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According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are collaborating in meeting the needs of health care providers and patients. Social media is taking a step towards focusing on an analytic model to evaluate the value of social media in healthcare. For this assignment you research and investigate the areas of social media that might embrace and benefit from an analytic model combining acquired data and value-based analytics. You will then evaluate the resource addressing the following points:
· Five major stakeholder roles of social media—patients, physicians (and other outpatient care), hospitals, payers (employers, health plans), and health information technology (IT)
· Will social media improve a practice? How so? Provide a thorough rationale.
· Provide a conclusion with the main points .
format:
· Must be two to four
· Must use at least three scholarly sources
.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
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According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are collaborating in meeting the needs of health care providers and patients. Social media is taking a step towards focusing on an analytic model to evaluate the value of social media in healthcare. For this assignment you research and investigate the areas of social media that might embrace and benefit from an analytic model combining acquired data and value-based analytics. You will then evaluate the resource addressing the following points:
· Five major stakeholder roles of social media—patients, physicians (and other outpatient care), hospitals, payers (employers, health plans), and health information technology (IT)
· Will social media improve a practice? How so? Provide a thorough rationale.
· Provide a conclusion with the main points .
format:
· Must be two to four
· Must use at least three scholarly sources
.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social service.docxmakdul
According to Libertarianism, there is no right to any social services besides those of a night-watchman state, protecting citizens from harming each other via courts, police, and military.
Consider this town
that decided to remove fire rescue as a basic social service. To benefit from it, one had to pay a yearly fee. Do you think libertarians would generally have to support such a policy in order to be consistent? Why or why not? Also, can you think of any other social services that might no longer exist in a libertarian society? (Btw, none has ever existed).
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxmakdul
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions performed in that action group.
.
According to cultural deviance theorists like Cohen, deviant sub.docxmakdul
According to cultural deviance theorists like Cohen, deviant subcultures have their own value system that often opposes those of society at large. These contradictory "values" have been embraced by generations within that culture—and as a way to act out against the majority value system from which they feel excluded. Write an essay of 750-1,000 words that addresses the following:
How has rap culture perpetuated subcultural values, and promoted violence and crime among young men?
Given its sharp deviation from conventional values and norms, how and why would theorists explain the persistence and popularity of this subculture? (See examples Tupac Shakur page 109-110 and 50 Cent page 135).
Be sure to cite three to five relevant scholarly sources in support of your content
.
According to Gray et al, (2017) critical appraisal is the proce.docxmakdul
According to Gray et al, (2017) “critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of all aspects of a study, judging the strengths, limitation, trustworthiness, meaning, and its applicability to practice”. The steps involved in critical appraisal include “identifying the study's elements or processes, determining the strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study” (Gray et al., 2017). The journal article chosen is
“change in staff perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use after implementation of an intervention bundle in seven Swiss acute care hospitals: a result of a before/after survey study”
by Niederhauser, Zullig, Marschall, Schweiger, John, Kuster, and Schwappach. (2019).
Identifying the study's elements or processes
A significant issue addressed by the study is the nursing “staffs’ perspective towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) and evaluation of changes in their perspectives towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1-year quality improvement project” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). the process of the research was conducted in “seven acute care hospitals in Switzerland” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). With a “sample size of 1579 staff members participated in the baseline survey and 1527 participated in the follow-up survey. The survey captures all nursing and medical staff members working at the participating hospitals at the time of survey distribution, using a multimodal intervention bundle, consisting of an evidence-based indication list, daily re-evaluation of ongoing catheter needs, and staff training were implemented over the course of 9 months” (Niederhauser et al, 2019).
Determining the strengths and weaknesses
A great strength of the study is a large sample size of over 1000 and the use of well-constructed and easy-to-read heading for better understanding. Also, the use of figures, graphs, and tables make the article less cumbersome to read. Another strength is the implementation of the ethical principles of research by enabling informed consent and voluntary participation as well as confidentiality and anonymity of information.
On the other hand, the study has several weaknesses such as the use of “the theory of planned behavior to model intentions to reduce catheter use, but it is not possible to know if changes observed in staff perception led to a true change in practice” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). Another weakness of the study is the repeated survey design which allows assessment of changes in staff perspectives after implementation of a quality improvement intervention but the sustainability of the effects over time could not be evaluated.
Evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study
Although the study used a larger sample size of over 1000, the “use of a single-group design and no control group weakens its credibility and trustworthiness because there are no causal inferences abou.
According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docxmakdul
According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system.
.
Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docxmakdul
Abstract:
In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an
unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa
values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent
error of 3.48%.
