The document discusses various challenges facing North East India across four main areas: insurgencies and ethnic conflicts, geographical isolation, ill-planned economic development, and human development indices. It notes issues such as insurgencies creating an unstable environment, the region's isolation from mainland India, slow development of the agrarian sector and untapped potential in other industries, and the need to improve education and skills. Several recommendations are provided under each area to address the challenges, such as promoting cultural centers, boosting vocational training, improving infrastructure, adopting inclusive growth, and strengthening universities.
The document summarizes economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It outlines challenges like weak agriculture, insufficient infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends propagating indigenous farming practices for rice cultivation, facilitating rural credit, and promoting self-help groups. For infrastructure, it suggests a polymer-bitumen road technology and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it proposes short-term security measures and long-term solutions like resolving identity issues and providing job opportunities. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity.
This document discusses the transport challenges facing North East India and proposes a model called "Sangradhan" to address them. Key points:
- The region has poor connectivity due to an inadequate and outdated transport system of roads, railways, airports and bridges.
- Insurgencies have led to loss of lives and economic opportunities. A holistic solution is needed to address socio-economic grievances.
- Sangradhan would be a truth and reconciliation committee to investigate human rights abuses, rehabilitate victims, and grant amnesty. It aims to build trust and resolve conflicts in a democratic manner. Implementation challenges and mitigations are also discussed.
The document discusses the growth potential of North East India. It outlines several opportunities for growth, including high literacy rates, abundant natural resources, potential for tourism and agriculture, and opportunities for international trade. However, it also notes several challenges facing development, such as security issues, poor infrastructure, and underrepresentation in national government. To realize North East India's potential, the document proposes solutions like improving infrastructure, boosting trade and security, and sustainably developing natural resources and tourism. It acknowledges challenges to implementing these solutions, but argues they can be addressed through proper governance and community development.
The document proposes solutions to address problems facing North East India such as insurgency, infrastructure issues, and unemployment. Immediate measures include improving law and order, investing in infrastructure like roads and electricity, and improving interaction between North East and the rest of India. Long term measures involve overhauling planning and execution of economic packages, encouraging civil society involvement, setting up an IT sector to generate jobs, and stopping jhum cultivation. These solutions aim to impact 38 million people annually through local volunteer groups and improve the region's employment, peace, and development.
The document summarizes the economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It identifies key challenges as weak agriculture, lack of infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends adopting indigenous rice farming practices and increasing rural credit access. For infrastructure, it proposes a new road technology using polymer and bitumen, and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it suggests concluding negotiations, addressing identity issues, and improving law and order. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity by realizing its potential through concerted political and development efforts.
Final project WBG -MOOC- financing for development-unlocking investmenthuzzaiin
Audience of the Presentation
Afghanistan is a fragile and conflict state (FCS). Its economy is suffering due to the political unrest. For the Economic Stability (SDGs # 8) of the country, people from every sphere of life have to do his role. General public have to be vigilant and abide by the rules & regulations of the country whereas politician and executive organs of the country have to develop policy to attract domestic and foreign resources to stabilize the economy.
This document discusses the growth potential of North-East India. It notes that the region has a population of 38.8 million people across diverse ethnic groups, but has high poverty and low economic growth compared to the rest of India. Key challenges include insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and improper utilization of natural resources. The document outlines several policy recommendations and economic opportunities in sectors like tourism, agriculture, and mining to help realize the region's potential. These include developing individual state policies, strengthening local governments, improving education and healthcare, and boosting infrastructure development.
The document summarizes economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It outlines challenges like weak agriculture, insufficient infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends propagating indigenous farming practices for rice cultivation, facilitating rural credit, and promoting self-help groups. For infrastructure, it suggests a polymer-bitumen road technology and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it proposes short-term security measures and long-term solutions like resolving identity issues and providing job opportunities. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity.
This document discusses the transport challenges facing North East India and proposes a model called "Sangradhan" to address them. Key points:
- The region has poor connectivity due to an inadequate and outdated transport system of roads, railways, airports and bridges.
- Insurgencies have led to loss of lives and economic opportunities. A holistic solution is needed to address socio-economic grievances.
- Sangradhan would be a truth and reconciliation committee to investigate human rights abuses, rehabilitate victims, and grant amnesty. It aims to build trust and resolve conflicts in a democratic manner. Implementation challenges and mitigations are also discussed.
The document discusses the growth potential of North East India. It outlines several opportunities for growth, including high literacy rates, abundant natural resources, potential for tourism and agriculture, and opportunities for international trade. However, it also notes several challenges facing development, such as security issues, poor infrastructure, and underrepresentation in national government. To realize North East India's potential, the document proposes solutions like improving infrastructure, boosting trade and security, and sustainably developing natural resources and tourism. It acknowledges challenges to implementing these solutions, but argues they can be addressed through proper governance and community development.
The document proposes solutions to address problems facing North East India such as insurgency, infrastructure issues, and unemployment. Immediate measures include improving law and order, investing in infrastructure like roads and electricity, and improving interaction between North East and the rest of India. Long term measures involve overhauling planning and execution of economic packages, encouraging civil society involvement, setting up an IT sector to generate jobs, and stopping jhum cultivation. These solutions aim to impact 38 million people annually through local volunteer groups and improve the region's employment, peace, and development.
The document summarizes the economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It identifies key challenges as weak agriculture, lack of infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends adopting indigenous rice farming practices and increasing rural credit access. For infrastructure, it proposes a new road technology using polymer and bitumen, and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it suggests concluding negotiations, addressing identity issues, and improving law and order. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity by realizing its potential through concerted political and development efforts.
Final project WBG -MOOC- financing for development-unlocking investmenthuzzaiin
Audience of the Presentation
Afghanistan is a fragile and conflict state (FCS). Its economy is suffering due to the political unrest. For the Economic Stability (SDGs # 8) of the country, people from every sphere of life have to do his role. General public have to be vigilant and abide by the rules & regulations of the country whereas politician and executive organs of the country have to develop policy to attract domestic and foreign resources to stabilize the economy.
This document discusses the growth potential of North-East India. It notes that the region has a population of 38.8 million people across diverse ethnic groups, but has high poverty and low economic growth compared to the rest of India. Key challenges include insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and improper utilization of natural resources. The document outlines several policy recommendations and economic opportunities in sectors like tourism, agriculture, and mining to help realize the region's potential. These include developing individual state policies, strengthening local governments, improving education and healthcare, and boosting infrastructure development.
The document discusses various proposals to develop the economy and infrastructure of North East India by strengthening connectivity and trade with Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries. It outlines infrastructure projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand-Cambodia Quadrilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project that would improve road and sea links. Developing tourism, agriculture, industries and improving domestic factors like education, healthcare and governance are also highlighted as important for the region's growth. Challenges in implementation like political instability, lack of monitoring and opposition are noted.
This document provides an overview of economic development, piracy, and smuggling in Southeast Asia. It discusses how Southeast Asian countries have experienced strong economic growth in recent decades, driven by factors like population growth and trade. However, issues like overfishing, poverty, and weak law enforcement have contributed to piracy in the region. The document also notes that smuggling networks facilitate significant irregular migration within Southeast Asia, as people move from poorer countries to locations with more economic opportunities.
The document discusses the growth potential of India's North East region. It outlines several problems facing the region, including civil conflict, limited connectivity, lack of political leadership, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and scanty media coverage. It then proposes several solutions like developing agriculture, improving transportation infrastructure, harnessing hydroelectric power, implementing the Look East policy, and private sector involvement. Realizing the full economic potential of the region faces challenges but would boost India's GDP and bring socio-economic prosperity through increased connectivity, trade, and development.
