The document outlines the conclusions and recommendations from a conference on ecological agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, noting that ecological agriculture practices have potential to increase productivity and food security, mitigate and adapt to climate change, and improve livelihoods. It recommends that the African Union, FAO, and governments develop policies and action plans to promote ecological agriculture, establish research centers and information sharing networks, and support farmers through market access and capacity building. Transitioning to ecological agriculture faces challenges of lack of policy support, resources, awareness, and research that need to be addressed through coordinated efforts at national, regional, and international levels.
Bencana didefinisikan sebagai peristiwa yang mengancam kehidupan manusia akibat faktor alam dan/atau manusia. Ada 5 pandangan mengenai bencana, tetapi pandangan holistik dianggap paling tepat karena melihat bencana sebagai fenomena kompleks antara alam dan perilaku manusia. Tingkat risiko bencana dipengaruhi oleh ancaman, kerentanan, dan kapasitas masyarakat.
Global educational surges by communities linked strategically and tactically throughout the world. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Making (or not making) our world disaster resilient will be our lasting legacy. History Will Decide Which Legacy We Actually Leave. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
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This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
Bencana didefinisikan sebagai peristiwa yang mengancam kehidupan manusia akibat faktor alam dan/atau manusia. Ada 5 pandangan mengenai bencana, tetapi pandangan holistik dianggap paling tepat karena melihat bencana sebagai fenomena kompleks antara alam dan perilaku manusia. Tingkat risiko bencana dipengaruhi oleh ancaman, kerentanan, dan kapasitas masyarakat.
Global educational surges by communities linked strategically and tactically throughout the world. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Making (or not making) our world disaster resilient will be our lasting legacy. History Will Decide Which Legacy We Actually Leave. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
A Guide to SlideShare Analytics - Excerpts from Hubspot's Step by Step Guide ...SlideShare
This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
CTA is empowering Pacific communities through knowledge by focusing its efforts on partnerships, knowledge sharing, and capacity building. Its goals are to advance food and nutrition security, facilitate policy dialogues, and strengthen agricultural institutions in the Pacific region. Activities include research collaborations, technology transfers, public-private partnerships, and improving information systems. The document provides contact details for the senior programme coordinator.
Wimington Group is a executive search and recruiting firm founded in 1996 that specializes in life sciences. They have a global presence and over 16 years of experience in the pharmaceutical, biotech, medical device and healthcare industries. Their life sciences practice accounts for 54% of their business. They have a rigorous 20 step search process that includes planning, candidate research, screening, interviews and finalizing placements.
This document provides tips and tricks for using Microsoft Excel 2003. It includes instructions for creating a series of numbers, using formulas with IF statements, summing numbers that meet criteria, hiding worksheets, freezing headings, making worksheets colorful and more. Examples provided are fictional and formulas may not work as described.
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Willow Springs Elementary A School Profilekingjamesiii
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- Willow Springs has a population of around 3,800 people across two counties, with a median income lower than the national average. The student body at Willow Springs Elementary is around 1,000 students, with high percentages qualifying for free/reduced lunch and English language services.
- Test performance data from 2000-2008 shows that while reading scores were generally stable or improving, math scores dropped significantly after 2006. Data is also provided comparing performance to district and state averages.
- Surveys of teachers and teacher assistants found that while staff feel respected, they desire more involvement in committees and professional learning communities
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level to a narrower entrepreneurial and technical intervention. What are the implications of these
changes? Are there practices and organizations that embody the two approaches? What does community organizing have to do with CED?
Eric Shragge, School of Community and Public Affairs, Concordia University
Raimi Osseni, CCEDNet Emerging Leaders
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This dissertation assesses the effectiveness of Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) schemes in reducing rural poverty in African countries. The author conducted a literature review of studies on PES programs in Africa and analyzed their impacts on poverty. The results showed that poorer smallholders participated less than wealthier land users due to numerous constraints. While programs increased household income, many impacts were adverse, like temporary jobs and delays in payments. Overall, 75% of studies concluded PES had no significant impact on reducing poverty in Africa. The potential for PES to largely reduce poverty is minimal.
