The document proposes a rail breakage detector that uses electromagnetics to detect breaks or truncations in railway tracks. Electromagnetic waves would be generated and propagated laterally through the tracks. Any abrupt changes in amplitude, frequency, or wavelength of the waves detected by an oscilloscope in substations along the tracks every 100 km would indicate a break in the tracks between substations. This would allow breaks to be identified and accidents prevented by notifying the nearest station to the break. Implementing such a low-cost system could significantly improve railway safety in India given the number of recent accidents.
Understand Electromagnetism with Timelines of Discovery
Electromagnetism Theories and Equations in Discovered
Understand Electromagnetic Waves
Why Electromagnetic Waves Move and are Traversal Waves
CBSE NOTES; XII PHYSICS NOTES;BOARD NOTES;ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES NOTES; PHYSICS NOTES FROM KOTA RAJASTAHN;
NOTES FROM KOTA COACHING;PHYSICS NOTES FROM AARAV CLASSES
Understand Electromagnetism with Timelines of Discovery
Electromagnetism Theories and Equations in Discovered
Understand Electromagnetic Waves
Why Electromagnetic Waves Move and are Traversal Waves
CBSE NOTES; XII PHYSICS NOTES;BOARD NOTES;ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES NOTES; PHYSICS NOTES FROM KOTA RAJASTAHN;
NOTES FROM KOTA COACHING;PHYSICS NOTES FROM AARAV CLASSES
In wireless communication, we frequently use an electromagnetic wave. In this presentation, we can study wave equation, reflection, plane wave, and transmission line.
Examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. ... Microwaves are used to cook your food. Infrared waves are used in remote controls and are emitted from all warm objects, allowing them to be used to create heat-sensitive cameras
In wireless communication, we frequently use an electromagnetic wave. In this presentation, we can study wave equation, reflection, plane wave, and transmission line.
Examples of electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. ... Microwaves are used to cook your food. Infrared waves are used in remote controls and are emitted from all warm objects, allowing them to be used to create heat-sensitive cameras
Ing. MBA JOSUE G. CENTENO CARDENAS.
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN MARTIN DE PORRES
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CONTABLES Y FINANCIERAS
ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO
CATEDRÁTICO: DR CARLOS SANDOVAL ALIAGA
Hot spot (горячая точка) – это пространство пользования интернетом с помощью WI-FI, обычно их размещают в кафе, торговых центрах и гостиницах и т.д. как для привлечения клиентов, так и в качестве дополнительного сервиса.
Informe CGR N°81 Caso Irregularidades Exonerados Políticos 2012Nelson Leiva®
La Contraloría General de la República (CGR) realiza este informe donde muestra la serie de anomalías cometidas por diferentes personas, a las arcas fiscales, con engaño, los cuales no tienen la categoría exigida para recibir este beneficio legal.
Welcome to Budget Berlin, a short and easy-to-read guide on one of the best, busiest and brightest capital cities in Europe. This book will help you save money when visiting the tourist staples and economise in the alternative areas of this quirky city. Budget Berlin is a young, hip guide to the city, written by and for a young people who know where’s unmissable. Start with our ‘Arts and Culture’ section if you’re interested in museums and galleries, ‘Tours, Streets and Monuments’ is for the culture vultures, ‘Outdoors’ if you’re the nature type. Don’t miss out on our ‘Entertainment’ section if you’re interested in nightlife, music or partying, ‘Food and Drink’ if you’re a mammal who needs nourishment and ‘shopping’ for those who can’t resist a bargain.
What are electromagnetic wavesSolutionWe are encompassed by w.pdfdeepaksatrker
What are electromagnetic waves?
Solution
We are encompassed by waves we can see and listen, from sea waves to sound waves. A wave
demonstrates the exchange of vitality, from the wind that begins a sea wave to the sound that
travels through the air to your ear drum. Waves that go through a physical protest or medium are
called mechanical waves. Dissimilar to mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves needn\'t
bother with a medium to travel or spread. Electric and attractive fields both deliver vibrations
and, together, the two sorts of vitality make electromagnetic waves.