The document discusses Pakistan's agricultural sector and the challenges it faces in becoming an Asian Tiger economy. Some of the major problems in the agricultural sector include limited cultivable land, water logging and salinity issues, low crop yields, outdated farming methods, lack of infrastructure and research, and uneconomic land holdings. To address these issues, the document suggests measures such as providing farmers access to credit, improved seeds and machinery, investing in irrigation infrastructure, and expanding agricultural research. Overall, developing the agricultural sector through modernization and overcoming resource constraints is key to strengthening Pakistan's economy.
The East Asian model of economic development Zelda Gin
The document outlines an East Asian model of economic development that emphasizes policy-augmented human capital. It examines the development paths of various East Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and China. These countries prioritized economic development over democracy through state-guided industrial policy that focused on developing human capital and shifting their economies toward export-led industries. While some countries like Japan started with import substitution, most transitioned to export promotion as their economies developed. The model argues this state-led approach focused on building productive capacity was key to the unprecedented growth rates achieved across East Asia.
Globalization and Nigeria’s quest for self-Reliance and Political sovereignty...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The economic success of the Asian Tigers resulted from their own efforts. Each country largely followed the Japanese model of export-led development: they began with exports of the cheapest products, educated their citizens so that they would be knowledgeable workers, and then increased the value of the products that were being exported. Today, South Korea, for instance, is the home of technology giants Samsung and LG, both of which have benefited immensely from government policies that promoted education. Singapore, meanwhile, has become a global trading and banking hub-another example of expertise in a high-value industry.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The document discusses the economic development of the four Asian Tigers - South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. It outlines that in the 1960s-1970s, these economies experienced rapid industrialization and high growth rates of over 7% annually by focusing on exports, increasing education levels, high savings rates, and receptive political systems. Specifically, it notes that Hong Kong grew its GDP 180-fold through services and exports, Singapore attracted foreign investment and focused on exports and refining imports, South Korea emphasized trade and large conglomerates, and Taiwan reformed through a 19-point program and US aid. The success of the Asian Tigers served as models for other developing economies in the region.
The Path to an Industrial Africa - Challenges and Opportunities by Akin OyebodeQuramo Conferences
The Quramo Conference is a platform for multi-disciplinary experts and knowledge vendors aimed at covering emerging issues. It is tailored to address advocacy and policy required for shaping ongoing governmental and non-governmental decision-making.
This April 2016 edition of the conference was themed People Power: Human Capacity for Industrial Africa. The conference focused on investment in human capital for improved trade and commerce across the African region driven by industrialisation.
The document discusses the potential of the North Eastern states of India and proposes solutions to major problems in the region. It notes that the states have high literacy rates but contribute little to India's GDP and rail network due to issues like poor connectivity, unemployment, underdeveloped agriculture, and untapped natural resources. The proposed solutions aim to boost connectivity through roads, railways and inland transport, promote trade through improved infrastructure and policies, increase employment through private sector growth and skill development, modernize agriculture through cooperative farming and irrigation, and utilize the region's natural resources like hydropower and minerals. Implementing the solutions would require public-private partnerships, policy support from central ministries, and community involvement to realize the North East's development potential
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
Sustainable peace and security remains a key challenge in the Niger Delta region. But the Niger Delta question seems to defy all known solutions. Due to fact that the parties are not sincere at getting the issues resolved because certain individual(s) or group(s) are benefiting or the government lacks the will power to confront the problem politically. Despite the region justified for over 80% of government revenue, 95 % of export receipts and 90% of foreign exchange earnings, the region still nursing with communal tensions, political competition, organized criminality, and resource-based conflicts, militancy, piracy, cultism, election violence, communal violence, armed robbery, kidnapping, unemployment, poverty, land disputes and lack of infrastructures varying at state and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. The study therefore recommended: the development areas should be funded by the Federal Government through direct budgetary allocations. The development areas would have the mandate to ensure urgent infrastructural and socio- economic transformation of the Niger Delta. They should be domiciled in the oil producing communities, and should carry the locals along in the execution of their mandate. Activities of the development areas should be subjected to periodic review through a feed- back mechanism put in place by the Federal Government to ensure optimal performance, appropriate skill knowledge to ameliorate poverty, strengthening of anti-corruption agencies among others.
Hurdles of Emerging Economies - South AfricaShreyas Kamath
Presented for the Economics Association Seminar (Intracollegiate) held on 28th November 2015 at Jai Hind College, Churchgate.
In Collaboration with: Akshat Upadhyay, Zarna Shah, Keegan Rebello
We won first place!
ABSTRACT
The economy of South Africa is the second-largest in Africa, behind Nigeria. It is ranked as an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank.
South Africa’s growth experience provides an example of how contrasting growth trends - long-term decline followed by improved growth - pivot around political change, in this case a transition to democracy. In the decade prior to 1994, South Africa experienced the worst period of economic growth since the end of the Second World War, with growth variable and declining. The proximate causes of slowing growth were trade and financial sanctions in opposition to the Apartheid government, political instability and macroeconomic policy decisions that resulted in higher inflation, increased uncertainty and declining investment.
In the post-apartheid period, political and economic leadership have been essential to improving the country’s growth performance, because of the effect on policy formulation, institutional development, regulatory design, and economic vision.
This research project provides some insight into the challenges faced by the South African Economy such as high levels of unemployment, income inequality, growing public debt, political mismanagement, low levels of education, reliable access to amenities, and crime.
Spotlight on Migration: causes, consequences and what the AU can doIPSS-Addis
This document discusses migration trends in Africa and recommendations for governance. It notes that by 2050, Africa's population will reach 2 billion and over half will be under 20. Mega-cities will be difficult to govern without services. Internal displacement is increasing due to conflicts while mobility and cross-border trade are also rising. However, restrictive policies are limiting migration. The document recommends shifting focus from intervention to prevention by building early warning and response capabilities. Governance of migration should become more effective, displacement reduced, and mobility enhanced through infrastructure development and regional integration. Critical challenges will depend on aspects of governance like human security, state capabilities, delivery, and inclusivity.
Paper presented by Henrii Nwanguma, Executive Secretary of LAKAJI Development Alliance (LDA) at the Institute of Directors Nigeria‘s Members Evening on the 27th of August, 2015
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
The document discusses the four Asian Tigers - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan - which experienced rapid economic growth since the 1970s due to shared Confucian cultural values and stable political environments. It provides details on the industrialization and export-driven growth of Hong Kong and Singapore, the government initiatives and conglomerates that boosted South Korea's economy, and Taiwan's economic reforms with US aid.
Globalization refers to the increased integration and interdependence of national economies through cross-border movement of goods, capital, services, technologies and people. It has led to greater international trade, cultural exchange and access to goods and services. However, it has also been associated with loss of culture, uneven wealth distribution and increased health risks from the spread of diseases. While proponents argue it increases economic growth and efficiency, critics argue it promotes a corporatist agenda and unsustainable debt. The Philippines has experienced effects of globalization through trade agreements and increased foreign investment and labor exports, but poverty remains a challenge.
Here Comes The Sun // Brand North-East IndiaNitin Das Rai
Brand strategy for the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry's (FICCI) North-East Regional Advisory Council. Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest and oldest apex business organisation in India.
