture 22.2. p.53.
Bennett, A. and Peterson, R. A. (2004), Music scenes: Local, translocal and virtual, Vanderbilt: University Press.
Becker, H. (1963) Outsider. New York: Free Press.
Becker, H. (1982) Art Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, Th. (1991) The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London: Penguin.
Berger, G. (2009) The story of Crass. London: Pm Press.
Brookman, C. (2001) 'Forever Young: Consumption and Evolving Neo-Tribes in the Sydney Rave Scene' Unpublished Honours Thesis: University of
Sydney.
Bruns, A. (2008) Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang.
Crary, J. (1989) Spectacle, attention, counter-memory. October 50. pp. 97-107.
Cohen, S. (1972) Moral panics and folk devils. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
Clark, D. (2003) ‘The death and life of punk, the last subculture’ in Muggleton, D. and Weinzierl R. (Eds) The post-subcultures reader. New
York: Berg publishers, 2003. pp. 223-36.
Clarke, J. Hall, S. Jefferson, T. Roberts, B. (2000) ‘Subcultures, cultures and class’ In Hall, S. and Jefferson T. eds. Resistance
through rituals, London: Routledge, pp. 8-73.
Clarke, J. (2000) The skinheads and the magical recovery of community. In Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. (2000) (eds) Resistance through
rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain. London: Routledge. pp. 99-102.
Crary, J. (1989) ‘Spectacle, attention, counter-memory’ October 50. pp. 97-107.
Debord, G. (1998) Comments on the Society of the Spectacle. Vol. 18. Verso.
Debord, G. (1970) Society of the Spectacle. Detroit: Black & Red
Debord, G. and Wolman G. J. (1956). Mode d’emploi du détournement. Les lèvres nues 8.3.
de Saussure, F. (1916) Cours de linguistique générale.
DeMello, M. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham: D uke University Press.
Downing, J. (2001) Radical Media. London: Sage.
Downing, J. (2008) Social movement theories and alternative media. Communication, Culture & Critique 1(1) pp. 40-50.
61. Evans, M. Jamal, A. and Foxall, G. (2006) Consumer behaviour. Chischester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Featherstone, M. (1991a) The body in consumer culture. In The body: Social process and cultural theory, ed. Mike Featherstone, Mike
Hepworth, and Bryan Turner, London: Sage. pp. 170-96.
Featherstone, M. (1991b) Consumer culture and postmodernism. London: Sage.
Fuchs, Ch. (2010) Alternative media as critical media. European journal of social theory 13(2): 173-192.
Goody, J. (1997) Representations and Contradictions Ambivalence Towards Images, Theatre, Fiction, Relics, and Sexuality. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Govenar, A. (2000) The changing image of tattooing in American culture, 1846-1966. In Written on the body, ed. Jane Caplan, Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press. pp. 212-33.
Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. (2000) (eds) Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain. London: Routledge.
Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Routledge.
Hopper, C. B. and Moore J. (1983) Hell on wheels: The outlaw motorcycle gangs. The Journal of American Culture 6.2 (1983) pp. 58-64.
Jappe A. (1999) Guy Debord. Berkley: University of California Press.
Jones, R. (2015) ‘Punk rock brand: the Sex Pistols to feature on a range of credit cards’. the Guardian,
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/09/punk-rock-brand-the-sex-pistols-to-feature-on-a-range-of-credit-cards accessed 11.03.2018.
Kaufmann V. (2003) Guy Debord, Paris: Ministère des Affaires étrangères.
Knabb, K. (1981) ‘Translator’s Notes’ In Situationist International Anthology, ed. Ken Knabb (Berkeley: Bureau of Public Secrets. Kriesi,
Η. Koopmans, R. Dyvendak, W. Giugni, M. (1995) New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, London: UCL.
Laing, D. (1978) 'Interpreting punk rock', Marxism Today 22.4 pp. 123-128.
