As a part of internship at MGNCRE, I have prepared this report on a village in Andhra Pradesh. This report typically includes PRA tools to document the problems of the village. I am currently pursuing MBA in Rural Management at KIIT School of Rural Management.

1. VILLAGE VISIT REPORT (RURAL INTERNSHIP PROGRAM)
THE STUDY OF TIRUMALADEVARAPALLI VILLAGE
RAJASEKHAR KAKARLA
(MBA IN RURAL MANAGEMENT)
KIIT SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT, BHUBANESWAR
December – 2019
Faculty Development Centre
Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education
(Formerly National Council of Rural Institutes)
Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development Govt. of India
Shakkar Bhavan, Fateh Maidan Road, Basheer Bagh, Hyderabad – 500004

4. Acknowledgements
For the duration of this study I have been fortunate to receive support, encouragement and advice from a number of
people to whom I wish to express sincere gratitude. Firstly, and foremost my supervisor Prof. V Venkatakrishnan who
has provided constant support, encouragement and giving inputs to my research segment throughout the study period.
My heartiest thanks to KIIT School of Rural Management and The Director Prof. Nishit Parida, ARS coordinator, Prof.
Srilata Patnaik and Mr. MD Ahsan Bakshi, the one who accompanied me and played an important role in conducting this
study, for their throughout support during my field study segment. I am grateful to MGNCRE for giving us an opportunity
to do a study on “Tirumala Devarapalli village study” for giving me necessary support.
Thanks, are also extended to Dr. W.G. Prasanna Kumar, our honourable Chairman, MGNCRE and Dr. Debendra Nath Das,
Assistant Director. I would like to thank Dr. Vijaya Kumari N, Senior faculty, MGNCRE for her continuous effort on
providing us inputs in the preparation of this report. Thanks to all the Faculty members who gave their valuable inputs.
I also like to thank my KSRM friends for providing help and encouragement in times of need. Particularly we would like
thank Prof. HS Ganesha for his immense support during initial stage of this research.
Thanks, are also extended to Mr. Jayaram Killi, Director of APMAS, Hindupur, Andhra Pradesh. In particular, I would like
to thank all the staff from Facilitating Agency for being good facilitators and constant support in conducting meetings,
who also encouraged me time to time for which I am most grateful. This journey would not have been possible without
the support of Prof. Damodar Jena, I thank him a lot for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow
our dreams.
I would also like to acknowledge the many nameless participants who provided the primary and secondary data which
provided the basis for this research. Finally, I would like to thank to my family for their encouragement, love and support
throughout of this study.

5. Table of Contents
S.no. Contents Pg no.
1 The study of Tirumala Devarapalli Village 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Declaration 3
4 Acknowledgements 4
5 Abstract 9
6 List of Abbreviation 10
7 Village Compendious 14
8 Analysis 31
9 My learnings from Rural Internship Program 36
10 Reference 37
11 Annexures 38

6. List of Figures
Figure 1: Sampling result 10
Figure 2: Location of TD Palli 11
Figure 3: Base map of Tirumala Devarapalli 12
Figure 4: Health issues 14
Figure 5: Social map 15
Figure 6: Resource map 16
Figure 7: Venn diagram 17
Figure 8: Timeline 18
Figure 9: Seasonal calendar 19
Figure 10: Education details 20
Figure 11: Gender details 21
Figure 12: Activity clock 22
Figure 13: Employment details 24
Figure 14: Health problems 25
Figure 15: Average annual income 26
Figure 16: Path way towards the village 27
Figure 17: Stream Order 27
Figure 18: sample composition 28
Figure 19: income details 28
Figure 20: expenditure details 28
Figure 21: Age and Gender 29
Figure 22: Primary source of income 29
Figure 23: Primary Occupation of HH 29
Figure 24: Income & Expenditure 30
Figure 25: Income & Expenditure Gap 30
Figure 26: Types of Land 31
Figure 27: Interviewer assessment 32