Introduction:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The
equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which
can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the
moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and
volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The
amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original
mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid.
In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic.
Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step
process with the net reaction being:
H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O
This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic
acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the
second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second
set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The
titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence
point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic
properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa+log(A-/HA)
shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually
represented by the flattest part of the graphs.
Discussion:
The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be
an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of
error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to
the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass
calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual.
The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results.
It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st
derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very
difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual
compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a
de.
ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!!
Points: 280
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
Criteria
UnacceptableBelow 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations60-69% D
Fair70-79% C
Proficient80-89% B
Exemplary90-100% A
1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Insufficiently outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Insufficiently provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Partially outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Partially provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Satisfactorily outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Satisfactorily provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Thoroughly outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Thoroughly provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Did not submit or incompletely identified the accounts that you would test; did not submit or incompletely selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Insufficiently examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Insufficiently identified the accounts that you would test; insufficiently selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Partially examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests .
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) .docxmakdul
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting
Group Case 3 (160 points)
Instructions:
1. As a group, complete the following activities in good form. Use excel or
word only. Provide all supporting calculations to show how you arrived at
your numbers
2. Add only the names of group members who participated in the completion
of this assignment.
3. Submit only one copy of your completed work via Moodle. Do not send it to
me by email.
4. Due: No later than the last day of Module 7. Please note that your professor
has the right to change the due date of this assignment.
Part A: Capital Budgeting Decisions
Chee Company has gathered the following data on a proposed investment project:
Investment required in equipment ............. $240,000
Annual cash inflows .................................. $50,000
Salvage value ............................................ $0
Life of the investment ............................... 8 years
Required rate of return .............................. 10%
Assets will be depreciated using straight
line depreciation method
Required:
Using the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, is this a good investment?
Part B: Master Budget
You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of
earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the
company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has
experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to
prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with
accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below.
The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$10 per pair. Actual
sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs
of earrings):
January (actual) 20,000 June (budget) 50,000
February (actual) 26,000 July (budget) 30,000
March (actual) 40,000 August (budget) 28,000
April (budget) 65,000 September (budget) 25,000
May (budget) 100,000
The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should
be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month.
Suppliers are paid $4 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month
of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a
month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following
month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been
negligible.
Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below:
Variable:
Sales commissions 4 % of sales
.
Academic Integrity A Letter to My Students[1] Bill T.docxmakdul
Academic Integrity:
A Letter to My Students[1]
Bill Taylor
Professor of Political Science
Oakton Community College
Des Plaines, IL 60016
[email protected]
Here at the beginning of the semester I want to say something to you about academic integrity.[2]
I’m deeply convinced that integrity is an essential part of any true educational experience, integrity on
my part as a faculty member and integrity on your part as a student.
To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated his way through
medical school? Or would you feel comfortable on a bridge designed by an engineer who cheated her
way through engineering school. Would you trust your tax return to an accountant who copied his
exam answers from his neighbor?
Those are easy examples, but what difference does it make if you as a student or I as a faculty member
violate the principles of academic integrity in a political science course, especially if it’s not in your
major?
For me, the answer is that integrity is important in this course precisely because integrity is important in
all areas of life. If we don’t have integrity in the small things, if we find it possible to justify plagiarism or
cheating or shoddy work in things that don’t seem important, how will we resist doing the same in areas
that really do matter, in areas where money might be at stake, or the possibility of advancement, or our
esteem in the eyes of others?
Personal integrity is not a quality we’re born to naturally. It’s a quality of character we need to nurture,
and this requires practice in both meanings of that word (as in practice the piano and practice a
profession). We can only be a person of integrity if we practice it every day.
What does that involve for each of us in this course? Let’s find out by going through each stage in the
course. As you’ll see, academic integrity basically requires the same things of you as a student as it
requires of me as a teacher.
I. Preparation for Class
What Academic Integrity Requires of Me in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity require that I come having
done the things necessary to make the class a worthwhile educational experience for you. This requires
that I:
reread the text (even when I’ve written it myself),
clarify information I might not be clear about,
prepare the class with an eye toward what is current today (that is, not simply rely on past
notes), and
plan the session so that it will make it worth your while to be there.
What Academic Integrity Requires of You in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity suggest that you have a
responsibility to yourself, to me, and to the other students to do the things necessary to put yourself in
a position to make fruitful contributions to class discussion. This will require you to:
read the text before.
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Nu.docxmakdul
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s)
“Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps”
database. Choose a state other than your home state and compare their health status and associated behaviors. What behaviors lead to the current obesity status?