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Global Warming Impacts - Destruction of Africa Forest-Dependent Rural Livelih...Z3P
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Climate change will impact global food security in several ways:
1) It will affect all dimensions of food security including food availability, access, utilization, and stability by impacting agriculture, human health, livelihoods, and food systems.
2) Vulnerable populations like smallholder farmers, coastal and arctic communities, and the urban poor will be most at risk of food insecurity due to climate change's effects.
3) Countries and communities must take steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change in order to protect food security by improving information systems, risk management strategies, agricultural resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from food production.
Children are more vulnerable than adults to the effects of pesticides for several reasons. Their smaller size, greater exposure through food/water/air, differing metabolism, and rapidly developing bodies put them at higher risk. Pesticides are designed to be toxic and can harm humans through acute poisoning and long-term health effects like cancer, neurological impairments, and reproductive issues. While pesticides impact millions through acute poisoning each year, their total health effects are largely unknown due to challenges linking chronic diseases and exposures. Children need special protections due to their increased susceptibility.
The document discusses the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), which assessed the impacts of past, present, and future agricultural knowledge and technology on reducing hunger and poverty, improving livelihoods and health, and promoting sustainable development. The IAASTD involved over 400 experts and 110 governments who prepared reports on these issues. The assessment aimed to provide options to policymakers on agricultural knowledge, science, technology, and other areas to help meet development and sustainability goals.
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This document reviews the impacts of climate change on forests and rural livelihoods in Africa. It discusses how over half of Africa's population relies on forests for livelihoods and that climate impacts like changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can significantly affect forest ecosystems and the goods and services they provide which rural communities depend on. The review examines cases of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies identified in African countries' reports to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Communities in Peril - Global impacts of Pesticide UseZ3P
This report summarizes the results of a global survey on the health impacts of pesticide use in agriculture. Interviews were conducted with over 2,000 individuals in communities across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the United States. The survey found widespread acute pesticide poisoning symptoms, with nearly half of those exposed suffering from headaches. Protective equipment was largely unavailable or unaffordable. Hazardous pesticides were commonly used unsafely due to lack of information, training, storage facilities, and disposal methods. The findings document the urgent need to reduce pesticide risks and support safer agricultural systems.
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4
1) The study analyzed 3,271 cases of acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the US from 1998-2005.
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3) Most cases had low severity illness (87%), while 12% had medium severity and 0.6% had high severity illness. One case was fatal.
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5 key differences between Hard skill and Soft skillsRuchiRathor2
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐝:
𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐝 & 𝐒𝐨𝐟𝐭 𝐒𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 💯
In today's dynamic and competitive market, a well-rounded skillset is no longer a luxury - it's a necessity.
While technical expertise (hard skills) is crucial for getting your foot in the door, it's the combination of hard and soft skills that propels you towards long-term success and career advancement. ✨
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By actively developing both sets of skills, you position yourself as a well-rounded professional who can not only perform tasks efficiently but also contribute meaningfully to a collaborative and dynamic work environment.
Go through the carousel and let me know your views 🤩
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Lot of redevelopment projects are going on, where law and procedures are not followed , causing harm to the members of the society . This PPT is useful for every citizen living in society Building
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I invitr everyone to look into my work and provide me a quick feedback.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
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Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position FeedbackStevenPatrick17
Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
A parabolic antenna alignment system typically includes the following components:
Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
Ecological Agriculture: Mitigating Global Warming, Providing Food Security & Self-Reliance for Rural Livelihoods in Africa
1. AFRIC A
C n ee c o
o fr n e n
AND FOOD S Y STE M S RESILIEN C E IN S U B- S AHARAN
Ec l gc lA rc lu e
o o ia gi ut r:
Mtg tn Ci a eC a g,
ii ai g l m t h n e
Po ii gF o Sc rt
r vdn o d e u iy
A dS l- ei n eF r
n e f Rla c o
R r l i ei o d I A rc
u a Lv lh o s n fia
C C S Sa d
ON LUION n
RE O ENDATION
C MM S
African Union Headquarters
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
26-28 November 2008
C LI M ATE C HANGE
TWN
Third World Network institute
for
sustainable development
2.