7. List of Tables
Table 1: Transect walk 18
Table 2: Trend Analysis 23
Table 3: Micro plan 23
Table 4: Flora and Fauna 32
List of Photos
Photo 1: Gram Panchayat Office 10
Photo 2: Household Survey 10
Photo 3: Government Primary School 14
Photo 4: RMC road 14
Photo 5: Pathway 28
Photo 6: Hydrology map 28
Photo 7: Seeking inputs from villagers 28
Photo 8: Viilagers preparing map 28
Photo 9: Village kutcha road 36
Photo 10: Primary school 36
Photo 11: Livestock in the village 37
Photo 12: Water Supply, not functioning 37

8. Abstract
The aim of the study is to profile a village, which should be selected by our own. The objectives of the study include the
documentation of the selected village life and realities and the livelihood systems, to study the economic condition of
the village, to study the resource and their distribution, to identify the strength and weaknesses of the village and
villagers, to understand and identify the key issues and problems of the village and arrive at the possible best solutions
by involving villagers. The study is conducted in Tirumala Devarapalli village, Sirivaram Gram Panchayat, consisting 98
HHs. PRA tools like Social map, Resource map, Services & Opportunity map, transect walk, Timeline, Seasonal map,
Human Resource map, Daily Activity Schedule, Trend Analysis and Participatory Census method were conducted. A
transect walk was done across the village. PRA Tools were made with the help of villagers and gram volunteers. 60
Individual HHs survey was taken through proportionate random sampling using social map (prepared by villagers). A
micro plan has been prepared based on problem prioritization and PRA tools. Data Analysis was done from the Sample
collected based on their demographic details and other dimensions of information provided in the HH survey format.
As a part of the academics, the Action Research Segment has to be done in a village, with certain requirements. The HH
survey format is provided by our institution to collect the data. The results of the analysis are inferred in the Chapter –
3 of this report. It is observed that the village, Tirumala Devarapalli, faces severe problems such as inadequate Water
Supply, improper access to Transportation, poor Village Economy, Unawareness of modern farming technics etc.
Anyway, as the scope of the study is limited to the profiling and interpreting the village condition on different
dimensions, the report consists of all the required information for the further studies. Hence, this is a baseline study.

9. List of Abbreviation
ARS: Action Research Segment
FPO: Farmer Producer Organisation
GP: Gram Panchayat
HH: House Hold
IHHL: Individual Household Latrine
MGNCRE: Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education
NTFP: Non-Timber Forest Product
OD: Open Defecation
PDS: Public Distribution System
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
SC: Schedule Caste
SHG: Self Help Groups
ST: Schedule Tribes

10. Introduction
Background
After completion of our theoretical part of the first semester during the course curriculum we had been given the
opportunity to apply the theory to practicality moreover understand the basic difference between what we had learned
and what we actually did. During the Rural Internship Program, not only my learning was confined to the school
teachings rather I was also provided with the opportunity of getting on hand experience with the rural immersion which
or in the field of which I have worked and dedicated my carrier to it. Considering the role of villages in India and its
development can be a major cause as to why villages of our country are still the backbone of our nation as it provides,
labour, land for cultivation which are used by the entire nation, this Rural Internship Program has made me understand
the rural dynamics.
About Rural Internship Program
This program’s work directly addresses the problem of the division between theory and practice by integrating the
development of practice with the construction of research knowledge in a cyclical process. The purpose of all action
research is to impart social change, with a specific action as the ultimate goal. Rural Internship Program provides the
preliminary exposer to us to the context of rural life and develops an understanding of the realities of the rural people.
Host Organization (MGNCRE)
Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in
Government of India strives to promote resilient rural India through Higher Education interventions. MGNCRE designs,
develops and promotes curriculum inputs for higher education programmes offered by Universities and Autonomous
Institutions in India. The higher educational streams of focus for MGNCRE include: Rural Studies, Rural Development,
Rural Management, Social Work and Education. The curriculum inputs are both theoretical and practical field-related
relevant to rural India. Its vision is to involve higher education curriculum in India in the process of building resilient rural
India i.e., Uthkrisht Gram for Unaat Bharat.
Objectives of the study
Objectives
→ To understand the village life and realities.
→ To understand the livelihood systems of the village.
→ To understand and identify the key issues and problems of the village.
→ To arrive at possible best solutions by involving villagers.
Sub-Objectives
→ To learn systematic collection and analysis of data for the purpose of taking action and making changes by
generating practical knowledge.
→ To involve the community to achieve a given developmental activity.
→ To mobilize individual and group to build community to create capacities for change.