Initial discussion post should be approximately 300 words. Any sources used should be cited in APA format.
.
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that sugg.docxmakdul
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that suggested Major Depressive Disorder.
Objective(s)
Analyze psychometric properties of assessment tools
Evaluate appropriate use of assessment tools in psychotherapy
Compare assessment tools used in psychotherapy
.
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz,.docxmakdul
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz, Broadway musicals and instrumental or vocal ensembles, and comparable college or community groups performing music relevant to the content of this class. (Optionally, either your concert report
or
your concert review - but not both unless advance permission is given - may be based on a concert of non-western music selected from events on the concert list.)
Acceptable concerts include the following:
• Symphony orchestras • Concert bands and wind ensembles • Chamber Music (string quartets, brass and woodwind quintets, etc.) • Solo recitals (piano, voice, etc.) • Choral concerts • Early music concerts • Non-western music • Some jazz concerts • Opera• Broadway Musicals• Flamenco• Ballet• Tango
Assignment Format
The following are required on the concert review assignment and, thus, may affect your grade.
• Must be typed• Must be double-spaced• Must be between
2 and 4 pages
in length
not including the cover sheet
.• Must use conventional size and formatting of text - e.g. 10-12 point serif or sans serif fonts with normal margins. • Must include the printed program from the concert and/or your ticket stubs. Photocopies are unacceptable. (Contact me at least 24 hours before due date if any materials are unavailable.)• All materials (text, program, ticket stub) must be
stapled
together securely. Folded corners, paper clips, etc. instead of staples will not be accepted.• Careful editing, proofreading, and spelling are expected, although minor errors will not affect your grade.
Papers that do not follow these format guidelines may be returned for resubmission, and late penalties will apply.
Concert Review Assignment Content
I. Cover Sheet:
Include the following on a cover sheet attached to the front of your review:
• Title or other description of the event/performers you heard, along with the date and location of the performance. For example:
New World Symphony Orchestra
1258 Lincoln Road
Saturday, June 5, 2013
Lincoln Road Theater, Miami Beach
• Your name, assignment submission date, course. For example:
Pat Romero
October 31, 2013
Humanities 1020 MWF 8:05 a.m.
II. Descriptions
The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of
three of the
pieces
in the concert you attend. In most cases, a single paragraph for each piece should be sufficient, although you may wish to break descriptions of longer pieces into separate short paragraphs, one per movement.
Your description of each piece (song) should include:
• The title of the piece and the composer's name if possible, as listed in the concert program.• A brief description of your reaction to the piece. For example:
When the piece started I thought it was going to be slow and boring, but the faster section in the first movement made it more exciting. A really great flute solo full of fast and high notes in the third movement caught my attention. I'm not sure, but I thought that som.
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Pr.docxmakdul
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Prior to this new act, there were plenty of votes that did not agree with the notion of accessible insurance. Before 2010, The private sector had been given coverage in such a way that Milstead and Short (2019) called it sickness insurance; meaning companies will risk incurring medical expenses as long as it was balanced by healthy people. They were doing so by excluding people that had pre-existing conditions, becoming a very solvent business (Milstead & Short, 2019). After ACA was passed that was no longer the case. When President Trump came into term he did so by bringing his own healthcare agenda, which attempted to repeal ACA, but ultimately failed to come up with a replacement.
In 2016, the Republican's party platform was to repeal ACA, while continuing Medicare and Medicaid, but on the other hand, democrats put down that Obamacare is a step towards the goals of universal health care, and that this was just the beginning (Physicians for a National Health Program, n.d.). As for the cost analysis of repealing the Affordable Care Act, this would increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million, and it will cost about 350 billion through 2027, as well as creating costly coverage provisions to replace it (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2017).
(2 references required)
.
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting S.docxmakdul
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting Standards Codification link. Review the materials in the FASB Codification, especially the links on the left side column. Next, write a 1-page memo to a friend introducing and explaining this new accounting research resource that you have found. Provide at least one APA citation to the FASB Codification and reference that citation using the APA guidelines.
.