4 Indian states- North, south,east,westMax Agarwal
The document provides information on five Indian states - Punjab, Kerala, Goa, Manipur, and their key facts. Punjab is located in northern India and is known for its fertile land and irrigation channels. Kerala is in southern India and receives heavy rainfall. Goa is India's smallest state located on the western coast. Manipur is an eastern state known for its Manipuri dance form. For each state, the document outlines the traditional dress, popular foods, and government details like capital city and head of state.
The document discusses various proposals to develop the economy and infrastructure of North East India by strengthening connectivity and trade with Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries. It outlines infrastructure projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand-Cambodia Quadrilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project that would improve road and sea links. Developing tourism, agriculture, industries and improving domestic factors like education, healthcare and governance are also highlighted as important for the region's growth. Challenges in implementation like political instability, lack of monitoring and opposition are noted.
This document provides an overview of economic development, piracy, and smuggling in Southeast Asia. It discusses how Southeast Asian countries have experienced strong economic growth in recent decades, driven by factors like population growth and trade. However, issues like overfishing, poverty, and weak law enforcement have contributed to piracy in the region. The document also notes that smuggling networks facilitate significant irregular migration within Southeast Asia, as people move from poorer countries to locations with more economic opportunities.
The document discusses the growth potential of India's North East region. It outlines several problems facing the region, including civil conflict, limited connectivity, lack of political leadership, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and scanty media coverage. It then proposes several solutions like developing agriculture, improving transportation infrastructure, harnessing hydroelectric power, implementing the Look East policy, and private sector involvement. Realizing the full economic potential of the region faces challenges but would boost India's GDP and bring socio-economic prosperity through increased connectivity, trade, and development.
The document discusses Pakistan's agricultural sector and the challenges it faces in becoming an Asian Tiger economy. Some of the major problems in the agricultural sector include limited cultivable land, water logging and salinity issues, low crop yields, outdated farming methods, lack of infrastructure and research, and uneconomic land holdings. To address these issues, the document suggests measures such as providing farmers access to credit, improved seeds and machinery, investing in irrigation infrastructure, and expanding agricultural research. Overall, developing the agricultural sector through modernization and overcoming resource constraints is key to strengthening Pakistan's economy.
The East Asian model of economic development Zelda Gin
The document outlines an East Asian model of economic development that emphasizes policy-augmented human capital. It examines the development paths of various East Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and China. These countries prioritized economic development over democracy through state-guided industrial policy that focused on developing human capital and shifting their economies toward export-led industries. While some countries like Japan started with import substitution, most transitioned to export promotion as their economies developed. The model argues this state-led approach focused on building productive capacity was key to the unprecedented growth rates achieved across East Asia.
Globalization and Nigeria’s quest for self-Reliance and Political sovereignty...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The economic success of the Asian Tigers resulted from their own efforts. Each country largely followed the Japanese model of export-led development: they began with exports of the cheapest products, educated their citizens so that they would be knowledgeable workers, and then increased the value of the products that were being exported. Today, South Korea, for instance, is the home of technology giants Samsung and LG, both of which have benefited immensely from government policies that promoted education. Singapore, meanwhile, has become a global trading and banking hub-another example of expertise in a high-value industry.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The document discusses the economic development of the four Asian Tigers - South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. It outlines that in the 1960s-1970s, these economies experienced rapid industrialization and high growth rates of over 7% annually by focusing on exports, increasing education levels, high savings rates, and receptive political systems. Specifically, it notes that Hong Kong grew its GDP 180-fold through services and exports, Singapore attracted foreign investment and focused on exports and refining imports, South Korea emphasized trade and large conglomerates, and Taiwan reformed through a 19-point program and US aid. The success of the Asian Tigers served as models for other developing economies in the region.
The Path to an Industrial Africa - Challenges and Opportunities by Akin OyebodeQuramo Conferences
The Quramo Conference is a platform for multi-disciplinary experts and knowledge vendors aimed at covering emerging issues. It is tailored to address advocacy and policy required for shaping ongoing governmental and non-governmental decision-making.
This April 2016 edition of the conference was themed People Power: Human Capacity for Industrial Africa. The conference focused on investment in human capital for improved trade and commerce across the African region driven by industrialisation.
The document discusses the potential of the North Eastern states of India and proposes solutions to major problems in the region. It notes that the states have high literacy rates but contribute little to India's GDP and rail network due to issues like poor connectivity, unemployment, underdeveloped agriculture, and untapped natural resources. The proposed solutions aim to boost connectivity through roads, railways and inland transport, promote trade through improved infrastructure and policies, increase employment through private sector growth and skill development, modernize agriculture through cooperative farming and irrigation, and utilize the region's natural resources like hydropower and minerals. Implementing the solutions would require public-private partnerships, policy support from central ministries, and community involvement to realize the North East's development potential
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
Sustainable peace and security remains a key challenge in the Niger Delta region. But the Niger Delta question seems to defy all known solutions. Due to fact that the parties are not sincere at getting the issues resolved because certain individual(s) or group(s) are benefiting or the government lacks the will power to confront the problem politically. Despite the region justified for over 80% of government revenue, 95 % of export receipts and 90% of foreign exchange earnings, the region still nursing with communal tensions, political competition, organized criminality, and resource-based conflicts, militancy, piracy, cultism, election violence, communal violence, armed robbery, kidnapping, unemployment, poverty, land disputes and lack of infrastructures varying at state and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. The study therefore recommended: the development areas should be funded by the Federal Government through direct budgetary allocations. The development areas would have the mandate to ensure urgent infrastructural and socio- economic transformation of the Niger Delta. They should be domiciled in the oil producing communities, and should carry the locals along in the execution of their mandate. Activities of the development areas should be subjected to periodic review through a feed- back mechanism put in place by the Federal Government to ensure optimal performance, appropriate skill knowledge to ameliorate poverty, strengthening of anti-corruption agencies among others.
Hurdles of Emerging Economies - South AfricaShreyas Kamath
Presented for the Economics Association Seminar (Intracollegiate) held on 28th November 2015 at Jai Hind College, Churchgate.
In Collaboration with: Akshat Upadhyay, Zarna Shah, Keegan Rebello
We won first place!
ABSTRACT
The economy of South Africa is the second-largest in Africa, behind Nigeria. It is ranked as an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank.
South Africa’s growth experience provides an example of how contrasting growth trends - long-term decline followed by improved growth - pivot around political change, in this case a transition to democracy. In the decade prior to 1994, South Africa experienced the worst period of economic growth since the end of the Second World War, with growth variable and declining. The proximate causes of slowing growth were trade and financial sanctions in opposition to the Apartheid government, political instability and macroeconomic policy decisions that resulted in higher inflation, increased uncertainty and declining investment.
In the post-apartheid period, political and economic leadership have been essential to improving the country’s growth performance, because of the effect on policy formulation, institutional development, regulatory design, and economic vision.
This research project provides some insight into the challenges faced by the South African Economy such as high levels of unemployment, income inequality, growing public debt, political mismanagement, low levels of education, reliable access to amenities, and crime.
Spotlight on Migration: causes, consequences and what the AU can doIPSS-Addis
This document discusses migration trends in Africa and recommendations for governance. It notes that by 2050, Africa's population will reach 2 billion and over half will be under 20. Mega-cities will be difficult to govern without services. Internal displacement is increasing due to conflicts while mobility and cross-border trade are also rising. However, restrictive policies are limiting migration. The document recommends shifting focus from intervention to prevention by building early warning and response capabilities. Governance of migration should become more effective, displacement reduced, and mobility enhanced through infrastructure development and regional integration. Critical challenges will depend on aspects of governance like human security, state capabilities, delivery, and inclusivity.