11. Methodology
The study is conducted in Tirumala Devarapalli village, Sirivaram Gram Panchayat, consisting 98 HHs. PRA tools like Social
map, Resource map, Activity clock, Venn diagram, Agriculture calender and Timeline were conducted. A transect walk
was done across the village. PRA Tools were made with the help of villagers and gram volunteers. 60 Individual HHs
survey was taken through proportionate random sampling using social map (prepared by villagers). A micro plan has
also been prepared based on problem prioritization and PRA tools. Data Analysis was done from the Sample collected
based on their demographic details and other dimensions of information provided in the HH survey format.
Collection of data
Primary source
The Gram Volunteer of the village has
given information about the village on all
the sectors. With the support of him the
PRA Activities were conducted. Through
transect walk the farming practices,
living pattern of the villagers and
different institutions in the village were
found. Through social mapping the
different institutions and infrastructures
available in village and the types of
houses are identified. Resource map,
prepared by the villagers helped in
identifying various resources like farming
lands (their location and types of crops),
the type of land (whether rain-fed or
irrigated). Through household survey the
living style, family size, income,
expenditure, housing condition and
various infrastructure details were
known. Finally, through the focused
group discussion, which is held to carry
micro planning, the different problems
and their respective possible solutions
were discussed.
Secondary source
From Gram Panchayat Office, the
secondary details like total population,
number of farmers and BPL population
of the village were collected. Panchayat
Photo 2: Household Survey
Photo 1: Gram Panchayat Office

12. secretary talked about the governance system and various government schemes operating in the village. Gram volunteer
is a person officially appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to take the liaison of all the HHs in the village. He
played an important role in the PRA. The Surveyor, from the Block development office often visits Gram Panchayat
Office. Coincidentally, the information on the land holdings was collected from her.
Sample Design
60 households out of 98 households by proportionate random sampling. 34.3% of HHs - GC and 65.7% HHs - OBC. So on
caste basis we chose 21 HHs - GC and 39 HHs - OBC. Randomizer is used. The result is:
Figure 1: Sampling result
Tools
After the data collection process was over, various Statistical tools like Tabulation, Graphical, and Diagrammatic
presentation will be used for presentation. Measures of Central Tendencies i.e averages like mean, mode and median
will be used for comparison.

13. Village Compendious
Introduction
Tirumala Devarapalli is one among the 3 villages of Sirivaram Gram Panchayat of Lepakshi Mandal, Ananthapuram
district, Andhra Pradesh. The village was established during 19th
century after Sri Krishna Devaraya Period. Village is
well known for cultivating Groundnuts and Maize. Inaccessibility of water is the major issue. People spend more on
Cultivation and Transportation.
Geographical location
Figure 2: Location of TD Palli
The above figure shows the key map of the village, Tirumala Devarapalli. The village is situated at the border of Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka. Tirumala Devarapalli is one among the 3 villages of Sirivaram Gram Panchayat, which belongs
to Lepakshi block of Ananthapuram District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Red and Black soils are predominant in the region.
The following base map of the village is prepared in ArcGIS software. The map depicts the physical features of the
village like trees, buildings, roads, temples and infrastructure facilities etc. The objective of preparation of the map is
to understand physical features and direction of surrounding places. The ground water in the village is not potable.

14. Figure 3: Base map of Tirumala Devarapalli
Demographic Details
• Population 2011: 372; no of HHs: 89
• Population 2019: 417; no of HHs: 98