3. T eG e nRn e e o inAsa gc oA fc A rc
h r e C v lt c o Ec l Lss ngo utia
o f r i n n i: ia srr lu e
e o un e o o e l i f r:
Mtg tn Ci a eC a g,
ii ai g l m t h n e
Poii gF o Sc rt A dS l- ei n eF r
r vdn o d e u iy n e f Rla c o
R r l i ei o d I A rc
u a Lv lh o s n fia
C C S Sa dRE O ENDATION
ON LUION n C MM S
Hira Jhamtani, TWN Indonesia
African Union Headquarters
Associate TWN researcher Addis Ababa, Ethopia
based in Bali, Indonesia 26-28 November 2008
semestha@yahoo.com
Month 2009
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | 2 010
5. c ne t
o t ns
Introduction................................................................................................................... 1
General views.
............................................................................................................... 2
Main conclusions.......................................................................................................... 3
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 5
Policy and planning.............................................................................................................................. 5
Research and development.................................................................................................................. 6
.
Demonstration projects and technical assistance.............................................................................. 7
Implementation..................................................................................................................................... 7
.
a nx
ne
Annex A: Standing committee on ecological agriculture........................................................ 9
.
— iii —
6. Conf enc on Ecol i
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e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
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And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
I t o u to
n r d ci n
The Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Mitigating Climate Change, Providing
Food Security and Self-Reliance for Rural Livelihoods in Africa was held in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia on 26-28 November 2008. It was organised by the African Union
(AU), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia, in collaboration with
the Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Ethiopia and the Third World
Network (TWN).
Over 80 participants from 15 African countries - Benin, Burundi, Djibouti,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe - attended the Conference. The participants
included policy makers, agriculture experts representing governments, NGOs,
farmers’ organizations, universities, and international and regional bodies such
as the AU, FAO, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
the UNEP‑UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and
Development (CBTF), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),
International Assessment on Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology
for Development (IAASTD) and World Food Programme (WFP).
The Conference was preceded by a field visit to the Axum area in Tigray Region
in northern Ethiopia on 23-25 November 2008, to visit some of the communities
of smallholder farmers that the Tigray Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural
Development of Ethiopia and ISD have been working with on ecological agriculture
since 1996. This was an appropriate experience to help focus attention on the
aspects of the ecosystem that can easily respond to appropriate management, so
as to stimulate discussion on experiences relevant for raising agricultural production,
mitigating and adapting to climate change, and achieving the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.
The following are among the significant views, conclusions and recommendations
expressed by participants during the Conference.
— 1 —
7. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
G n r lve s
e ea i w
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
The Conference heard several presentations and discussed the challenges facing
African agriculture, not least among them the global food crisis, climate change
and the conflicts with inappropriate biofuels development. Moreover, land degradation
and the consequential loss of soil fertility, which are exacerbated by pests and
erratic rainfall associated with climate change, are major constraints to improving
agricultural production in Africa. Consequently, many local communities in African
countries are food insecure. Trade policies also have implications for African food
security and rural development, which need to be addressed, to stop the worrying
trend of food import dependency and increasing vulnerability to external shocks.
The steep rise in petroleum prices and the consequent increase in the cost of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides are making it essential to improve soil fertility
and agricultural productivity in Africa through effective management of the local
resources that are found in the agricultural and surrounding ecosystems. Many
diverse and creative ecological agriculture (including organic agriculture) practices
based on rich traditional knowledge and agrobiodiversity are found in Africa.
Where supported by appropriate research and policy, it has been shown that these
have been effective in tackling poverty and improving livelihoods.
In addition, this opens up the opportunity for Africa’s smallholder farmers to
become recognized as organic farmers producing for the growing global market
fetching fair prices for their products. The global organic market growth has been
about 15 percent per year over the past decade. Internal markets for organic
products are also developing rapidly, particularly where consumers are made aware
of the improvements to health from eating organic food.