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to asse.docxmakdul
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to conduct scholarly and responsible research and articulate an evidence-based argument that clearly communicates the conclusion, solution, or answer to their stated research question. More specifically, this performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to: • Generate a focused research question that is situated within or connected to a larger scholarly context or community; • Explore relationships between and among multiple works representing multiple perspectives within the scholarly literature related to the topic of inquiry; • Articulate what approach, method, or process they have chosen to use to address their research question, why they have chosen that approach to answering their question, and how they employed it; • Develop and present their own argument, conclusion, or new understanding while acknowledging its limitations and discussing implications; • Support their conclusion through the compilation, use, and synthesis of relevant and significant evidence generated by their research; • Use organizational and design elements to effectively convey the paper’s message; • Consistently and accurately cite, attribute, and integrate the knowledge and work of others, while distinguishing between their voice and that of others; and • Generate a paper in which word choice and syntax enhance communication by adhering to established conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics.
.
Academic Research Team Project PaperCOVID-19 Open Research Datas.docxmakdul
Academic Research Team Project Paper
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)
An AI challenge with AI2, CZI, MSR, Georgetown, NIH & The White House
(1) FULL-LENGTH PROJECT
Dataset Description
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a resource of over 44,000 scholarly articles, including over 29,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related corona viruses. This freely available dataset is provided to the global research community to apply recent advances in natural language processing and other AI techniques to generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid acceleration in new coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical research community to keep up.
Call to Action
We are issuing a call to action to the world's artificial intelligence experts to develop text and data mining tools that can help the medical community develop answers to high priority scientific questions. The CORD-19 dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date. This allows the worldwide AI research community the opportunity to apply text and data mining approaches to find answers to questions within, and connect insights across, this content in support of the ongoing COVID-19 response efforts worldwide. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid increase in coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical community to keep up.
A list of our initial key questions can be found under the
Tasks
section of this dataset. These key scientific questions are drawn from the NASEM’s SCIED (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats)
research topics
and the World Health Organization’s
R&D Blueprint
for COVID-19.
Many of these questions are suitable for text mining, and we encourage researchers to develop text mining tools to provide insights on these questions.
In this project, you will follow your own interests to create a portfolio worthy single-frame viz or multi-frame data story that will be shared in your presentation. You will use all the skills taught in this course to complete this project step-by-step, with guidance from your instructors along the way. You will first create a project proposal to identify your goals for the project, including the question you wish to answer or explore with data. You will then find data that will provide the information you are seeking. You will then import that data into Tableau and prepare it for analysis. Next, you will create a dashboard that will allow you to explore the data in-depth and identify meaningful insights. You will then give structure .
AbstractVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced t.docxmakdul
Abstract
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced telecommunication technology which transfers the voice/video over
high speed network that provides advantages of flexibility, reliability and cost efficient advanced telecommunication
features. Still the issues related to security are averting many organizations to accept VoIP cloud environment due to
security threats, holes or vulnerabilities. So, the novel secured framework is absolutely necessary to prevent all kind of
VoIP security issues. This paper points out the existing VoIP cloud architecture and various security attacks and issues
in the existing framework. It also presents the defense mechanisms to prevent the attacks and proposes a new security
framework called Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) using video watermarking and extraction technique and Liveness
Voice Detection (LVD) technique with biometric features such as face and voice. IPSs updated with new LVD features
protect the VoIP services not only from attacks but also from misuses.
A Comprehensive Survey of Security Issues and
Defense Framework for VoIP Cloud
Ashutosh Satapathy* and L. M. Jenila Livingston
School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai - 600127, Tamil Nadu, India;
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Defense Mechanisms, Liveness Voice Detection, VoIP Cloud, Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP Security Issues
1. Introduction
The rapid progress of VoIP over traditional services is
led to a situation that is common to many innovations
and new technologies such as VoIP cloud and peer to
peer services like Skype, Google Hangout etc. VoIP is the
technology that supports sending voice (and video) over
an Internet protocol-based network1,2. This is completely
different than the public circuit-switched telephone net-
work. Circuit switching network allocates resources to
each individual call and path is permanent throughout
the call from start to end. Traditional telephony services
are provided by the protocols/components such as SS7, T
carriers, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), the Public
Switch Telephone Network (PSTN), dial up, local loops
and anything under International Telecommunication
Union. IP networks are based on packet switching and
each packet follows different path, has its own header and
is forwarded separately by routers. VoIP network can be
constructed in various ways by using both proprietary
protocols and protocols based on open standards.
1.1 VoIP Layer Architecture
VoIP communication system typically consist of a front
end platform (soft-phone, PBX, gateway, call manager),
back end platform (server, CPU, storage, memory, net-
work) and intermediate platforms such as VoIP protocols,
database, authentication server, web server, operating sys-
tems etc. It is mainly divided into five layers as shown in
Figure1.
1.2 VoIP Cloud Architecture
VoIP cloud is the framework for delivering telephony
services in which resourc.