Paper presented by Henrii Nwanguma, Executive Secretary of LAKAJI Development Alliance (LDA) at the Institute of Directors Nigeria‘s Members Evening on the 27th of August, 2015
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
The document discusses the four Asian Tigers - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan - which experienced rapid economic growth since the 1970s due to shared Confucian cultural values and stable political environments. It provides details on the industrialization and export-driven growth of Hong Kong and Singapore, the government initiatives and conglomerates that boosted South Korea's economy, and Taiwan's economic reforms with US aid.
Globalization refers to the increased integration and interdependence of national economies through cross-border movement of goods, capital, services, technologies and people. It has led to greater international trade, cultural exchange and access to goods and services. However, it has also been associated with loss of culture, uneven wealth distribution and increased health risks from the spread of diseases. While proponents argue it increases economic growth and efficiency, critics argue it promotes a corporatist agenda and unsustainable debt. The Philippines has experienced effects of globalization through trade agreements and increased foreign investment and labor exports, but poverty remains a challenge.
Here Comes The Sun // Brand North-East IndiaNitin Das Rai
Brand strategy for the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry's (FICCI) North-East Regional Advisory Council. Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest and oldest apex business organisation in India.
4 Indian states- North, south,east,westMax Agarwal
The document provides information on five Indian states - Punjab, Kerala, Goa, Manipur, and their key facts. Punjab is located in northern India and is known for its fertile land and irrigation channels. Kerala is in southern India and receives heavy rainfall. Goa is India's smallest state located on the western coast. Manipur is an eastern state known for its Manipuri dance form. For each state, the document outlines the traditional dress, popular foods, and government details like capital city and head of state.
The document summarizes information about the seven sister states of Northeast India - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. It provides details such as the state capitals, population and area figures, ethnic and religious diversity, history of formation from the larger state of Assam, natural resources including tea and oil, and ongoing conflicts requiring military intervention.
The document provides information about top tourist destinations and attractions in India's North East region, including the states of Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh. It discusses major temples, national parks known for wildlife like rhinos and tigers, villages for silk production, tea plantations, mountain scenery, and monasteries. Key locations mentioned include the Kamakhya Temple, Kaziranga National Park, Majuli island, Cherrapunji, and the Tawang Monastery. The best time to visit is from November to April and certain permits are required to visit some areas.
The document provides information about the 7 states of North East India - Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur. It discusses the geography, climate, population, and culture of each state. The North East region has over 2000 km of international borders and is connected to the rest of India by a narrow corridor. It is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse regions in Asia, with many tribes speaking different languages. The states have rich cultural heritages and celebrate various festivals throughout the year.
The document discusses the North-East region of India, also known as the Poorvanchal region. It highlights the region's tribal ethos with 166 tribes, rich natural resources, high literacy rates, mythological connections, matrilineal societies, natural beauty, and strategic geopolitical location bordering several countries. The document contains pictures and descriptions of the region's tea production, nature, roads, tribal houses, dances, and cultural practices.
The document discusses developing the growth potential of Northeast India. It notes issues like insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and poor governance that have hindered development. It proposes solutions like expanding infrastructure to connect the region, improving governance, developing opportunities in tourism and border trade, and addressing insurgency issues. The solutions would be implemented by finding ethnic groups, discussing problems, and implementing plans with funding. Impacts could include decreased migration and cheaper imported goods through border trade. Challenges include low media coverage and landslides, which could be addressed through greater representation and controlling mining.
This document analyzes opportunities for sustainable development in North East India. It notes the region has vast resources but lacks infrastructure and connectivity. Harnessing hydroelectric potential could power industrial development and improve infrastructure. Cross-border trade with Bangladesh and Southeast Asia could also boost growth. Challenges include insurgency, border issues, and environmental concerns around hydroelectric projects. Overall development requires addressing socio-political issues while focusing on transportation and energy infrastructure to realize the region's potential.
North Eastern states contribute only 2.3% of India's GDP despite occupying 8% of India's geographic area. The document proposes solutions to address the region's economic bottlenecks like unemployment, insurgency, poor connectivity and industrialization. It suggests promoting skills training, entrepreneurship and modern agriculture to tackle unemployment. To overcome insurgency, it recommends creating jobs, educating people and organizing inter-tribal talks. Improving connectivity through projects like the seven sisters corridor and developing infrastructure like airports and power plants. Accelerating industrialization by promoting food processing, tea and silk industries. The solutions aim to boost employment, reduce insurgency, improve infrastructure, spur connectivity and industrialization to realize the region's
The document proposes solutions to improve governance, infrastructure, industry, and media exposure in the North East regions of India. It outlines the "I4NE" model to focus on improving institutions, infrastructure, attracting industry, and increasing information about the regions. Specific solutions proposed include reforming autonomous district councils, developing a "Seven Sisters Corridor" road network, promoting ecotourism and cultural tourism, establishing a pharmaceutical industry using indigenous medicinal plants, and producing documentaries and shifting television programming to increase media exposure of North East India.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Northeast region of India. It summarizes that the Northeast has significant potential for economic growth but faces challenges including insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and underdeveloped industries. It outlines several recommendations and ongoing government programs to address these issues such as developing individual state policies, strengthening local governments, improving education, healthcare and transportation infrastructure, utilizing natural resources, increasing tourism, and adopting corporate practices to boost the regional economy. Overall the document argues that initiating economic and social reforms tailored to each state's needs is key to realizing the growth potential of Northeast India.
The document discusses key challenges facing the North Eastern states of India, including insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and poor governance. It argues that developing tourism and border trade could help address high unemployment and low GDP in the region by generating jobs and revenue. Specifically, the region has great potential for eco and adventure tourism due to its natural beauty and cultural heritage. Border trade could revive local industries and provide access to new markets, fulfilling the goals of India's "Look East" policy. However, more work is still needed to improve infrastructure and overcome security challenges and isolationist mindsets that have hindered economic development.
This document discusses financing development in the war-torn region of Shalodia. It identifies key stakeholders to participate in development, including government officials, ethnic group leaders, international organizations, the private sector, and philanthropic groups. Infrastructure projects like roads, power, and healthcare are prioritized to improve livelihoods and attract investment. Public-private partnerships are proposed to mobilize funds and expertise across these groups for rebuilding the region's economy through agriculture, manufacturing, education and more. The overall goals are economic growth, self-sufficiency, peace, and creating an environment conducive to foreign investment and accelerated development.
The document discusses several issues and opportunities related to development in India's North-East region. It notes that the region has felt alienated from the country's mainstream and has a sparse population over a large geographical area. It discusses developing infrastructure like telecommunications and transportation to connect villages. It also outlines opportunities in agriculture like tea, horticulture and modern farming methods. Developing local handicrafts, industries based on resources like forests and minerals, and promoting tourism are also mentioned as ways to generate employment and economic growth in the region. Human trafficking is identified as a problem and education is discussed as important to address social issues and support development.
This document discusses improving the quality of life in North East India. It outlines that the region is geographically vulnerable, with 98% of its borders being international borders. However, this also provides opportunities for development with globalization. Some objectives mentioned include bridging the digital divide, providing information services, and generating employment. The document also notes the region's natural resources, fertile soils, hydropower potential, and cash crops. It discusses challenges like unemployment, human trafficking, and hindrances to economic growth. Potential solutions proposed include promoting local entrepreneurship, improving connectivity, education, and cross-border development.