The Conference heard presentations on the potential of ecological agriculture,
including organic agriculture, to meet food security needs in Africa. Concrete
examples and lessons learnt were presented from several African countries on
practices that have successfully increased productivity and yields of crops, provided
ecologically sound pest, weed and disease control, resulted in better water availability,
— 2 —
8. Conf enc on Ecol i
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e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
met household and local food security needs, increased household income and
improved livelihood opportunities, especially for women who are the majority of
Africa’s farmers. Other presentations focused on the potential of ecological
agriculture to mitigate climate change, and to provide farmers with the means to
adapt to climate change.
Participants discussed the need for appropriate national policies to support and
build the capacity of farmers and agricultural professionals to implement and
mainstream ecological/organic agriculture in Africa. Some of the major barriers
and challenges to a transition to ecological agriculture were identified, and
recommendations for charting the way forward in terms of policies, action plans
and regional and international cooperation were made.
M i c n lso s
an o cui n
1. Ecological agriculture holds significant promise for increasing the productivity
of Africa’s smallholder farmers, with consequent positive impacts on food security
and food self-reliance. This is demonstrated by efforts such as the Tigray Project,
now working with over 20 000 farming families in Ethiopia, where crop yields
of major cereals and pulses have almost doubled using ecological agricultural
practices such as composting, water and soil conservation activities, agroforestry
and crop diversification. Although Tigray was previously known as one of the
most degraded Regions of Ethiopia, yet over the 12 years of the introduction
and expansion of ecological agriculture, the use of chemical fertilizers has
steadily decreased while total grain production has steadily increased.
2. As most poor farmers, particularly in degraded lands and in market-marginalised
areas, are not able to afford external inputs, the principles and approach of the
Tigray Project, based on ecological agriculture, offer farmers and their families
a real and affordable means to break out of poverty and achieve food security,
provided that relevant government commitment, support and capacity-building
is provided to them.
— 3 —
9. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
3. Ecological agriculture also provides many other benefits, including to the
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
environment, such as addressing land degradation and reducing the use of
polluting chemical inputs, with consequent beneficial health impacts. Ecological
agriculture helps foster agrobiodiversity and other essential environmental
services, which improve agroecosystem resilience, helping farmers to better
face risks and uncertainties. The productivity and diversity of crops also increase
incomes and improve rural livelihoods.
4. Ecological agriculture has high climate change mitigation potential; for example
avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers results in reduced greenhouse gas
emissions, particularly nitrous oxide. Ecological agriculture practices such as
using leguminous crops, crop residues, cover crops and agroforestry enhance
soil fertility and lead to the stabilization of soil organic matter and in many
cases to a heightened sequestration of carbon in the soils.
5. Ecological agriculture assists farmers in adapting to climate change by establishing
conditions that increase agroecosystem resilience to stress. Increasing an
agroecosystem’s adaptive capacity allows it to better withstand climate variability,
including erratic rainfall and temperature variations and other unexpected
events. Drawing on strong local community and farmers’ knowledge and
agrobiodiversity, ecological agriculture improves soil quality by enhancing soil
structure and its organic matter content, which in turn promotes efficient water
use and retains soil moisture. Such conditions simultaneously enhance soil
conservation and soil fertility, leading to increased crop yields.
6. The development and growing of biofuels should not compete with food
and other crops, and thus require comprehensive impact assessments.
Locally-controlled bioenergy production that makes use of agricultural
waste and biomass, such as through biogas digesters, could provide sustainable
energy generation.
7. Food and energy demand and climate change are inducing land use changes
and land access issues, which threaten the viability of farming and rural
livelihoods. The resilience of agroecosystems can only be built by empowering
— 4 —
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i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
local communities, particularly women, to rehabilitate, adapt and improve their
natural resource base for continued productivity, and by giving them the
appropriate legal backing.
