Radiation therapy involves using radiation to treat cancer and other diseases. It works by damaging malignant cells' DNA to stop their growth and reproduction. There are several types of radiation therapy including external beam radiation, brachytherapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy. The dose and fractionation of radiation is tailored to each patient's situation. Factors like tumor type and location, patient health, and treatment intent are considered. Radiation can be used curatively, adjuvantly, palliatively, or therapeutically depending on the case. Both malignant and some non-malignant conditions can be treated with radiation.
A primer of oncology basics for nursing students. Includes basic oncology, understanding cancer and understanding radiation therapy in an easy to comprehend manner.
A primer of oncology basics for nursing students. Includes basic oncology, understanding cancer and understanding radiation therapy in an easy to comprehend manner.
Radiotherapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Radiotherapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Along with chemotherapy and surgery, radiation therapy is one of the main treatments for many cancers. Here are some things you should know about this therapy, how it works, and its side effects.
Radiotherapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Radiotherapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Along with chemotherapy and surgery, radiation therapy is one of the main treatments for many cancers. Here are some things you should know about this therapy, how it works, and its side effects.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
3. Radiation therapy (also radiotherapy or
radiation oncology, sometimes abbreviated to
XRT) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as
part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells
(not to be confused with radiology, the use of
radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis).
Radiotherapy may be used for curative or
adjuvant cancer treatment. It is used as palliative
treatment (where cure is not possible and the aim
is for local disease control or symptomatic relief)
or as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has
survival benefit and it can be curative).
4. Total body irradiation (TBI) is a radiotherapy
technique used to prepare the body to receive a
bone marrow transplant. Radiotherapy has several
applications in non-malignant conditions, such as
the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, severe
thyroid eye disease, pterygium, pigmented
villonodular synovitis, prevention of keloid scar
growth, and prevention of heterotopic ossification.
The use of radiotherapy in non-malignant
conditions is limited partly by worries about the
risk of radiation-induced cancers.
5. Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of
malignant tumors (cancer), and may be used as the
primary therapy. It is also common to combine
radiotherapy with surgery, chemotherapy, hormone
therapy or some mixture of the three. Most common
cancer types can be treated with radiotherapy in some
way. The precise treatment intent (curative, adjuvant,
neoadjuvant, therapeutic, or palliative) will depend on
the tumour type, location, and stage, as well as the
general health of the patient.
6. Clinical-Biological Bases of RT of Tumors
The therapeutic use of IR is based on it’s
biological action, that is, it’s ability to cause
changes in cells, tissues, organs, the body as
a whole. It depends on the ABSORBED
DOSE (AD) – e n e r g y transmitted to
irradiated tissues (Gy).
7. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or
organs which radiation must pass through in
order to treat the tumour), shaped radiation
beams are aimed from several angles of exposure
to intersect at the tumour, providing a much
larger absorbed dose there than in the
surrounding, healthy tissue.
8. Dose
The amount of radiation used in
radiation therapy is measured in gray (Gy),
and varies depending on the type and stage
of cancer being treated. For curative cases,
the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor
ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphoma
tumors are treated with 20 to 40 Gy.
9. Fractionation
The total dose is fractionated (spread out over time) for several
important reasons. Fractionation allows normal cells time to recover,
while tumor cells are generally less efficient in repair between
fractions. Fractionation also allows tumor cells that were in a
relatively radio-resistant phase of the cell cycle during one treatment
to cycle into a sensitive phase of the cycle before the next fraction is
given. Similarly, tumor cells that were chronically or acutely
hypoxic (and therefore more radioresistant) may reoxygenate
between fractions, improving the tumor cell kill.
10. Types of radiation therapy
Historically, the three main divisions of radiotherapy are
external beam radiotherapy (EBRT or XBRT) or teletherapy,
brachytherapy or sealed source radiotherapy, and systemic
radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy. The
differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external
is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources
placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic
radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion.
Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of
radioactive sources.
11. The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique
called afterloading. In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator
is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources
are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted.
This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiotherapy
where the particles are protons or heavier ions. Introperative
radiotherapy is a special type of radiotherapy that is delivered
immediately after surgical removal of the cancer. This method
has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative
radioTherapy), brain tumours and rectal cancers.
12.
13.
14.
15. Particle Therapy
In particle therapy (Proton therapy), energetic
ionizing particles (protons or carbon ions) are directed
at the target tumor. The dose increases while the
particle penetrates the tissue, up to a maximum (the
Bragg peak) that occurs near the end of the particle's
range, and it then drops to (almost) zero. The
advantage of this energy deposition profile is that less
energy is deposited into the healthy tissue surrounding
the target tissue.