Gauteng City Region Presentation Roland HendricksRoland2015
The document summarizes a presentation on ensuring safety in communities through prevention, intervention, and education regarding risks (PIER). It discusses the rapid growth of urban populations globally and in South Africa's Gauteng City Region (GCR). Key challenges for PIER in the GCR include maintaining political support for safety initiatives and ensuring disaster management receives adequate recognition. The strategic importance of PIER is to provide leadership and initiate policy around community safety in the province and GCR through collaboration with stakeholders.
This document discusses strategies to realize the growth potential of India's North-East region. It notes that the region currently contributes little to India's GDP and exports despite having abundant natural resources. It faces issues like insurgency, lack of infrastructure development, and low connectivity. The document proposes developing the region by improving physical connectivity through expanding road, rail, aviation and inland water transport networks. It also emphasizes the need for multi-modal transport hubs, better integration with neighboring countries, boosting food processing industries, and promoting tourism to increase social and cultural integration. Developing autonomous tribal administration as per Nehru's Panchsheel principles is also recommended to address grievances and development needs.
The document proposes ideas to develop North-East India by creating job opportunities, improving infrastructure, and utilizing the region's resources. It notes that the North-East occupies 8% of India's area but contributes only 2.3% of GDP. It suggests setting up government and private sector organizations to generate jobs, developing industries, tourism, and local entrepreneurship to provide economic opportunities for youth and address insurgency issues.
Ongoing Poverty in LEDCs and Transport Systems.docxwrite22
1) Ongoing poverty in LEDCs is exacerbated by issues like high crime rates, corruption, and increasing international debt due to reliance on foreign aid. 2) Weak infrastructure, especially unreliable transport systems, hinders economic development by inhibiting factor mobility and widening regional disparities. 3) Transport infrastructure is crucial for economic growth as it facilitates trade, market access, and productivity across industries while also promoting tourism.
The document discusses the potential for tourism and horticulture industries in North East India and issues constraining their growth. It identifies problems like communication bottlenecks, ethnic clashes, insurgency, lack of infrastructure and tourism policy. Suggested solutions include increased government investment, developing infrastructure, framing proper policies, and restoring peace. Bamboo and horticulture are highlighted as areas with scope for growth but facing challenges of transportation and outdated technologies. Developing rail networks is mentioned as important for the region's development due to its current limitations.
The document discusses the growth potential of the North East region of India across several sectors including agriculture, power, and border trade. It notes that while the region occupies 8% of India's land area, it only contributes 2.3% to GDP currently due to over-reliance on agriculture. The region has significant untapped potential in agriculture through organic farming, horticulture, and livestock. It also has an estimated hydropower potential of 63,253 MW, much of which remains unfulfilled. Developing this could boost industry, provide electricity to border countries, and generate employment. The document advocates increasing entrepreneurship, commercializing potential crops, adopting new technologies, and improving infrastructure to realize this potential. It also discusses
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between societies from around the world through trade, cultural exchange, and technological advancements. Economic globalization in particular involves the increasing movement of goods, services, capital, and information across borders.
While globalization provides benefits like increased economic growth and access to new markets and technologies, it also poses risks to developing countries. Local industries may struggle to compete with multinational corporations, and workers could face unfair conditions. Overall, globalization makes national economies more vulnerable to external economic shocks.
This document proposes solutions to develop the northeast region of India. It outlines challenges facing the region such as insurgencies, poor infrastructure, and poverty. The proposed solutions include establishing special economic zones to attract industries, developing infrastructure like roads and utilizing hydroelectric power potential. Other recommendations are promoting cross-border trade, skill development, and tourism. Implementing these steps could boost the economy, reduce poverty and help the region contribute more to India's growth. However, overcoming issues like corruption and gaining local acceptance will be challenges.
The Role of the Nigerian State in the Socio-Political Conflict in the Niger-D...inventionjournals
The Nigerian state has been affected by several conflicts socially and politically. The leadership have made promises which were not kept and they have not shown the political will to tackle the conflicts in the country. Hence, the Odua People Congress in the South West, the Boko Haram in the North East and the Niger Delta Militia in the South South of Nigeria respectively. This work focuses on the Niger Delta Conflict which has caused havoc in the country recently. The justification of this work is to attempt to look at the actions and inactions of the leadership of the country which have fueled these conflicts and proffer recommendations to remedy the situation. Expofacto theory was adopted to established the role of the Nigerian state in these conflicts using historical/descriptive and prescriptive approaches. The findings are that; government has not provided employment for the youths, has not clean the polluted environment, misappropriation of compensations, divide and rule policy, lack of consensus among the ruling class as regards the interest of the citizens. Recommendations: Deprivation in the region should be tackle, provide employment for youths, clean the polluted environment, discountenance force and use peaceful means to settle conflicts etc
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
The document proposes using a "backcasting" approach to realize the growth potential of North-East India by developing a long-term vision and plan. It identifies tourism, connectivity, trade, and employment as key focus sectors. The region has strengths like diverse culture and strategic location, but faces weaknesses like poor connectivity and high unemployment. Developing connectivity through roads, rail, and air could promote tourism and trade while reducing security threats. Focusing on local and regional trade could leverage geographical advantages. A long-term vision and plan is needed to overcome challenges and harness opportunities to achieve integrated development.
This document discusses increasing youth employability by focusing on three main types of employability skills: basic academic skills like reading and writing; higher-order thinking skills such as problem solving and decision making; and personal qualities including self-confidence, social skills, and a good work attitude. It notes that the real challenge for employers is finding workers with these job readiness skills and recommends teaching employability skills through involving parents, providing opportunities to observe workplaces, and designing classrooms to mimic real work settings.
This document proposes solutions to improve primary education in India. It discusses four solutions: 1) A parallel primary education network run by volunteer youth, 2) Promoting the use of technology in schools, 3) Public-private partnerships to enhance schools, and 4) Enriching learning through hands-on methods. Each solution includes steps for implementation and discusses the potential impacts and challenges. The overall goal is to address issues like high dropout rates and low learning levels in Indian primary education.
This document proposes a 3-tier skill development framework to address India's shortage of 1.2 crore jobs per year for the next decade. It involves (1) 6-month skill courses for unemployed graduates run through public-private partnerships, (2) mandatory career counseling and 100-day apprenticeships for secondary students, and (3) extended skill and apprenticeship programs for school dropouts aged 14+. This framework aims to provide industry-relevant skills while reducing costs through private sector involvement. It could help direct workers towards new job markets and improve productivity across the economy. Challenges include gaining political and institutional support, but the document argues these can be addressed through awareness campaigns and leveraging existing IT infrastructure.
The document proposes a new model to address India's high rates of malnutrition among children. It identifies several key factors contributing to malnutrition, including poor nutrition of mothers, lack of information and education, and poverty. The proposed multi-pronged solution focuses on improving anganwadi centers and ICDS programs, promoting biofortified crops, reforming PDS to reduce leakage, and increasing women's empowerment. It aims to provide a more holistic, sustainable, and cost-effective approach to fighting malnutrition across India.
The document discusses the issue of youth unemployment in India and provides recommendations to improve employability. It notes that youth unemployment is one of India's largest challenges and that awareness has increased around this issue. Several statistics on unemployment rates in India are presented. The document advocates for initiatives and policies that develop skills, encourage hands-on learning, and link education to employment opportunities to help boost youth employability and reduce unemployment.
The document discusses India's Public Distribution System (PDS), which aims to provide essential commodities like food grains, sugar, and kerosene to vulnerable groups at subsidized prices. It outlines the objectives and flow of PDS from farmers to fair price shops. Key points covered include the targeted beneficiaries and their entitlements under PDS, the challenges of leakage and exclusion of poor families, and efforts to monitor movement of supplies from depots to shops.
