The document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, emphasizing its complementary relationship with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and detailing its basic principles, instrumentation, and applications. It describes the mechanisms of Raman and IR, the significance of changes in polarizability for Raman activity, and the advantages of Raman over IR in certain contexts. Additionally, the document discusses qualitative and quantitative applications of Raman spectroscopy, including techniques like resonance Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

1. Raman Spectroscopy
A) Introduction
1.) Raman spectroscopy: complementary to IR spectroscopy.
- radiation at a certain frequency is scattered by the molecule
with shifts in the wavelength of the incident beam.
- observed frequency shifts are related to vibrational changes in
the molecule  associated with IR absorbance.
- Raman Scattering Spectrum Resembles IR absorbance
spectrum
- Raman & IR mechanism differ
a) comparison of Raman & IR:
IR Raman
i. vibrational modes vibrational modes
ii. change in dipole change in polarizability
iii. excitation of molecule to momentary distortion of the
excited vibrational state electrons distributed around the bond
iv. asymmetric vibrations (active) symmetric vibrations (active)
-
+
-
extend compress

2. 2.) Basic Principals of Raman Spectroscopy:
- light is scattered by the sample at various angles by
momentary absorption to virtual state and reemission
energy absorbed by
molecule
from photon of light
not quantized
No change in
electronic states
Infinite number
of virtual states

3. - some scattered emissions occur at the same energy while
others return
in a different state
Rayleigh Scattering
no change in energy
hin = hout
Elastic: collision between photon and molecule results in no change in energy
Inelastic: collision between photon and molecule results in a net change in energy
Raman Scattering
net change in energy
hin <> hout

4. Anti-Stokes: E = h + E
Two Types of Raman Scattering
Stokes: E = h - E
E – the energy of the first vibration level of the ground state – IR vibration absorbance
Raman frequency shift and IR absorption peak frequency are identical


5. - Resulting Raman Spectrum
Probability of Emission Observed Intensity
Raleigh scattering >> Stokes >> anti-Stokes
difference in population of energy levels of vibrational transitions
Intensity of Raman lines are 0.001% intensity of the source
Lower
energy
higher energy


6. 3.) Active Raman Vibrations:
- need change in polarizability of molecule during vibration
- polarizability related to electron cloud distribution
example:
O = C = O IR inactive
Raman active
O = C = O IR active
Raman inactive
IR & Raman are complimentary. Can be cases where vibration is both IR & Raman
active (eg. SO2 – non-linear molecule)
In general:
IR tends to emphasize polar functional groups (R-OH, , etc.)
Raman emphasizes aromatic & carbon backbone (C=C, -CH2-, etc.)
- Raman does not “see” many common polar solvents can
use with aqueous samples – advantage over IR
C
O
Raman frequency range: 4000 -50 cm-1
(Stokes and anti-stokes)

7. - comparison of Raman and IR Spectra

8. 4.) Instrumentation:
- Basic design
i. ) Light source:
- generally a laser to get required intensity of light for reasonable S/N
• Raman scattering is only 0.001% of light source
- Doesn’t have to be in IR region, since look at changes around central peak.
• visible source used because of high intensity
• allows use of glass/quartz sample cells & optics
• UV/Vis type detectors (photomultiplier tubes)

9. 4.) Applications:
a) Qualitative Information
i. characteristic regions for different groups as in IR
ii. Raman correlation charts available
iii. Good for aqueous based samples
iv. Useful for a variety of samples, organic, inorganic &
biological
b) Quantitative Information – not routinely used
i. fewer technical problems than IR, fewer peaks
ii. Interference from fluorescence
iii. Higher cost
iii. Signal weak – require modified Raman methods
1) Resonance Raman spectroscopy allows
detection of 10-3
->10-7
M by using lasers light with
wavelength approaching
electronic absorption
2) Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
places samples on metal or rough
surfaces that increase Raman scattering

10. Learning Objectives:
A.Understanding Basic principals of IR:
a. What is the origin of the IR signal?
b. How is the IR signal related to spring theory?
c. How is the IR signal related to our understanding of bond dynamics?
I. Different types of vibrational modes
II. Number of vibrational modes
III. What vibrational modes are IR observable?
d. How is the IR signal related to the energetics of a bond?
I. Difference between harmonic and anharmonic
II. Bond dissociation
III. Bond length
IV. Relationship between rotational and vibrational energies
B.Understanding how to interpret an IR spectra:
a. Where are the different bond regions in the spectra
b. Where are the different group regions in the spectra
c. Fingerprint region
d. Quantitative analysis
Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy

11. Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy
Learning Objectives (continued):
C. Understanding basic components of an IR spectrometer:
a. Light source
b. Monochromator
c. FTIR
D. Understanding how an IR spectra can aid in structure analysis
a. Identification of functional groups
b. Comparison of fingerprint regions
E. Understanding Basic theory of Raman Spectroscopy:
a. Difference between IR and Raman
b. Difference between change in vibration and polarization
c. Rayleigh Scattering an Raman Scattering
d. Stokes and anti-stokes