Lasswell, H. D. (1935) World Politics and Personal Insecurity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lovink G and Rasch M (2013) Unlike us reader: Social media monopolies and their alternatives No 8 - Institute of Network Cultures.
Amsterdam: Enschedé.
Ludovico, A. and Cirio, P. (2013) Face-to-Facebook, Smiling in the Eternal Party. In: Lovink G and Rasch M (eds) Unlike us reader: Social
media monopolies and their alternatives No 8-Institute of Network Cultures. Amsterdam: Enschedé, pp.254-258.
Lukács, G. (1923) History and class consciousness, Studies in Marxist dialectics. Vol. 215. Mit Press.
Orend, A. and Gagne P. (2009) 'Corporate logo tattoos and the commodification of the body' Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 38.4. pp.
493-517.
Kosut, M. (2006) An ironic fad: The commodification and consumption of tattoos. The Journal of Popular Culture 39.6 pp. 1035-1048.
Kosut, M. (2000) Tattoo Narratives: The intersection of the body, self‐identity and society. Visual Studies 15.1 pp. 79-100.
Manco T (2002) History of Stencil Graffiti Stencil Graffiti. London: Thames & Hudson.
Morozov, E. (2013) To save everything, click here: The folly of technological solutionism. New York: Public Affairs.
N. London: Omnibus Press.
62. Permanent Culture Now (2016) ‘Veteran Situationists behind King Mob and ‘Revolt Against Plenty’, YouTube (29/4/2018)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttSCSpnDSqA)
Roszak, Th. (1969) The making of a counter culture: reflections on the technocratic society and its youthful opposition. New York: Anchor
Books.
Sanders, C. and Vail D. A. (2009) Customizing the body: The art and culture of tattooing. Temple University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1995) The construction of social reality. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Seemann, M. (2014) Das neue Spiel: Strategien für die Welt nach dem digitalen Kontrollverlust. Freiburg: Orange-press.
Seiler, C. (2000) Rock Culture and Consumer Capitalism. In Gottdiener, M. (ed.) (2000) New forms of consumption: Consumers, culture, and
commodification. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield pp. 203-226
Selznick, Ph. (1948) 'Foundations of the theory of organization' American sociological review 13.1. pp. 25-35.
Simiti, Μ. (2002), ‘Civil society: new forms of collective action’, SPOUDAI-Journal of Economics and Business, 52.4, pp. 166-182.
Srnicek, N. (2016) Platform capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Straw, W. (2015) ‘Some things a scene might be: Postface’ Cultural Studies 29.3: 476-485.
Toffler, A. (1990) Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century. New York: Bantam.
Tsangaris, M. (2018) Radical Communication and Social Media–political slogans and street art in the time of the crisis. International
Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, Volume: 3, Issue: 4, pp.1227-1248.
Tsangaris, M and Agrafioti, K. (2017), ‘Frame Analysis and the Rock Scenes’, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 7
(3), pp. 58-69.
Turner, B. (1999) The possibility of primitiveness: Towards a sociology of body marks in cool societies. Body and Society 5 (2-3) pp. 39-
50.
Wittgenstein L. (1953) Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.
Yablonsky, L. (1959) The Delinquent Gang as a Near-Group, Social Problems, 7 (Fall). pp. 108-117.
Yinger, J. M. (1960) Contraculture and Subculture, American Sociological Review, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 625-635.
Zerzan, J. (2003) No Way Out? http://www.johnzerzan.net/articles/no-way-out.html accessed 25/5/2018
63. Pictures
Picture 1. Photograph by the Life magazine photographer, J. R. Eyerman (that was 'The Society of the Spectacle' cover of the 1983 edition
modified by the author, http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/tkttran/clips/the-society-of-the-spectacle
Picture 2. Celebrities wearing scull t-shirts -modified by the author
Picture 3. The situationist International, https://mathewtudor.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/the-situationists.gif
Picture 4. Philip Selznick, modified by the author, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/center-for-the-study-of-law-society/philip-
selznick-memorial-page/
Picture 5. Ronald Barthes, https://thecharnelhouse.org/2015/04/17/the-marxism-of-roland-barthes/#jp-carousel-25458
Picture 6. Che Guevara beer, modified by the author, http://piccy.info/view3/8484351/32d9de27507f629f7a0e97861152ecc0/
Picture 7. Subcultures-counter cultures - pictures modified by the author.