Abstract
Structure of Abstract
Background on the problem
purpose/objective of the study
Method used
Interpretation of results
Conclusion&Recommendation for future research
.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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3. TLC555
SLFS043H – SEPTEMBER 1983 – REVISED AUGUST 2016
TLC555 LinCMOS™ Timer
1
1 Features
1• Very Low Power Consumption:
– 1 mW Typical at VDD = 5 V
• Capable of Operation in Astable Mode
• CMOS Output Capable of Swinging Rail to Rail
• High Output Current Capability
– Sink: 100 mA Typical
– Source: 10 mA Typical
• Output Fully Compatible With CMOS, TTL, and
MOS
• Low Supply Current Reduces Spikes During
Output Transitions
• Single-Supply Operation From 2 V to 15 V
• Functionally Interchangeable With the NE555;
Has Same Pinout
• ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per MIL-STD-
883C, Method 3015.2
• Available in Q-Temp Automotive
– High-Reliability Automotive Applications
– Configuration Control and Print Support
– Qualification to Automotive Standards
4. 2 Applications
• Precision Timing
• Pulse Generation
• Sequential Timing
• Time Delay Generation
• Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Position Modulation
• Linear Ramp Generator
Simplified Schematic
3 Description
The TLC555 is a monolithic timing circuit fabricated
using the TI LinCMOS™ process. The timer is fully
compatible with CMOS, TTL, and MOS logic, and
operates at frequencies up to 2 MHz. Because of its
high input impedance, this device uses smaller timing
capacitors than those used by the NE555. As a
result, more accurate time delays and oscillations are
possible. Power consumption is low across the full
range of power-supply voltage.
Like the NE555, the TLC555 has a trigger level equal
to approximately one-third of the supply voltage and a
threshold level equal to approximately two-thirds of
the supply voltage. These levels can be altered by
use of the control voltage terminal (CONT). When the
trigger input (TRIG) falls below the trigger level, the
flip-flop is set and the output goes high. If TRIG is
above the trigger level and the threshold input
(THRES) is above the threshold level, the flip-flop is
reset and the output is low. The reset input (RESET)
can override all other inputs and can be used to
initiate a new timing cycle. If RESET is low, the flip-
flop is reset and the output is low. Whenever the
5. output is low, a low-impedance path is provided
between the discharge terminal (DISCH) and GND.
All unused inputs must be tied to an appropriate logic
level to prevent false triggering.
Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER PACKAGE BODY SIZE (NOM)
TLC555C
SOIC (8) 4.9 mm × 3.91 mm
PDIP (8) 9.81 mm × 6.38 mm
SOP (8) 6.20 mm × 5.30 mm
TSSOP (14) 5.00 mm × 4.40 mm
TLC555I
SOIC (8) 4.90 mm × 3.91 mm
PDIP (8) 9.81 mm × 6.38 mm
TLC555M
LCCC (20) 8.89 mm × 8.89 mm
CDIP (8) 9.60 mm × 6.67 mm
TLC555Q SOIC (8) 4.90 mm × 3.91 mm
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at
the end of the data sheet.
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7. 8 Detailed Description ............................................ 15
8.1 Overview ................................................................. 15
8.2 Functional Block Diagram ....................................... 15
8.3 Feature Description................................................. 15
8.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 19
9 Application and Implementation ........................ 20
9.1 Application Information............................................ 20
9.2 Typical Applications ................................................ 20
10 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 26
11 Layout................................................................... 27
11.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 27
11.2 Layout Example .................................................... 27
12 Device and Documentation Support ................. 28
12.1 Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates 28
12.2 Community Resources.......................................... 28
12.3 Trademarks ........................................................... 28
12.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................ 28
12.5 Glossary ................................................................ 28
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable
Information ........................................................... 28
4 Revision History
Changes from Revision G (November 2008) to Revision H Page
• Added Feature Description section, Device Functional Modes,
Application and Implementation section, Power
Supply Recommendations section, Layout section, Device and
Documentation Support section, and Mechanical,
Packaging, and Orderable Information section
8. ...............................................................................................
...................... 1
• Deleted Continuous total power dissipation and lead
temperature parameters from Absolute Maximum Ratings
............... 6
• Changed values in the Thermal Information table to align with
JEDEC standards................................................................ 6
• Deleted Dissipation Ratings table
...............................................................................................