8. The implementation and scaling up of ecological agriculture face several constraints,
including the lack of policy support at local, national, regional and international
levels, resource and capacity constraints, and a lack of awareness and inadequate
information, training and research on ecological agriculture at all levels.
Rc mm n ai n
e o e d to s
Policy and planning
1. The AU and other regional organizations (e.g. Southern African Development
Community, SADC; Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS;
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, COMESA) are urged to take
action to assist African governments in implementing policies and action plans
on ecological agriculture. The AU Commission should also develop strategic
partnerships with civil society and other actors to promote and implement
ecological agriculture in the continent.
2. The FAO is called to assist the AU in developing an African Action Plan on
Ecological Agriculture that will guide member countries in implementing
relevant policies and action plans, as a matter of urgency.
3. Governments are urged to conduct in-depth assessments of agricultural
conditions and policies in their countries, identify barriers to a transition to
ecological agriculture and gaps in policy, and to ensure policy coherence such
that ecological agriculture is promoted and facilitated. Meaningful impact of
development actions also requires the extensive deployment of extension
officers and direct involvement of local communities. Resources from the
national, regional and international levels, including climate-related funds,
should be made available to assist governments to implement policies and
action plans on ecological agriculture.
— 5 —
11. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
4. Trade policies should be crafted so that they are supportive of ecological/organic
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
agriculture. Governments are urged to ensure that commitments made at the
multilateral and bilateral levels provide enough policy space to enable support
for the agriculture sector, expansion of local food production, and effective
instruments to provide local and household food security, farmers’ livelihoods
and meet rural development needs.
5. Governments are urged to provide support in linking farmers to markets, in
the development of domestic and regional markets for organic agricultural
products, and in assisting farmers to access regional and international markets.
Building awareness on the environmental and health benefits of organic
products, and creating linkages between producers and consumers through
short supply chains for ecological produce, are needed in order to stimulate
local demand and local markets.
Research and development
6. Institutions involved in ecological agriculture are requested to pool their
expertise and identify ways to establish an African Centre of Excellence on
Ecological Agricultural Research. Research priorities along the value chain,
including key food crops and animals, best practices, economic aspects, main
problems and solutions to these problems, should be identified in a participatory
manner. Farmers’ knowledge is a basic and important component of the research/
development continuum and research from the scientific community can
complement and build on this.
7. The Conference participants agreed to establish a resource centre on ecological
agriculture (e.g. an electronic library) to document best practices (including
local knowledge and skills) and enable better communications, sharing of
information and experiences on ecological agriculture.
8. Governments are urged to develop awareness, training and educational materials
and curricula on ecological agriculture, including for students in schools, tertiary
— 6 —
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And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
educational institutions, graduate schools, extension officers and farmers. There
is a need to include the mass media in awareness-raising efforts and to encourage
consumers to appreciate the values of local organic products. Guidelines must
be developed for training of trainers (e.g. extension officers) on watershed
environmental management strategies and climate change adaptation practices
through ecological agriculture. Improving soil fertility in dry and poorly
vegetated areas must be given specific consideration.
Demonstration projects and technical assistance
9. Pilot projects on ecological agriculture should be established in each country to
demonstrate the benefits of ecological agriculture to food security and rural
livelihoods. In locations where Green Revolution projects are being launched or
implemented, ecological agriculture pilot projects should be given the same financial
and other kinds of support in order to allow comparative assessment of the two
management systems’ performance, including periodic documentation, monitoring
and evaluation of impacts over the short-, medium- and long-terms. Where
ecological agriculture projects already exist, they should be scaled up so as to
encourage a wider impact on the environment and uptake by rural communities.
10. he training and technical assistance needs in relation to ecological agriculture
T
should be identified and a list of experts compiled and targeted for continued
capacity-building and training.
Implementation
11. The international community and African regional and national organisations,
including the co-organisers of the Conference, are urged and encouraged to
undertake follow-up activities, including providing policy and technical
assistance to African governments, particularly the Ministries of Agriculture,
Environment and Trade, in order to vigorously support ecological/organic
— 7 —
13. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
agriculture plans and programmes. Efforts should also include assisting
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Governments to tap climate-related funds in order to support capacity-building
work in ecological agriculture.