15. • Social Category: 35% GC & 65% OBC
• Religion: All are Hindus
• Food security card: 92% of villager have
• Sex ratio: 1.02
Village Economy
The economy of Tirumala Devarapalli is centered on
agriculture, as Groundnut, Maize, pulses and millets
remain the main crops grown in the area. The
cultivation of these crops provides livelihood
opportunities for those in the agricultural sector, almost
all. The methods used in cultivation are quite primitive
and labor intensive, as much of the agricultural work
like planting and harvesting is done by hand. The
introduction of mechanization could improve
productivity, but the cost of purchasing such technology is beyond the reach of most farmers, and the technology would
end up displacing traditional agricultural workers, possibly resulting in out-migration. The village produces simple
commodity goods and does not have any facilities for agricultural value-added production.
There is no vibrant service sector within the village. Some of the shops present nearby the village include bicycle repair,
tool repair, and mobile phone repair. The other small shops in the village sell basic necessities, such as foodstuffs,
household products, and consumer goods.
Infrastructure
Walking through the village is an exciting
experience because nothing is standardized
and there is no set structure. The winding
pathways in the village are made of both
brick, mud, and in some places concrete. The
physical widths of the pathways inside the
village are good enough for passage of a 4-
wheeler. The state seems to have made an
effort to improve the physical infrastructure
of Tirumala Devarapalli, as walking through
the village is relatively easy due to the surface
of the pathway. In comparison to other
villages distributed throughout the rural
landscape of the region, the physical
infrastructure of Tirumala Devarapalli is quite impressive. The availability of electrical power within the village to those
able to afford the utility signifies a remarkable achievement in infrastructure for electricity, but the water supply is very
poor. It seems that even though the local bureaucracy is quite responsive to the needs of the village, the geographic
Photo 3: Government Primary School
Photo 4: RMC road

16. condition is worse. The condition of the road is very bad. The one way which connects the village with most important
places, from the mobility map, is a kutcha road which needs to be laid thoroughly.
Education
Education was one of the major concerns of the villagers though the villagers are not focusing on it but during our
PRA exercise and communication with the village education was a major problem they were not able to demand
what they need even there was a Central School up to 8th
standard but the condition there was critical as amongst
the 38 students registered there we had found only 60% attendance and even less via our visit to the school. There
are 2 teachers, their attendance is low.
Health
The nearest possible health facilities available was the nearby PHC centre which was 1.5 km from the village but the
major problem in the village is the improper road connectivity due to which during the emergency the life of villagers
are miserable. Even though they reach the PHC the chances of getting a doctor even during day time was difficult as
they were lack of surveillance.
Figure 4: Health issues
Governance
The governance structure of India has been democratized to the local level. The administration of villages is accomplished
through a governance structure known as the Panchayat Raj. By area this structure is composed of three-tiers: district,
block, and village level. At each of these levels, elected members help to develop and administer the rural areas. Tirumala
Devarapalli follows this democratic system and has an elected village Panchayat that takes care of village administration,
including making collective decisions and solve disputes. The Panchayat is composed of a diverse group of individuals,
including women. For every 50 HHs 1 Gram Volunteer is allotted to maintain all the details to ensure the government
services and further data requirements.
PRA Activities for Data Collection
PRA is a process of involving local people in the analysis and interpretation of the local situation. It is a set of informal
techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to collect and analyse data. Participatory means that
people are involved in the process i.e. a “bottom-up” approach that requires good communication skills and attitude
of project staff. Rural refers as the techniques can be used in any situation, urban or rural, with both literate and
21.3
14.8
4.6
22.2
16.7
13.9
2.8
1.9
0.9 0.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
%ofRespondents
Various Health issues
Malaria
Typhoid
Tract infection
Dengu
Body pains
Normal fever
Headache
Diabetes
heart problem

17. illiterate people. Appraisal refers to finding out of information about problems, needs, and potential in a village. It is
the fi1rst stage in any village. The various
tools are as follows:
Social Map
A social map of the village is a map that is
drawn by the residents and which shows the
social structures and institutions found in an
area. It also helps us to learn about social
and economic differences between the
households.
Objectives
▪ To learn about the social structures
in the village and the differences
among the households by ethnicity,
religion and wealth.
▪ To learn about who is living where.
▪ To learn about the social
institutions and the different views
local people might have regarding
those institutions.
Key findings from the Social Map
98 households, 2 Chawadis, 3 warehouses,
10 ft CC road, 12.5 ft RMC road, Kutcha road, Fallow land, Agricultural fields, 3 mandirs, 2 transformers (25 watt), 2
water head tanks (10,000 litres), 12 street lights, 2 Chawadis, 2 Handpumps and 2 open wells.
Resource map
The Village Resource Map is a tool that helps us to learn about a community and its resource base. The primary
concern is not to develop an accurate map but to get useful information about local perceptions of resources. The
participants should develop the content of the map according to what is important to them.
Objective
To learn the villagers' perception of what natural resources are found in the community and how they are used.
Key findings from Resource map
Irrigation land, Rain fed crop land, Trees, Mango trees, Sapota trees, Tamarind trees, Sericulture, Fallow land, Barren
land, Groundnut cultivation, Maize, CC road, RMC road, Kutcha road and 1 major canal.
Figure 5: Social map