........................................... 6
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NC
12. (PS)
TSSOP
(PW)
TLC555C 0°C to 70°C 2 V to 15 V ✓ — — ✓ ✓ ✓
TLC555I –40°C to 85°C 3 V to 15 V ✓ — — ✓ — —
TLC555M –55°C to 125°C 5 V to 15 V — ✓ ✓ — — —
TLC555Q –40°C to 125°C 5 V to 15 V ✓ — — — — —
6 Pin Configuration and Functions
TLC555C: D, P, and PS Packages
8-Pin SOIC, PDIP, SOP
Top View
TLC555C: PW Package
14-Pin TSSOP
Top View
Pin Functions: TLC555C
PIN
I/O DESCRIPTION
NAME
SOIC,
PDIP,
SOP
TSSOP
CONT 5 8 I Controls comparator thresholds. Outputs 2/3 VDD
and allows bypass capacitorconnection.
13. DISCH 7 12 O Open collector output to discharge timing
capacitor
GND 1 1 Ground
NC — 2, 4, 6,9, 11, 13 — No internal connection
OUT 3 5 O High current timer output signal
RESET 4 7 I Active low reset input forces output and discharge
low
THRES 6 10 I End of timing input. THRES > CONT sets output
low and discharge low.
TRIG 2 3 I Start of timing input. TRIG < ½ CONT sets output
high and discharge open.
VDD 8 14 — Power-supply voltage
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GND
TRIG DISCH
THRES
CONT
OUT
RESET
1
15. I/O DESCRIPTION
NAME SOIC, PDIP
CONT 5 I Controls comparator thresholds. Outputs 2/3 VDD
and allows bypass capacitor connection.
DISCH 7 O Open-collector output to discharge timing capacitor
GND 1 — Ground
OUT 3 O High current timer output signal
RESET 4 I Active low reset input forces output and discharge
low
THRES 6 I End of timing input. THRES > CONT sets output
low and discharge low.
TRIG 2 I Start of timing input. TRIG < ½ CONT sets output
high and discharge open.
VDD 8 — Power-supply voltage
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GND
TRIG DISCH
THRES
CONT
OUT
RESET
21. CONT 12 5 I Controls comparator thresholds. Outputs 2/3 VDD
and allows bypass capacitor connection.
DISCH 17 7 O Open-collector output to discharge timing
capacitor
GND 2 1 — Ground
NC
1, 3, 4, 6, 8,
9, 11, 13, 14,
16, 18, 19
— — No internal connection
OUT 7 3 O High current timer output signal
RESET 10 4 I Active low reset input forces output and
discharge low
THRES 15 6 I End of timing input. THRES > CONT sets output
low and discharge low.
TRIG 5 2 I Start of timing input. TRIG < ½ CONT sets output
high and discharge open.
VDD 20 8 — Power-supply voltage
TLC555Q: D Package
8-Pin SOIC
Top View
Pin Functions: TLC555Q
PIN
22. I/O DESCRIPTION
NAME SOIC
CONT 5 I Controls comparator thresholds, Outputs 2/3 VDD,
allows bypass capacitor connection
DISCH 7 O Open-collector output to discharge timing capacitor
GND 1 — Ground
OUT 3 O High current timer output signal
RESET 4 I Active low reset input forces output and discharge
low
THRES 6 I End of timing input. THRES > CONT sets output
low and discharge low
TRIG 2 I Start of timing input. TRIG < ½ CONT sets output
high and discharge open
VDD 8 — Power supply voltage
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6
TLC555
SLFS043H – SEPTEMBER 1983 – REVISED AUGUST 2016
www.ti.com
24. Operating, TA
C-suffix 0 70 °C
I-suffix –40 85 °C
Q-suffix –40 125 °C
M-suffix –55 125 °C
Case, for 60 seconds FK package –65 150 °C
Storage, Tstg –65 150 °C
7.2 Recommended Operating Conditions
over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise
noted)
MIN MAX UNIT
Supply voltage, VDD 2 15 V
Operating free-air
temperature, TA
TLC555C 0 70 °C
TLC555I –40 85 °C
TLC555M –55 125 °C
TLC555Q –40 125 °C
(1) For more information about traditional and new thermal
metrics, see the Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics
application
report.