Waves take distinctive shapes, yet electromagnetic waves all have a snake-like shape, which
makes them transverse waves. Transverse waves are measured by their tallness, or sufficiency,
and by their wavelength, or the separation between the most astounding purpose of one wave, the
peak, to the peak of the following wave. The most reduced purpose of a wave is known as a
trough. Trough to trough can be measured, as well. While dissecting an electromagnetic wave,
both the plentifulness and separation between waves is measured.
One entire wave, from peak to peak, or trough to trough, is known as a cycle. The quantity of
cycles that happen every second is the wave\'s recurrence. Out of appreciation for Heinrich
Hertz, we measure recurrence in hertz or Hz.
Electromagnetic waves will be waves which can go through the vacuum of space. Mechanical
waves, not at all like electromagnetic waves, require the nearness of a material medium keeping
in mind the end goal to transport their vitality starting with one area then onto the next. Sound
waves are cases of mechanical waves while light waves are cases of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are made by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration makes a
wave which has both an electric and an attractive segment. An electromagnetic wave transports
its vitality through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (a speed esteem ordinarily spoke to by
the image c). The proliferation of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium happens
at a net speed which is under 3.00 x 108 m/s. This is portrayed in the liveliness underneath.
The instrument of vitality transport through a medium includes the assimilation and reemission
of the wave vitality by the molecules of the material. At the point when an electromagnetic wave
encroaches upon the molecules of a material, the vitality of that wave is retained. The retention
of vitality causes the electrons inside the iotas to experience vibrations. After a brief time of
vibrational movement, the vibrating electrons make another electromagnetic wave with an
indistinguishable recurrence from the main electromagnetic wave. While these vibrations happen
for just a brief timeframe, they defer the movement of the wave through the medium. Once the
vitality of the electromagnetic wave is reemitted by a molecule, it goes through a little locale of
space between particles. When it achieves the foll.
A complete and comprehensive presentation on UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY.
The purpose of making, uploading these presentations for understanding for both the students and the teachers.
Each and every topic is arranged in series.
Slide by slide the topic should be covered to make your concepts Strong.
Electromagnetic waves pass through any type of mediums like solid liquid gaseous materials, air and space. Electromagnetic waves are manufactured from the beam of electrons passing through electric and magnetic fields acting perpendicular to each other. It moves in the air with the speed of light and having frequency very low range 3 Hz to very high range 1024 Hz . It comprises with electromagnetic spectrum under different frequencies arranging in increasing range such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light waves, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, gamma rays etc. Maxwell invented mathematical formulas regarding electric and magnetic field for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Conception of electromagnetic waves is proposed that they consist of photons which are massless and charge less particle. In this paper, it is invented that electromagnetic waves are bunch of free electrons moving with the velocity of light having very huge infinity mass penetrating all type of materials, air and space. Exposure of electromagnetic waves is causing environmental pollution and health hazards to living creatures including human and tree kingdoms at the maximum extent. Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee "Fundamental to Electromagnetic Waves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/52691/fundamental-to-electromagnetic-waves/pijush-kanti-bhattacharjee
Introduction of electricity,
TYPES O Electricity,
STATIC Electricity,
CURRENT Electricity,
TYPES OF CURRENT,
DC CURRENT,
AC CURRENT,
PARAMETERS OF ECLECTRICITY,
FREQUENCY,
WAVELENGTH,
VELOCITY,
ELECTROTHERAPY
USES OF ELECTROTHERAPY
MODALITIES IN ELECTROTHERAPY
1. RAIL BREAKAGE DETECTOR
R.VIGNESH,
2ND YEAR E.C.E.,
SASTRA UNIVERSITY,
vignesh.ravichandran91@yahoo.com
ph no : 9894767010
S. SIVARAMAN
2ND YEAR E.C.E.,
SASTRA UNIVERSITY,
SIVARAMAN.SBS@GMAIL.COM
2. RAILWAY BREAKAGE DETECTOR
ABSTRACT:
Derailment has been one of the greatest
threats to our railways for which till
today no solution exists. Millions of crore
and valuable human lives are lost. So
prevention of derailment is one of the
main challenges in the railway industry.