18. Figure 6: Resource map
Services & Opportunity Map
Mobility map is a method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or a community. Where
people go and for what reason? How frequent are the visits, what is the distance, and what is important about the
place visited?
Frequency
Thickness of bars indicates the attachment. The more the thickness the more attachment the place has with the
village. Similarly, the thin represents less attachment
Importance
It is indicated by the size of the circle. The big the circle, the more important the place is. Similarly, the smaller one
represents less importance.
Distance
Length of the bar indicates the distance. The more the length, the more distance from village. The shorter it is, the
nearer it is.
Key Informants
- M. Anand Reddy

19. - VA Kistappa
Figure 7: Venn diagram
Transect Walk
Land use Homestead Crop field Built-up Water Supply
Trees & Vegetables Raavi, Tamarind,
Banyan trees and
Neem.
Teak, Neem Tamarind, Palavara,
Jammi tree, Bilva
tree and Chimney
water tree.
No proper access to
drinking water. No
proper source for
domestic use. No
water sources for
irrigation.
Crops - Groundnut, Millets
such as Raagi, Foxtail
and Maize
Seri Culture Maize and Millets
Livestock Poultry, Cow, Buffalo Cattle Cow, Buffalo -
Problems 23% of the
respondents do not
have access to
sanitation facilities.
No warehouse other
than Sericulture.
No health care within
the village.
No proper access to
drinking water. No
proper source for
domestic use. No

20. water sources for
irrigation.
Table 1: Transect walk
Timeline
Figure 8: Timeline
Objective:
The timeline helps in viewing the pace of development of the village over a period.
Key findings from Timeline:
It is observed that the development of the village is highly influenced by the then ruling governments. The electricity
has started in 1990 and housing is started in the same year. The pace of development can be understood more by
relating the facilities with usage.
Seasonal Map
This tool helps in finding the sowing time and harvesting time of the crops. When this information is integrated with the
production details, the analysis would estimate at what time a market link is required and also to assess the need of
warehouses.

21. Objective:
To understand what crops are being produced during which time of a year.
Figure 9: Seasonal calendar
Key findings of Agriculture Calendar:
It is observed that the Kharif crops such as Groundnut, Ragi, Maize, Red gram and other millets are sown during the
month of July. Seri culture is done throughout the year. The wheat and cereals are the Rabi crops, which are sown
during the month of December and harvested during April.
Human Resource Map
Human Resource map is indicated by the details such as male and female, Formal Education details, etc. The following
Human Resource map is created in ArcGIS software, a GIS software, by attributing various demographic details to the
geography:

22. Figure 10: Education details

23. Figure 11: Gender details

24. In the above two maps the data of 60 HHs is used in the Formal Education details, as there is no enough time for me to
gather the details from the entire village. The male and female members HH wise was gathered from the Panchayat
Office.
Daily Activity Schedule
Figure 12: Activity clock
It is observed that around 8 hours the people spend on work on fields. Almost most of the activities of men and
women are same.
Trend Analysis
Column –
Resources
Rows –
Period
Water Crops Street lights Roads Housing Temple
16th
century
– 1985
Artificial
pond
Paddy - - Modern
settlements
Sri Lakshmi
Narasimhaswamy
Temple was
constructed by Sri
Krishna Devaraya.
1985 – 1990 - Paddy,
Millets
1st
street
lights
- First
construction
of houses (12
HHs)
-
1990 – 1995 2 Bore
wells
Paddy,
Millets
- - - -
1995 – 2000 - Paddy,
Millets,
Maize
- - - -