7.3 Thermal Information
THERMAL METRIC (1)
TLC555
27. PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS (1) MIN TYP MAX UNIT
VIT Threshold voltage
25°C
TLC555C 0.95 1.33 1.65
V
TLC555I 1.6 2.4
Full range
TLC555C 0.85 1.75
V
TLC555I 1.5 2.5
IIT Threshold current
25°C
TLC555C 10
pA
TLC555I 10
Max
TLC555C 75
pA
TLC555I 150
VI(TRIG) Trigger voltage
25°C
TLC555C 0.4 0.67 0.95
V
28. TLC555I 0.71 1 1.29
Full range
TLC555C 0.3 1.05
V
TLC555I 0.61 1.39
II(TRIG) Trigger current
25°C
TLC555C 10
pA
TLC555I 10
Max
TLC555C 75
pA
TLC555I 150
VI(RESET) Reset voltage
25°C
TLC555C 0.4 1.1 1.5
V
TLC555I 0.4 1.1 1.5
Full range
TLC555C 0.3 2
V
TLC555I 0.3 1.8
29. Control voltage (open-circuit) as a
percentage of supply voltage Max
TLC555C 66.7%
TLC555I 66.7%
Discharge switch on-stage
voltage
IOL = 1 mA, 25°C
TLC555C 0.03 0.2
V
TLC555I 0.03 0.2
IOL = 1 mA, Full range
TLC555C 0.25
V
TLC555I 0.375
Discharge switch off-stage
current
25°C
TLC555C 0.1
nA
TLC555I 0.1
Max
TLC555C 0.5
nA
TLC555I 120
30. VOH High-level output voltage
IOH = –300 µA, 25°C
TLC555C 1.5 1.9
V
TLC555I 2.5 2.85
IOH = –300 µA,
Full range
TLC555C 1.5
V
TLC555I 2.5
VOL Low-level output voltage
IOL = 1 mA, 25°C
TLC555C 0.07 0.3
V
TLC555I 0.07 0.3
IOL = 1 mA, Full range
TLC555C 0.35
V
TLC555I 0.4
IDD Supply current
(2)
25°C
TLC555C 250
32. 7.5 Electrical Characteristics: VDD = 5 V
over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise
noted)
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS (1) MIN TYP MAX UNIT
VIT Threshold voltage
25°C
TLC555C 2.8 3.3 3.8
V
TLC555I 2.8 3.3 3.8
TLC555M 2.8 3.3 3.8
TLC555Q 2.8 3.3 3.8
Full range
TLC555C 2.7 3.9
V
TLC555I 2.7 3.9
TLC555M 2.7 3.9
TLC555Q 2.7 3.9
IIT Threshold current
25°C
TLC555C 10
33. pA
TLC555I 10
TLC555M 10
TLC555Q 10
Max
TLC555C 75
pA
TLC555I 150
TLC555M 5000
TLC555Q 5000
VI(TRIG) Trigger voltage
25°C
TLC555C 1.36 1.66 1.96
V
TLC555I 1.36 1.66 1.96
TLC555M 1.36 1.66 1.96
TLC555Q 1.36 1.66 1.96
Full range
TLC555C 1.26 2.06
V
34. TLC555I 1.26 2.06
TLC555M 1.26 2.06
TLC555Q 1.26 2.06
II(TRIG) Trigger current
25°C
TLC555C 10
pA
TLC555I 10
TLC555M 10
TLC555Q 10
Max
TLC555C 75
pA
TLC555I 150
TLC555M 5000
TLC555Q 5000
VI(RESET) Reset voltage
25°C
TLC555C 0.4 1.1 1.5
35. V
TLC555I 0.4 1.1 1.5
TLC555M 0.4 1.1 1.5
TLC555Q 0.4 1.1 1.5
Full range
TLC555C 0.3 1.8
V
TLC555I 0.3 1.8
TLC555M 0.3 1.8
TLC555Q 0.3 1.8
II(RESET) Reset current
25°C
TLC555C 10
pA
TLC555I 10
TLC555M 10
TLC555Q 10
Max
TLC555C 75
pA
60. 7.7 Electrical Characteristics: VDD = 5 V
At TA = 25°C, over operating free-air temperature range (unless
otherwise noted)
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT
VIT Threshold voltage 2.8 3.3 3.8 V
IIT Threshold current 10 pA
VI(TRIG) Trigger voltage 1.36 1.66 1.96 V
II(TRIG) Trigger current 10 pA
VI(RESET) Reset voltage 0.4 1.1 1.5 V
II(RESET) Reset current 10 pA
Control voltage (open circuit) as a
percentage of supply voltage 66.7%
Discharge switch on-stage voltage IOL = 10 mA 0.14 0.5 v
Discharge switch off-stage current 0.1 nA
VOH High-level output voltage IOH = –1 mA 4.1 4.8 V
VOL Low-level output voltage
IOL = 8 mA 0.21 0.4 V
IOL = 5 mA 0.13 0.3 V
IOL = 3.2 mA 0.08 0.3 V
IDD Supply current
(1) 170 350 µA
7.8 Typical Characteristics
Figure 1. Discharge Switch ON-State Resistance vs
Free-Air Temperature
(1) The effects of the load resistance on these values must be
taken into account separately.