The document proposes solutions to increase transparency in India's Public Distribution System (PDS). It outlines problems like corruption and diversion of goods from PDS outlets. The team's proposed solutions include implementing an ERP system to integrate PDS departments, using mobile updates to track goods delivery, and introducing smart cards with Aadhaar details for citizens to purchase rations. This would allow transparent monitoring of distribution and prevent illegal sale of goods. The team aims to build on these ideas to improve the system and create a more open and reliable PDS for people across India.
Primary education in India faces several challenges, including low enrollment and attendance rates, high dropout rates before 5th grade, and poor quality of education especially in rural areas and for girls. The government has implemented various programs to address these issues, such as the District Primary Education Program, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, and Operation Blackboard. New initiatives like the Right to Education Act aim to increase access to private schools for underprivileged children. However, improving teacher training and classroom practices will be needed to truly enhance educational quality and outcomes for Indian children.
Drinking water is essential for life but can become contaminated through various sources, posing health risks. Sanitation through hygienic prevention of contact with waste is important for public health. In India, many lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation, which can have serious health repercussions like diarrhea, skin diseases, and various infections. The government has undertaken programs to improve rural sanitation and clean water access, but challenges remain in fully achieving these goals.
The document summarizes a study conducted on brain gain in India. It provides details of the study team and methodology used. Key findings include that brain drain has led to gain in four technological areas - ICT, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Most returnees expressed satisfaction with returning to India and had increased qualifications and responsibilities. Suggestions are made to replicate successful state models, improve policies in education, research and industry, and provide incentives to attract more returnees. In conclusion, the study counters myths about brain drain and suggests further research on the value of migration options and effects on institutional development.
The document discusses strategies to improve access to justice in India. At the grassroots level, it proposes creating legal awareness programs, conducting legal aid camps, and establishing legal aid cells run by trained paralegal volunteers. It also aims to strengthen the education system. At the administrative level, the document seeks to reduce case backlogs, appoint more judges, establish additional courts, and implement e-courts and information technology systems. Ensuring timely justice for all citizens across India requires empowering people at the grassroots level through legal awareness as well as positive changes to the administrative system such as reducing delays in the courts.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It defines empowerment as gaining power, authority, and influence through having decision-making ability, access to resources and information, positive thinking, and skills. It notes that empowering women is key to global development goals. While women faced social evils historically like sati and child marriage, independence brought efforts to uplift women through education. Literacy and sex ratios have risen in recent decades. Women now participate in all sectors of society, showing their empowerment has occurred through increased participation and access to resources leading to improved status. The empowerment of women is important for families and productivity.
Rural India faces significant challenges in providing safe drinking water and sanitation to its large population. Despite significant investments, many rural Indians still lack access to these basic services. Open defecation and waterborne diseases remain widespread problems, negatively impacting public health, education, and economic productivity. Effective solutions will require a multipronged approach including education, community participation, improved infrastructure, and strategies that address the unique needs of both rural and urban areas.
This document proposes changes to the system in India to empower women and ensure their safety and equality. It identifies issues such as jurisdiction problems, lack of evidence, and fear of lodging complaints that prevent crimes against women from being properly addressed. It recommends establishing a women's crime cell to anonymously register complaints, hiring more women in law enforcement, providing self-defense training, educating rural women on their rights, and implementing stricter laws around crimes targeting women. The proposals aim to improve women's mobility, access to resources, decision-making power, and security overall.
This document describes a project called "Sahas: Ek Prayas" aimed at ensuring women's safety and empowerment. The team is from B.P. Poddar Institute of Management and Technology and includes 5 members. The document notes alarming statistics about crimes against women in India such as rapes, dowry deaths, and human trafficking. It states the project's priorities are to educate, empower, and employ women. The proposed solution has two levels: Atma-Suraksha focuses on self-help through distributing self-defense kits and training, while Sarvasva Suraksha aims to improve safety at the community level through vocational training and educational technology.
The document outlines a 5-step plan by a team to improve research and innovation (REIN) in education. The team aims to include REIN as a subject, make projects mandatory, filter the top projects, and hold a REIN festival to showcase projects. The goal is to address issues like poor education quality, lack of funds, and brain drain by promoting research and innovation from the school to national level.
The document discusses malnutrition in India and proposes strategies to address it. It notes that India has high levels of malnutrition, with over 40% of the world's underweight children under 5 living in India. It analyzes the current situation, noting that India lacks a comprehensive national program to eradicate malnutrition. The root causes of malnutrition are intergenerational and interconnected, stemming from poverty, lack of women's empowerment, insufficient access to nutritious food and healthcare. It proposes specific nutrition interventions and monitoring strategies to combat malnutrition through a multi-sectoral approach.
The document discusses a program initiated by students from the College of Engineering, Pune to enhance the quality of primary education. As part of the program, the students visited areas with low education facilities and identified problems like lack of proper infrastructure, dull teaching methods, and economic barriers. Their objectives are to provide quality education, overall student development, and create awareness about education quality. Some of their proposed solutions include improving teacher training, making learning more interactive, focusing on students' health and extracurricular activities, and using community outreach and media to promote awareness.
This document provides details about the public distribution system (PDS) in India, including:
1) An overview of the key components of PDS such as fair price shops, distribution of items like food grains, kerosene, and other essential commodities.
2) Details about the procurement and allocation processes with organizations like FCI responsible for food grains and other groups handling other items.
3) Background on why PDS was established in India due to factors like drought, famine, war, inflation, market imperfections, and poverty.
The document contains several tables and charts providing statistical data about PDS operations in India and the state of Chhattisgarh.
The document proposes reforms to improve India's Public Distribution System (PDS) by reducing leaks and increasing transparency. It analyzes problems at each stage of the PDS process from procurement to distribution. A new system is proposed using a centralized database, electronic ID cards, packaged food grains, community inspectors, and informers. This system aims to increase transparency, accountability, and access while reducing diversion and leaks estimated to cost over $3 billion annually. Initial costs are estimated but the system is intended to save substantial funds by plugging PDS leaks.
More from Citizens for Accountable Governance (20)
2. Challenges of North East India
A) Insurgencies and ethnic conflicts leading to unstable eco-political scenario
Absence of endorsement of ethnic plurality in certain classes of the society
Economic marginalization of the northeast leading to discontent among the people
Counter-productive machismo of counter-insurgency measures
B) Geographical isolation from mainland India
Connected to mainland India by a narrow stretch of Silliguri Corridor
(22-44 km)
Geopolitical complexities arising from large stretches of international
border
C) Ill-planned impetus to economy
Snail-pace development of agrarian sector
Potential in secondary and tertiary sector
Non-inclusive growth
D)Human Development Indices
Focus on skill set development
Striving for a healthy populace
3. InsurgenciesandEthnicConflicts Absence of endorsement of ethnic plurality in certain classes of the society
Private sector investment is indispensible for the long term economic development of North East. Insurgencies have acted as an
impediment to it.
It is imperative to expand the scope of talks by including all major and minor concerned groups keeping in mind the past failure of
talks due to non-inclusion of all representative groups. ( eg. Failure of agreements between Bodo Liberation Tigers and Govt. of India
due to non inclusion of Bodo Liberation Front.
Cultural centers along the lines of Indian Council for Cultural Relations(ICCR) need to be established across the North East for
promoting hinterland Indian culture, the diverse North-Eastern cultures and shared common heritage across the region.
Promotional programs such as cultural festivals and awareness campaigns could be organized under the ambit of such councils.