25. 2000 – 2005 - Groundnut,
Millets,
Vegetables
2nd
street
lights
- - -
2005 – 2010 1st
Over
Head tank
(10,000
litres)
1 - Hindupur road 2nd
construction
of houses (40
HHs)
Sappalamma
Temple and
Brahmadevuni
Temple
2010 - 2015 2nd
Over
Head Tank
(10,000
litres)
- Kanchisamudram
Tar road and
RMC road
- -
2015 – 2019 - 3rd
street
lights (LED)
C.C. road 6 HHs -
Table 2: Trend Analysis
Participatory Census Method
Participatory Census method is done by involving the villagers. Census map is created in this method. The problems
related to different sectors at village level are sorted through micro planning.
Rank Sector Issue Solution given by involving the villagers
1 Transportation No bus. Resulting in increasing travel
cost. No road from Tirumala
Devarapalli to Sirivaram.
4 bus trips daily. (6am, 10 am, 4pm & 6pm).
Road from TD Palli to Sirivaram.
2 Water No proper access to drinking water.
No proper source for domestic use.
No water sources for irrigation.
The water has to come from Gollapalli
reservoir. Rain water harvesting should be
practiced by all pucca HHs. 2 water head tanks
to be filled.
3 Health No health centre within the village 1 health centre is needed.
4 Education No proper education. Night school for oral people.
5 Sanitation 23% of the respondents do not have
access to sanitation facilities.
Dewat system should be proposed.
6 Social No shed at Brahma Rudra Temple for
arranging food during rituals. And also
a temple on Rama.
1 mandir for lord Rama.
7 Economy No warehouse other than Sericulture. 1 warehouse is needed.
Table 3: Micro plan
From the micro planning, the needs and demands of various amenities have been listed. This information helps in the
preparation of Gram Panchayat Development Plan, further integrate with the upper tiers of the government.
With the conclusions derived from the demographic details, the following maps have been created in GIS:

26. Figure 13: Employment details

27. Figure 14: Health problems

28. Figure 15: Average annual income

29. Proposal of road from Tirumala Devarapalli village to Sirivaram, to the place where many people go to work, school and
come back daily. The above picture depicts the poor quality of the road, the way from Sirivaram village to Tirumala
Devarapalli. A channel has to be drawn along the stream order to sustain irrigation crops. The above table 2 shows the
village requirements in each sector. A low-cost affordable sanitation system has also been proposed in the micro
planning, because there is no water supply in the majority of the duration of a year. A focused group discussion was held
on 17th
November. A large farmer, M. Anand Reddy have actively participated in the FDG. The Micro Planning is
conducted in the morning 7 AM, as the villagers find free time. As sanitation is also one of the major issues, the following
DEWAT system had been proposed.
Figure 17: Stream Order Figure 16: Path way towards the village
Photo 6: Hydrology map Photo 5: Pathway
Photo 8: Viilagers preparing map Photo 7: Seeking inputs from villagers

30. Analysis
Sample Composition
As the proportionate random sampling is done on the caste
basis, 39 HHs were chosen from the OBC (Other Backward
Caste) group and 21 HHs were chosen from the GC (General
Category) group. The pie chart shows in terms of percentage.
So, through Randomizer, after recounting the HHs from
transact walk, 21 HHs were chosen from the first 34 HHs in
the order (GC, OBC). Next 39 HHs were chosen from 36th
HH
to 98th
HH. The two results were already mentioned in the
methodology.
Income details
The villagers’ major source of income is from Cultivation i.e. 39%, followed by Pensions (16%). The non-agriculture labour
work such as construction etc. is also a good source of income, on an average 8% of the total income of a typical HH.
Expenditure details
It is observed that people spend more on food i.e. 29% and also on Farming. But the Transport is too much as compared
to the other parts of the region i.e. around 15% of the total expenditure is on transport. This indicates the poor transport
facility around the village.
Figure 19: income details Figure 20: expenditure details
Figure 18: sample composition