12. he donor community is called upon to provide the resources required for
T
ecological agriculture interventions to meaningfully support food security and
rural livelihoods. This entails ensuring that adequate and balanced financial
allocations are made for ecological agriculture projects. This is especially needed
as heavy investments in industrial and chemically-oriented agriculture create
disincentives to other agricultural management alternatives.
13. he Conference participants established a Standing Committee on Ecological
T
Agriculture (see Annex A), which includes representatives from each participating
country, in order to continue sharing experiences, enhance networking, undertake
follow-up activities such as national workshops, and further the implementation
of ecological/organic agriculture in their respective countries and at regional
and international levels.
— 8 —
14. Conf enc on Ecol i
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‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
a n xa
ne
Sa dn C mmt e o e o o ia a rc lu e
t n i g o it e n c l gc l gi ut r
African Union (AU) Ethiopia
Dr Sarah Olembo Sue Edwards
Senior Advisor Director
Department of Rural Economy Institute for Sustainable Development
and Agriculture Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa Gebremedhin Birega
Manager
International Federation Eco Consumers’ Association
of Organic Agriculture of Ethiopia
Movements (IFOAM) Addis Ababa
Hervé Bouagnimbeck
Africa Office Coordinator Kenya
IFOAM Head Office Monica Mueni
Bonn, Germany Assistant Director of Agriculture
Nairobi
Benin Zacharia Makanya
Valery Lawson PELUM-Kenya
Secretary General Country Coordinator
NGO JINUKUN / COPAGEN Thika
Cotonou
Mikpon Toussaint Malawi
Researcher Esther Kamlongera
National Agricultural Research Counsellor
Institute of Benin Malawi Embassy
Cotonou Addis Ababa
Burundi Mali
Annick Seziber Niaba Teme
Legal Representative Plant Breeder
CAPAD Researcher
Bujumbura Mali Institute of Rural Economy
Pascal Baridomo Bamako
Director Inades-Formation Burundi Salikou Sanogo
Bujumbura Coordinator of Institute for
Research & the Promotion of
Djibouti Alternatives in Development
Houssein Rayleh Ministry of Agriculture
Director of Djibouti Nature/ Planning and Statistics Department
Coordinator of the Horn of Africa Bamako
Regional Environment Network
Djibouti
Chamake Mohamed Youssouf
Djibouti Government employee
— 9 —
15. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
Nigeria Uganda
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Olugbenga AdeOluwa Charles Ssekyewa
Department of Agronomy, Director of Research
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Ugandan Martyrs University
University of Ibadan/ National Secretary Kampala
Network of Organic Agriculture Doleera Jackson
in Nigeria (NOAN) Executive Director
IFOAM Contact Point DERC
Coordinator for Nigeria (Development of the Rural Economy)
Ibadan Masindi
Rwanda Zambia
Aloys Semakuza Kusiyo Mbikusita Lewanika
Coordinator of BAIR Executive Director
Gisenyi Lyambai Institute of Development
Mongu
Somaliland Bernadette Lubozhya
Khadra Omer Smallholder farmer and
Chairperson Board member of OPPAZ
Bawaaqo Voluntary Organization (Organic Producers & Processors
(BVO) Association of Zambia)
Hargeisa Lusaka
Sudan Zimbabwe
Sumaia Elsayed Medicine Masiiwa
Ahfad University for Women Director, AIPAD Trust, Harare
Umdurnaman Mukura Tamuka
Hayat Ahmed Elmahi Economist, Ministry of Agriculture,
Sudanese Women General Union Harare
(SWGU)
Khartoum
Tanzania
Bashiru Abdul Hasani
Senior Program Officer
AGENDA
(Action for Environment & Development)
Dar es Salaam
Ombaeli Lemweli
Principal Economist
National Food Security Division
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security
and Cooperatives
Dar es Salaam
— 10 —