Economic marginalization of the northeast leading to discontent among the people
The volume of unemployment in the North-East in absolute terms has risen in the post globalization period. Such unemployed
section of the society become an easy prey to insurgent propaganda.
There needs to be a concerted focus on developing the vocational skill-sets for the youths.
The languishing secondary sector needs to be given a boost to absorb workforce.
Impetus needs to given to PPP model for increasing productivity and economies of scale.
Modern best practices need to be induced in agricultural sector(This sector employs about 60% of total workforce in the North-East)
to increase general prosperity in order to keep the youth from falling prey to insurgencies, drug abuse etc.
25.9
37.9 47.1
17.1 21.1 20.9 13.1 17.4
29.8
0
50
% of Population BPL (2009-10)
4. InsurgenciesandEthnicConflicts Counter-productive machismo of counter-insurgency measures
The powers granted to the military under AFSPA has been misused and been a major cause of sustained discontent in the North
East. (eg; Irom Sharmila in Manipur) leading to a feeling of surrogate treatment at the hands of the central government among the
people there. AFSPA should either be completely repealed or at minimum the controversial articles(2 out of 6) should be removed in
order to win confidence among the people. Policemen and soldiers guilty of human rights violation should be punished.
The innocent general masses have been a collateral damage in the cross fire between army and the insurgent groups.
The centre has followed a strategy of dealing with one issue at a time giving concession to one ethnic group or the other at a time
leading to distrust among communities of the region (eg; An example is the 2001 extension of the ceasefire with NSCNIM to all the
Naga inhabited areas in the neighbouring states. It resulted immediately in a conflict in Manipur where over half of the territory is
inhabited by Naga tribes
The centre has to take a long term unified approach of dealing with the insurgency problems in the North-East with focus on finding
a political solution to the problem rather than dealing with it with an iron fist.
Stress should be put on fostering a sense of compromise amongst all concerned parties and finding a peaceful solution to the
problem(eg. Naga insurgents have a better chance of negotiating a deal with the central government in T Muivah lifetime. It is quite
likely that a post-Muivah NSCN will be far less influential and credible than it is now.Thus it is imperative for them to strike a deal
while the leader is still alive )
Constant interference by the central government with the functioning of democratically elected state governments must end.
History is rife with illustrations of pain, anguish and brutality that accompanies the process of nation building( eg. American civil war,
China’s troubles in Tibet and Xinjiang etc.) but India as a modern democracy should set higher standards for dealing with these
issues than those set before)
5. North East connected to mainland India by a narrow stretch of Silliguri Corridor (22-44 km)
Traditional transportation routes rail, road and river linking Chittagong ports and Kolkata became inaccessible post-independence
(Current distance btw Agartala and Kolkata port is 1700 km whereas earlier it was 325 km trough territory of Bangladesh.)
Density of railway routes in North-East India (5.558 km/1000 sq.km.) is much less than Indian average of 19.47 km/1000 sq.km.
Focus should be on transforming North East from “Landlocked to Land-linked” by development of alternate trade routes linking
North East with potential markets
o Special impetus needed to be given to multilateral projects like Asian Highway, Asian railway link projects, Lumding-Agartala railway
o Alternate routes by bilateral agreements on the lines of Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport facility should be envisaged and
implemented
o Strategically framed treaties with neighbouring countries to abet growth in the North East. Recent increase in agricultural produce
have meant better opportunities for agriculturists and industrialists in North East e.g. ASEAN, BIMSTEC,SAARC
o Enhancing digital connectivity of North-East with Mainland India and other countries eg Optical fiber cable Link b/w Morey in
Manipur and Mandalay in Myanmar
o Encouraging local editions of national dailies to increase participation of North East in mainstream discourse of the nation.
o Need to increase cost-effective air connectivity btw North East and mainland India (currently only10 commercial airports)
o The ATF(Aviation Turbine Fuel) could be made available at a cheaper rate to airlines in the North East which would provide
incentive to airlines to increase their north east operations
Urgent need to settle international border disputes with neighbouring countries for a stable secure ground condition to boost
investor confidence. Traditional transportation routes such as rail, road and river linking Chittagong ports and Kolkata became
inaccessible post-independence (Current distance btw Agartala and Kolkata port is 1700 km whereas earlier it was 325 km trough
territory of Bangladesh.)
GeographicalisolationfrommainlandIndia
6. Geopolitical complexities arising from large stretches of international border
An impressionistic assessment reveals that there is a rise in negative activities like cross-border insurgency, gunrunning, smuggling
drugs, narcotics and AIDS, money laundering, trafficking women, illegal immigration etc. which further add to the existing
multifarious problems in the region.
India Myanmar Issues: Both nations sought to cooperate to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups operating in the border
areas. The persecution of Rohingyas in Myanmar has forced them to take refuge in Indian North East which has aggravated the
problems of terrorism and cultural conflicts.
The under fencing of Assam-Bangladesh border has infiltrated many immigrants, mostly Muslims over the yearsAs it is difficult to
differentiate between Bangladeshis and Indian Muslim Bengalis many genuine Indians have been discriminated against. In 2005, a
Supreme Court bench ruled Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act (IMDT) as unconstitutional while, with reference to the
Sinha Report, maintaining that the impact of the "aggression" represented by large-scale illegal migrants from Bangladesh had made
the life of the people of Assam "wholly insecure and the panic generated thereby had created fear psychosis" and other north-
eastern States
Even though both sides to the dispute India and China are able to marshal voluminous legal evidence in support of their claims ,
making the issue appear as one of extreme complexity, this complexity is entirely fictitious and specious. It is imperative to find a
political solution to this issue via diplomatic means in order to allay cross-border tensions.
In order to solve all the above mentioned issues it is essential that the government takes proactive measures on the diplomatic front
while at the same time ensuring successful fencing of porous borders of North-East India.
GeographicalisolationfrommainlandIndia
7. Snail-pace development of agrarian sector
Lopsided investment in transport, communication and social sectors while agriculture which was the productive base of NE economy
Dedicated council for agricultural development with focus on food self sufficiency for north east required (a number of states like
Manipur don’t even have a draft agricultural policy)
Need to encourage best agrarian practices . IT can be used to provide frequent tips and advice to the farmers through information
kiosks or cell phones
Promotion of high yielding variety of seeds and fertilisers.(Currentfertiliser consumption is 67Kg/Ha in the NE which is less than 50% of
the national average which is 144Kg/Ha)
There is an urgent need for developing professional base to carry out research and development and train the local populace in modern
best practices in the agrarian sector(there are very insufficient number of agricultural universities in the North-Eastern region)
72% of NE India is hilly. Sheet floods in these areas leave little water for profitable cultivation of tea and horticulture in absence of
irrigation infrastructure.
Sandy tracts on plain need to be constantly supplied with water
Urgent need for a robust irrigation system to facilitate large scale production of ravi crops during the dry season from October to may
Average cost of traditional drip irrigation techniques are estimated at Rs. 50000/Ha. Currently 50% of this sum is contributed by the
state and central govt. With indigenous techniques like bamboo and pitcher drip irrigation, this sum can be further brought down
enabling the govt. to bear the entire burden of the project
There needs to be a special focus on development heterodox cash crops and fruits like organic crops that have been in high demand in
developed markets. North east is specially well positioned to capitalise on the organic crop market given the high gestation period of
the organic crops and virgin cultivable land availability in the North east coupled with historical pattern of low chemical fertiliser usage.
The government could also create a provision of minimum support price (MSP) for fruit and vegetable planters in the North East. This
will have the double impact of growing per capita income in the north east (given that about 60% of work force in the North East is
involved in agrarian activities) and will also help in securing confidence of the masses in the central government of the Union of India.