31. Age & Gender Distribution
It is observed that around 75% of the population
belongs to 18 – 60 age group. This indicates that the
ratio of economically independent to economically
dependent is very high. It is a positive sign of economic
sustainability. Generally, the age of formal education or
school going category comprises 16% of the sample.
Primary Occupation & Primary source of income
The primary Occupation as well as primary source of
income is Agriculture. The second highest primary
occupation is handloom i.e. 5% of the respondents have
engaged into this activity and around 13% of the
income, who have involved in Handloom, is being
fetched from that. The following figures 19 and 20
indicates the Primary occupation of 46 HHs as the categories mentioned are in common with each other HH. The
comparison of the two charts provide data complementary to each other. The less sources of primary income are from
Milk production, MGNCRE work and Agri labour, whereas the least engagement in the primary occupations like Agri
labour, Non Agri labour is observed in the village.
Income and Expenditure Gap Analysis
It is felt that there might be some hidden reasons for the gaps in income and expenditures, as many HHs’ incomes and
respective expenditures were not matching.
Figure 21: Age and Gender
Figure 23: Primary Occupation of HH Figure 22: Primary source of income

32. Figure 24: Income & Expenditure
So, in order to know the reasons behind this gap, firstly the gaps are sorted through the creation of the following
figure 21. The average incomes and expenditures were sorted in order to make it reliable to find those particular HHs
whose expenditure is more than income. When income is more than expenditure, there is no significant issue. But the
former situation has to be analysed. It is observed that the one whose expenditure is more than income, their expense
is more due to the undertaking of loans from SHGs and Bank.
Figure 25: Income & Expenditure Gap

33. Access to farm land
59 among the 60 respondents have access to farm land.
Around 85% of the total accessible land is Rain-fed. 8%
is under irrigation, but works hardly 3 months a year.
Groundnut is cultivated across 82% of the Agricultural
land because Government provides the support to the
Farmers through subsidies. The other include mostly
Maize, Ragi and Redgram. The practice on millet
cultivation has been started in this year after a decade
because of enough rainfall.
Local Flora & Fauna
Tree In local language Usage
Mango Mamidi Commercial purpose
Tamarind Chinta Commercial purpose
Neem Vepa Oil, medicine, food recipes etc.
Millettia Pinnata Kanuga Oil and food recipes
Chimney water tree chimmajala Firewood, coal, commercial purpose
Babul tree Tumma Furniture
Sacred Fig tree Raavi Pooja
Cotton Patti During marriages, rituals, festivals the yarn is produced
Fig tree Jeevi Pooja, homam
Banyan Marri Pooja (worship)
The leap frog tree Allari Commercial purpose
Palavara Palavara Medicine, Pooja, furniture
Figure 26: Types of Land

34. Jammi tree Jammi Pooja
Bilva tree Bilpatri sampoo
Table 4: Flora and Fauna
There Pooja time occurs thrice a year i.e. Magamasam (during Febraury), Karthikmasam (during November) and
Sravanamasam (during August). These play important role in the religious concerns.
Interviewer’s Self-Assessment
Figure 27: Interviewer assessment
It is observed that approximately 50% of the total HHs surveyed are poor. This is assessed based on the house condition,
the livelihood option, Access to the basic facilities and loans to saving ratio. Around 40% are self-sufficient. Remaining
are above the self-sufficient.

35. My learnings from Rural Internship Program
✓ The most important thing I have learned from this program is proper planning before implementation.
✓ Village Visit gave me good field experience and practical knowledge.
✓ Increase in confidence level and most important to believe in yourself and your skill level.
✓ Improved my time management skill and working skill.
✓ I came to know how to interact and arrange meetings with the villagers.
✓ Any kind of interacting activity with the villagers can be done in early morning or in the late evening.
✓ I have learnt how to ask questions in the rural areas.
✓ From the Farmer Field School, I have learnt how to train farmers.
✓ I have also learnt the rural dynamics, stuck in the modern sea.
✓ I have learnt the culture and traditions of the villages finally.

36. Reference
▪ Anganwadi, Tirumaladevarapalli.
▪ Block Development Office, Lepakshi
▪ Census, 2011.
▪ Farmer Producer Organisation.
▪ Mandal Parishad Primary School.
▪ PHC Sirivaram.
▪ Primary Health Centre, Sirivaram.
▪ Sirivaram Gram Panchayat Office.
▪ Village Volunteer.

37. Annexures
Photographs of the Village Visit (General)
The following pictures of the village indicate few problems:
Photo 9: Village kutcha road
Photo 10: Primary school

38. Photo 11: Livestock in the village
Photo 12: Water Supply, not functioning