16. Principles of Radiotherapy
1. Delivering of an optimal dose to the
tumor
2. Minimal damage of surrounding
organs & tissues.
3. Measures stimulating protective
forces of the body
17.
18.
19. Radioisotope Therapy (RIT)
Systemic radioisotope therapy is a form of targeted therapy.
Targeting can be due to the chemical properties of the isotope
such as radioiodine which is specifically absorbed by the thyroid
gland a thousand fold better than other bodily organs. Targeting
can also be achieved by attaching the radioisotope to another
molecule or antibody to guide it to the target tissue. The
radioisotopes are delivered through infusion (into the
bloodstream) or ingestion. Examples are the infusion of
metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) to treat neuroblastoma, of oral
iodine-131 to treat thyroid cancer or thyrotoxicosis, and of
hormone-bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 to treat
neuroendocrine tumors (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy).
Another example is the injection of radioactive glass or resin
microspheres into the hepatic artery to radioembolize liver tumors
or liver metastases.
20. Today more than 70 % of oncological
patients obtain radiation treatment
• as initial
• in connection with relapses of disease
• with the palliative purpose
21. Treatment of tumors may be:
RADICAL RT– complete cure of the patients –
Indications: an early stages (I-II).
PALLIATIVE RT - a temporary improvement of
patients life, life prolongation (stages III- IV).
SYMPTOMATIC RT - to alleviate the most
severe manifestations of the disease
22. Approximately 45 % are cured
22 – surgery (independently or in combination)
18 – radiation therapy (independently or as a
leading method)
5 – chemotherapy (independently or, more
often, it is combined with surgery and
radiation therapy)
23. The role of a radiotherapy grows
because of early diagnostics
of oncological diseases
24. Radiotherapeutic Interval
Selection of an irradiation regimen:
delivery of an optimal total tumor dose (TTD)
Radiosensitivity of healthy and tumor
cells is practically the same.
The radiotherapeutic interval is a
difference between radiosensitivity of the tumor
and surrounding healthy organs and tissues
It should be increased
25. Mechanisms of cells’ death
1. interphase death
(apoptosis)
2. loss of reproductive
ability
28. Methods of radiomodification
Oxygenous effect:
Oxybaroradiotherapy
Hypoxiradiotherapy- gaseous hypoxia-protection of
normal tissues
Chemical compounds:
Radiosensibilizers
Hyperthermia
Polyradiomodification
30. Effect of a radiotherapy
depends on a dose
in a tumour
31. Factors of therapeutic dose
limitation
• tolerance of normal tissues
around a tumour,
that is
• acute responses of tissues
• late radiation effects
36. On localization of source
• outside irradiation
• intracavitary irradiation
• interstitial irradiation
• enteral or parenteral introducing of
radionuclides
37. On type of apparatus
• Roentgenotherapy (X-Rays)
(low voltage, orthovoltage)
• Telegammatherapy
• Therapy by photons of a linac
• Therapy by electrons of a linac
• Brachytherapy by the closed radionuclides
• Brachytherapy by "grains" of radionuclides
38. Methods of patient’s irradiation
S t a t i c irradiation can be performed
through:
Single field technique
Multiple field technique
M o b i l e irradiation:
Rotational
39. Contraindications for RT
grave patient’s state, cachexia, anemia,
leukopenia, acute septic states
decompensated states of heart, liver, kidneys
Active tuberculosis
Extension of tumors to adjacent hollow
organs, growth into great blood vessels. An
inflammatory process
40. RT of NON-TUMOR DISEASES
It is carried out only according to strict
indications when other methods failed
Single and total doses should be small in the range
of 0.1-0.7 Gy every alternate day up to a TFD of 4-7
Gy
The basic method is a direct local irradiation of the
focus using the remote technique
Radiation field is equal to the focal size
The X-ray unit or telegammatherapy is used at
deep foci (more often X-ray therapy )
41. Inflammatory processes
We cause local plethora, an increased
permeability of capillaries, formation of bioactive
substances, lymphocytolysis
The principle of treatment – the severe the process,
the lower the dose.
At the initial stage, it is possible to terminate the
process, alleviate pain, relieve inflammation.
At phase of necrosis and purulation - rapid infiltrate
melting and its delimitation.
At the phase of regeneration – rapid wound
epithelisation.
42. Mechanisms of activity
1. Anti-inflammatory
2. Anesthesia
3. Desensitization
4. Ablation of function
50. Clinical-dosimetric planning of RT
The main clinical-
dosimetric task is to
create the most
favorable spatial
distribution of absorbed
radiation doses
in patient’s body
EXTERNAL BEAM
THERAPY
51.
52.
53. Accuracy of dose application
On quantity
+7 ÷ -5 %
In space
±3 mm