As aspiring engineers we have proposed
an idea where the principle of
electromagnetics can be used to detect the
breakages in railway tracks. Initially we
have used ‘Virtual Instrumentation’ and
‘Maple’ software for our simulation. The
main aim behind using electromagnetics
is the property of its propagation in any
medium. The occurrence of any
derailment can be recognized by
observing the shift in the graph produced
in the oscilloscope. From the substation
which contains the detector and
oscilloscope information will be conveyed
to the nearest station of the derailment
and hence accidents can be prevented.
Thus such a method which can save
human lives if implemented can be a
boost to the railway sector which is
experiencing huge losses every academic
year.
INTRODUCTION:
Electromagnetic wave detector or EMWD is
advice, bit complex yet powerful, which can
be used to detect the truncated part of the
railway track thereby avoiding derailment.
The idea is to generate the electromagnetic
wave by electromagnetic pulse generator
and it is made to propagate through the
railway tracks in the lateral manner. These
electromagnetic waves have the capability to
travel through the particles irrespective of
the medium. And by knowing the abrupt
change in the amplitude, frequency and
wavelength, when it passes from one
medium to other, it is feasible to find the
truncated part of the railway track with ease.
Electromagnetic Waves
Theory:
Electromagnetism is defined as the
combinations of alternating electric and
magnetic fields created by accelerated
charges that propagate out from these
charges at the speed of light in the form of
waves- electromagnetic waves or radiation.
Theory: -
Many natural phenomena exhibit wavelike
behavior. Water waves, earthquake waves,
and sound waves all require a medium or
substance through which to propagate.
These are examples of mechanical waves.
Light can also be described as waves- waves
of changing electric and magnetic fields that
propagate outward from their sources. These
electromagnetic waves however do not
require a medium. They propagate at
3,000,000,00 meters per second through
vacuum. Electromagnetic waves are
transverse waves. In simpler terms, the
changing electric and magnetic fields
oscillate perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of the propagating waves.
All periodic waves, whether they are
electromagnetic or mechanical, are
characterized by such properties as wave
length, frequency, and speed. For
electromagnetic waves, wavelength
measures the distance between the
successive pulses of electric or magnetic
fields. A waves’ frequency represents how
many wave pulses pass by a given point
each second and is measured in cycles per
second or waves per second and is measured
3. in cycles per second or waves per second. One wave per second is called one Hertz.
Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of
light in vacuum, but they travel more slowly
when they pass through various media such
as air, glass and water. A relationship among
frequency, wavelength and speed exists for
electromagnetic waves; the product of
frequency and wavelength equals the speed
of light. Thus, wavelength and frequency are
inversely related. The longer the frequency
lower is the wavelength and vice versa.
An entire spectrum of electromagnetic
waves exists, which ranges from very low
frequencywavelength (power waves) to very
high wavelengths are collectively referred to
as electromagnetic wavelengths and not
merely the narrow range of wavelengths and
frequencies and not merely the narrow range
of wavelengths and frequencies and
frequencies identified as visible light.
Generation of electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is produced
whenever a charged particle such as an
electron, changes its velocity—i.e.,
whenever it is accelerated or decelerated.
The energy of the electromagnetic radiation
thus produced comes from the charged
particle and is therefore lost by it. A
common example of this phenomenon is the
oscillating charge or current in a radio
antenna. The antenna of a radio transmitter
is part of an electric resonance circuit in
which the charge is made to oscillate at a
desired frequency. An electromagnetic wave
so generated can be received by a similar
antenna connected to an oscillating electric
circuit in the tuner that is tuned to that same
frequency. The electromagnetic wave in turn
produces an oscillating motion of charge in
the receiving antenna. In general, one can
say that any system which emits
electromagnetic radiation of a given
frequency can absorb radiation of the same
frequency.