The fact that North east is rich in production of medicinal plant needs to be leveraged by providing focused connectivity to markets for
such products.
Ill-plannedimpetustoeconomy
8. Ill-plannedimpetustoeconomy
Untapped Potential in secondary and tertiary sector
There is scope for large strides to be made in the secondary sector in North-East in order to absorb large swathes of workforce
The state has a crowded and unproductive labour force in the primary sector. On the other hand the secondary sector’s contribution to the
workforce has declined consistently.
Another aspect has been the growth of unregistered manufacturing sector whose contribution increased to 5.36% as compared to below 1%
contribution of registered manufacturing.
Most of the PSUs established during pre-liberalization period has been shut down.
Peripheral economies like those of North-Eastern states has been serving as capital markets for the countries indigenous capitalist class
The approach to development has been largely ad hoc and unsustainable in nature
There is a need for fresh approach to development with focus on PPP model to tap the huge potential of the region.
North East is favourably positioned for making huge gains in the following sectors:-
Ayurvedic medicine and cosmetics industry(800 crores),Perfume Industry(600 crores),Furniture Industry (Bamboo)(10000 crores),Sports
goods Industry, Fishing, poultry, meat processing (goat, rabbit, pig),Dairy industry (goat milk products) ,Plastic based industry ,Agro based
industry (fruit processing, ginger processing, coffee, spices),Textile and Sericulture, Rubber and paper, Rice beer (lao-pani: an ethnic North-
Eastern drink)
A co-operative model along the lines of Anand Co-operative Society in Gujarat can be promoted for greater productivity and
competitiveness.
Tax incentives can be given to private firms for setting up manufacturing units in the region as well as for hiring high skilled people from
north east for their operations in other parts of the nation
For growth there is a need for a strong financial sector to manage and provide capital.NE is highly under-banked with only one bank per
21000 people which leads to high economic disadvantage and creates a saving deficit for many working class, minority and young citizens
Some solutions to improve banking sector
Setting up of Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) and other modes of terrestrial or fiber communication, wherever available like mobile
banking services
Giving incentives to private banks to opening rural branches and VSATs in the region
Tourism Industry has the high potential to absorb skilled and unskilled workforce
WWF has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200 Eco-region
Alternate medical tourism, Eco-tourism, Hotels and Spa, Adventure Sports, Nature and wild-life photography should be priority areas of focus
9. Non-inclusive growth
The region has over 160 Scheduled Tribes and over 400 other sub-tribal communities and groups. It is important that the road map to
economic upliftment of the North East does not marginalize the indigenous people.
It is important that Schedule V and VI of the constitution which provide for substantial degree of self-governance in districts where
indigenous people are a majority and also a share in the royalties from minerals found on tribal land to local councils be enforced in
right earnestness
North-East has a very high potential for development of hydro-electric power. According to certain estimates North East accounts for
about 43% of the hydro-electric potential in the country.
According to reports memoranda of understanding has been signed with developers for 148 hydroelectric projects by the Government
of Arunachal Pradesh
Most of these dams are planned to be exclusively hydropower and not multi-purpose which will lead to great unevenness in potential
gains and losses
Project impact assessments have not paid due attention to the adverse impacts of such projects on downstream livelihoods of hundreds
of thousands of people who depend on fisheries and subsistence agriculture.
The influential 2000 World Commissionon Dams(WCD) report had concluded that the record of the building has been one of “pervasive
and systematic failure to assess the range of potential negative impacts” including the impact on “downstream livelihood”.
It is necessary to adopt a participatory approach treating the affected people as active negotiating partners and not as passive victims or
beneficiaries.
The liberalisation of economy has opened new financing avenues for such projects bypassing the world bank focused financing
approach .
North East has seen rising protests against mega dam projects (Lower Subansiri project is a case in point) leading to a danger of new
red-corridor in the north east along Arunachal-Assam border.
Stress needs to be put on projects for the development of river basin region as a whole which would boost irrigation, fisheries
development, riverine transportation, biodiversity preservation.
Per capita power consumption in the North-Eastern states(413 kWh/year) is less than 50% of the national average(851 kWh/year)
Special privileges could be given to the North-East states in terms of the percentage of the power generated committed free of cost to
the state govt as royalty. The current norm is 12% committed by the NHPC. This figure could be renegotiated and pushed higher
specially considering the high proportion of private players.
Ill-plannedimpetustoeconomy
10. Focus on skill set development
Although North east india accounts for a fair share of central universities in the country, in absolute terms these numbers need to be pushed up
None of the 13 universities of the region received 5 star grade , the highest possible grade form NAAC, an accreditation body under the UGC
Vacant faculty positions also need to be addressed. According to certain reports 25% of the total faculty positions in the University of Guwahati are
lying vacant.
The financial conditions of the universities are very weak
Nepotistic appointments to university positions have been common which need to be checked immediately
The lack of highly skilled labour force in the north east is also adversely affecting the progress of government projects like the Pradhan Mantri Gram
Sadak Yojna(PMGSY). Due to lack of requisite workforce the central funds remain unutilised and have to be sent back
Private sector could be given incentives to establish quality educational institutions in terms of performance based tax exemptions.
There is an urgent need to establish affordable market oriented vocational training institutes to equip people with skill sets for joining the blue collar
workforce
Further India must leverage its strength in affordable Information & Communication Technology to provide quality distance education and certification
to the people of Northeast. Tele-education in extension campuses of established universities from rest of India can be used for tailored certification
programme
Striving for a healthy populace
The Vaccination coverage in a number of North Eastern states(Nagaland(21%),Arunachal Pradesh(28%),Assam(32%),Meghalaya(33%)) is much less
than the Indian average of 44%
Life expectancy at birth(61.9) ,Infant mortality rate(55/1000) and fertility rate (2.7) as compared to 66.1, 44/1000 and 2.4 respectively for national
average
A concerted effort is required to revamp the heath system
Private hospital chains should be given capacity based incentives in the form of tax exemptions for starting their operations in the north east
More stress needs to be given to family planning
Govt. subsidised generic medicine could be made available in private nursing homes and hospitals other than in govt hospitals
The fast growing concept of tele-medicine should be implemented with utmost urgency in the north east . Physicians from other parts of India and
abroad could provide preliminary consultancy through tele-conferencing
Home-ownership in the North east is 25.75% which is less than the Indian average of 55%. A scheme for providing govt. sponsored homes to the
people of NE would go a long way in helping the people there achieve their full potential
HumanDevelopmentIndices
11. Closing Note
In the course of our research about North-East India for Manthan our views regarding the
complexities of the problem as well as the potential of the region underwent a paradigm
change. Although it is true that our peripheral sisters have now long been mired in veritable
problems but it is high time that the soul of the region found utterance and renewed its tryst with
destiny. For our nation’s tryst with destiny is incomplete unless the North-East plays its due part in
it.
To quote Barack Obama “We can acknowledge that oppression will always be with us, and still
strive for justice. We can admit the intractability of depravation, and still strive for dignity.
Clear-eyed, we can understand that there will be war, and still strive for peace. We can do that
for that is the story of human progress; that's the hope of all the world; and at this moment of
challenge, that must be our work here on Earth”.
Thank You !
12. Bibliography
1. Economic and Political Weekly
2. Reserve Bank of India
3. Patriots and Partisans by Ramchandra Guha
4. Economic Times
5. Pax Indica by Shashi Tharoor
6. Wikipedia
7. Planning Commission database
8. Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
9. FAO Corporate document repository
10. NEDFi Databank