Dati: La "quinta" rivoluzione dell'information technology - intervento di Mario Rasetti, Fondazione ISI, al Lunch Seminar "Big Data e Internet of Things" del 29 giugno 2015, organizzato dal CSI-Piemonte

1. 1
Dati: la quinta rivoluzione
dell’Information Technology
Mario Rasetti
ISI Foundation – Torino
ISI Global Science Foundation – New York

2. The context: il mondo in cui viviamo

5. Italy 44.5 50.8 1950 to 1990

6. Le Città

7. ‣ process & workflow analytics
‣ location-aware services
‣ organizational science
‣ social science & health
‣ infectious disease dynamics
Internet of (Every)thing:
nuove interazioni fra
persone, oggetti, luoghi

9. Our world is more and more complex and data-based:
4.7 billion people own a cell phone, every day over 410 billion
e-mails and 35 billion SMSs are exchanged, 700 million
pictures are uploaded on Facebook. The information created
and exchanged yerarly (2014) is 6 zettabyte of data (1
zettabyte = 1021 bytes: the 1250 pages of Tolstoj’s War and
Peace would be contained 323 billion times in it, and the
whole Library of Congress of Washinton 4 million times) and
every year grows 40% (in 3 years we’ll reach a yottabyte,
1024).
A world in which every year 1.4 billion cars circulate, over 2.5
billion people fly on airplanes, the growth of population,
urbanization, commercial exchanges, global migrations is
more and more entangled with that of technologies,
generating one interconnected ‘socio-technical’ system.

10. Let’s concentrate first on the
Big Data Big Challenge,
that of extracting the large amount of information flowing in
and around the complex systems we live with, itself available
through huge amounts of data
Big Data have a variety of diverse features:
• BD in science (e.g., Hubble, Genoma, CERN) :
typically well organized in well built data-bases
• BD in society :
allow for a true TOMOGRAPHY of SOCIETY and make
possible ‘predictions’ not reasonable before (cf., e.g.,
H1N1 pandemics, 2009)

11. or targets/strategies:
 BD hardware challenge (HPC: high performance computing); e.g.,
quantum: a mix of limits & hopes
 BD manipulation the greatest computer science challenges:
beyond Turing, interaction-based computing, data mining:
extracting value from data
i.e., turning 'Big Data Science' into an 'ICT Big Science’, coupling
methods and data with theories and models, endowing ICT with new,
more efficient tools to turn
data into information,
information into knowledge,
and eventually
knowledge into wisdom.
as ICT becomes integral part of the fabric of nature and society.

12. ?
IT is facing what is referred to as its fifth revolution; the next step after
the mainframe era, the PC era, the Internet and Web 1.0 era, the mobile
and Web 2.0 era: the era of Big Data.
The true essence of Big Data is Evidence-based Decision Making

15. www.whitehouse.gov/issues/technology/big-data-review

16. • Big data is saving lives. […] By collecting and analyzing millions of
data points from a neonatal intensive care unit, one study was able to
identify factors, like slight changes in body temperature and heart rate,
that serve as early warning signs an infection may be taking root […]
• Big data is making the economy work better. […] Utility companies
are starting to use big data to predict periods of peak electric demand,
adjusting the grid to be more efficient and potentially averting brown-
outs.
• Big data is saving taxpayer dollars. The Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services have begun using predictive analytics […] to flag
likely instances of reimbursement fraud before claims are paid. […]
has already stopped, prevented, or identified $115 million in fraudulent
payments.
opportunità

17. • Big data tools can alter the balance of power between
government and citizen. […] government uses of big data also have
the potential to chill the exercise of free speech or free association. As
more data is collected, analyzed, and stored on both public and
private systems, we must be vigilant in ensuring that balance is
maintained between government and citizens […]
• Big data tools could lead to discriminatory outcomes. As more
decisions about our commercial and personal lives are determined by
algorithms […] we must pay careful attention that big data does not
systematically disadvantage certain groups, whether inadvertently or
intentionally.
• Big data tools can reveal intimate personal details. […] data
fusion can also lead to the so-called “mosaic effect,” whereby
personally identifiable information can be discerned even from
ostensibly anonymized data. […]
rischi hi

18. MacKinsey BD Report (2013)
(USA)
IBM estimate (2014) - worldwide

19. the big picture
 the digital image of the world is tracking the world
more and more closely:
 use computation to extract patterns and establish
causal inferences using tools from data mining,
machine learning, statistics
 mathematical modeling and forecast happen on a
data-rich landscape and are fed by data streams from
multiple sources
 we can assess our models against reality at
unprecedented speed and scale, and feed this back to
models
 society at large is involved, besides nature

24. the role of Complexity Science

25. Bevys of Starlings
Multi-agent – Multi-scale – Emergent effects
25

26. www.gov.uk/government/publications/reducing-obesity-obesity-system-map
complessità

27. TOPOLOGY-BASED
ALGORITHMS

30. Connection
strengths
(shades of gray;
20 brain regions)
Binarization (threshold)
Reordering and
modularization
Brain Network

31. The data space splits into the direct sum of irreps of G. The
general ‘covariance matrix’ of a generic machine learning
algorithm becomes ‘block-diagonal’: all zeroes are pushed to the
upper-right / lower-left corners.

33. Data Driven
Approach
Theory &
Models
Mathematics &
Foundation of
Complex
Systems
Data Science
Big Data
Computational
Social Science
Collective Phenomena in
Physics & Materials Science
Quantum
Science &
Complexity
Complexity
Science
Computational Epidemiology
& Public Health
Citizen
Science &
Smart Cities
ISI Foundation:
research