Picture 8. Asger Jorn - Vive la Révolution Passioné - 1968, https://www.barnebys.com/auctions/lot/471788495/asger-jorn-vive-la-revolution-
passione-1968/
Picture 9. Catwoman sue https://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/moors_murderers_part1.htm
Picture 10. Manchester punks 1976, source: Mirrorpix in Walters S, ‘Music & Nightlife Manchester Music Four Manchester bands we owe to the
Sex Pistols' https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/sex-pistols-free-trade-manchester-11423565
Picture 11. Top ten haircuts 2016, source: The toptenny https://www.topteny.com/top-10-hottest-haircuts-hairstyles-for-men-2016/
Picture 12. The Ramones, source: The Ramones Will Get Their Own Street in Queens, N.Y. https://www.spin.com/2016/10/the-ramones-way-queens/
Picture 13. Comercial ripped jeans, source: carousell https://ph.carousell.com/p/free-shipping-nation-wide-divided-by-h-m-original-ripped-
jeans-for-women-promo-buy-one-pant-get-one-h-m-long-sleeve-shirt-for-free-103277467/
Picture 14. Sex Pistols in the seventies, source: persimusic https://persimusic.com/apendice-de-bandas/s-z/the-sex-pistols/
Picture 15. Virgin Money Debit Cards 2016, source: AdAge in ‘Anarchy in the UK as Virgin Money Debits Sex Pistol Credit Card’,
http://creativity-online.com/work/virgin-money-sex-pistols-credit-cards/42185
Picture 16. Tattoo gangsters - modified by the author
Picture 17. Tattoo: Les Skuse, Bristol, Great Britain, 1960s, sourse: Schiffmacher, Henk, and Burkhard Riemschneider, eds. 1000 Tattoos.
Taschen, 2014. p.257
Picture 18. Live Unbuttoned Levis 501, Josh Beech photographed by David Vasiljevic, source: The campaign: levi’s spring/summer 2009 Porhome
http://porhomme.com/2009/02/the-campaign-levis-501-springsummer-2009/
Picture 19. Skinhead tattoo, source: Schiffmacher, Henk, and Burkhard Riemschneider, eds. 1000 Tattoos. Taschen, 2014. p. 477
Picture 20. Lego tattoo campaign, source: Pilots extrafine, Lego tattoo campaign, Ads of the World,
https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/pilot_legoman_tattoo_full_body
64. Picture 21. Harley Davidson tattoo, source: https://www.askideas.com/27-harley-tattoos-on-sleeve/
Picture 22. Corporate Logo Tattoos, source: Facebook - Laine Too https://www.facebook.com/LaineToo/
Picture 23. Never Work, source: Marxist internet archieve
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/debord/1963/never-work.htm
Picture 24. Puma Graffiti on Canvas – Advertising production, source: Graffiti usa https://www.graffiti-
artist.net/advertisements/puma-suede-commercial/
Picture 25. Crass graffiti at Bond street station 1979 (Dial House Collection)
Picture 26. Living in Harmony – Coca Cola, TATS CRU, Inc
Picture 27. Saussure’s two-sided sign, source: de Saussure F. (1916) Cours de linguistique générale. p. 158
Picture 28. The diagram is made by the author on the basis of Saussure’s two-sided sign diagram.
Picture 29. Social media, modified by the author,
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpbgt3vsN9EtsaPZNKZbl2ImLYno2vkvotEkpvZQ2ygQKucGYs