Such man-made transmitters and receivers
become smaller with decreasing wavelength
of the electromagnetic wave and prove
impractical in the millimeter range. At even
shorter wavelengths down to the
wavelengths of X rays, which are one
million times smaller, the oscillating charges
arise from moving charges in molecules and
atoms.
One may classify the generation of
electromagnetic radiation into two
categories: (1) systems or processes that
produce radiation covering a broad
continuous spectrum of frequencies and (2)
those that emit (and absorb) radiation of
4. discrete frequencies that are characteristic of
particular systems. The Sun with its
continuous spectrum is an example of the
first, while a radio transmitter tuned to one
frequency exemplifies the second category.
PROPOGATION OF ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC WAVES:
Electromagnetic waves are waves which can
travel through the vacuum of outer space.
Mechanical waves, unlike electromagnetic
waves, require the presence of a material
medium in order to transport their energy
from one location to another. Sound waves
are examples of mechanical waves while
light waves are examples of electromagnetic
waves.
Electromagnetic waves are created by the
vibration of an electric charge. This
vibration creates a wave which has both an
electric and a magnetic component. An
electromagnetic wave transports its energy
through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108
m/s (a speed value commonly represented
by the symbol c). The propagation of an
electromagnetic wave through a material
medium occurs at a `This is depicted in the
animation below.
The mechanism of energy transport through
a medium involves the absorption and
reemission of the wave `short period of
vibrational motion, the vibrating electrons
create a new electromagnetic wave with the
same frequency as the first electromagnetic
wave. While these vibrations occur for only
a very short time, they delay the motion of
the wave through the medium. Once the
energy of the electromagnetic wave is
reemitted by an atom, it travels through a
small region of space between atoms. Once
it reaches the next atom, the electromagnetic
wave is absorbed, transformed into electron
vibrations and then reemitted as an
electromagnetic wave. While the
electromagnetic wave will travel at a speed
of c (3 x 108 m/s) through the vacuum of
interatomic space, the absorption and
reemission process causes the net speed of
the electromagnetic wave to be less than c.
This is observed in the animation below.
The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave
through a material medium is dependent
upon the optical density of that medium.
Different materials cause a different amount
of delay due to the absorption and
reemission process. Furthermore, different
materials have their atoms more closely
packed and thus the amount of distance
between atoms is less. These two factors are
dependent upon the nature of the material
through which the electromagnetic wave is
material through which it is traveling. As a
result, the speed of an electromagnetic wave
is dependent upon the material through
which it is travelling.
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5. HOW RAIL BREAKAGE DETECTOR
WORKS
Electromagnetic waves will be produced as
explained initially .It has to be in impinged
on the train tracks in lateral manner.For each
100 km we have to build a sub-station which
contains electromagnetic wave generator and
oscilloscope .We get a proper graph in
oscilloscope as the wave, propagates
uniformly in one medium(steel) .If it
encounters any breakage (truncation)
wave has to pass through air medium.
Then there will be a phase, amplitude,
frequency change in the graph.(i.e,
wave passing from steel medium to air
medium). That device will be kept in
those substations. There will be a loss
em waves we have to increase the
magnitude of waves in order to
maintain threshhold in those substations.
Based on the change of graph of the
particular substation we can easily
identify the truncation.
Adapting rail breakage detector to
Indian railways situation:
With the increase in the number of
accidents for the past few years, the
demand for preventive measure has
increased. The Indian Railway being
a vast one a low-cost-end-user
mechanism like the Railway Breakage
Detector would go on a long way in
making this mechanism a success in India
CONCLUSION:
Railways is the safest mode when compare
with other modes. To make it safer we
need devices like RBD. Since it is feasible
and having great advantage we should
Implement this system and provide bon-voyage
to travellers.