61. Figure 2. Propagation Delay Times to Discharge Output
from Trigger and Threshold Shorted Together
vs Supply Voltage
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R1
R
S
1
THRES
R
R
R
TRIG
2
1
GND
63. Pin numbers are for all packages except the FK package. RESET
can override TRIG, which can override THRES.
8.3 Feature Description
8.3.1 Monostable Operation
For monostable operation, any of these timers can be connected
as shown in Figure 3. If the output is low,
application of a negative-going pulse to the trigger (TRIG) sets
the flip-flop (Q goes low), drives the output high,
and turns off Q1. Capacitor C then is charged through RA until
the voltage across the capacitor reaches the
threshold voltage of the threshold (THRES) input. If TRIG has
returned to a high level, the output of the threshold
comparator resets the flip-flop (Q goes high), drives the output
low, and discharges C through Q1.
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−
O
u
tp
u
t
P
65. t w
RA = 10 MW
RA = 10 kW
RA = 1 kW
RA = 100 kW
RA = 1 MW
V
o
lt
a
g
e
−
2
V
/d
iv
Time − 0.1 ms/div
Capacitor Voltage
Output Voltage
Input Voltage
66. RA = 9.1 kW
CL�= 0.01�mF
RL = 1 kW
See Figure 9
VDD
( 5 V t o 1 5 V)
RA
RL
Output
GND
OUT
VDDCONT
RESET
DISCH
THRES
TRIGInput
5 8
4
7
68. supply voltage, VCC. The timing interval is, therefore,
independent of the supply voltage, so long as the supply voltage
is constant during the time interval.
Applying a negative-going trigger pulse simultaneously to
RESET and TRIG during the timing interval discharges
C and reinitiates the cycle, commencing on the positive edge of
the reset pulse. The output is held low as long
as the reset pulse is low. To prevent false triggering, when
RESET is not used it must be connected to VCC.
Figure 4. Typical Monostable Waveforms Figure 5. Output
Pulse Duration vs Capacitance
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( )H L A Bperiod t t 0.693 R 2R C= + = +
( )L Bt 0.693 R C=
( )H A Bt 0.693 R R C= +
VDD
2/3 VDD
1/3 VDD
GND
70. C = 0.15 mF
GND
OUT
VDDCONT
RESET
DISCH
THRES
TRIG
C
RB
RA
Output
RL
0.01 FP
VDD
(5 V to 15 V)
(see Note A)
NOTE A: Decoupling CONT voltage to ground with a capacitor
can
improve operation. This should be evaluated for individual
72. multi-vibrator. The capacitor C charges through
RA and RB and then discharges through RB only. Therefore, the
duty cycle is controlled by the values of RA and
RB.
This astable connection results in capacitor C charging and
discharging between the threshold-voltage level
(≈ 0.67 × VCC) and the trigger-voltage level (≈ 0.33 × VCC).
As in the monostable circuit, charge and discharge
times (and, therefore, the frequency and duty cycle) are
independent of the supply voltage.
Decoupling CONT voltage to ground with a capacitor can
improve operation. This should be evaluated for individual
applications.
Figure 6. Circuit for Astable Operation Figure 7. Typical
Astable Waveforms
Figure 8. Trigger and Threshold Voltage Waveform
Figure 7 shows typical waveforms generated during astable
operation. The output high-level duration tH and low-
level duration tL can be calculated as follows:
(1)
(2)
Other useful relationships are shown below:
(3)
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76. +
H B
H L A B
t R
Output waveform duty cycle 1
t t R 2R
= = -
+ +
L B
H L A B
t R
Output driver duty cycle
t t R 2R
= =
+ +
( )A B
1.44
frequency
R 2R C
»
+
79. Instruments Incorporated
(1) For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate
value specified under Electrical Characteristics: VDD = 5 V .
8.4 Device Functional Modes
Table 1 shows the device functional modes.
Table 1. Function Table
RESET
VOLTAGE (1) TRIGGER VOLTAGE
(1) THRESHOLD
VOLTAGE (1) OUTPUT DISCHARGE SWITCH
<MIN Irrelevant Irrelevant L On
>MAX <MIN Irrelevant H Off
>MAX >MAX >MAX L On
>MAX >MAX <MIN As previously established
Figure 11. Equivalent Schematic (Each Channel)
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VDD (5 V to 15 V)
DISCH
OUT
82. consecutive pulses in a train of pulses. The timing interval of
the monostable circuit is re-triggered continuously
by the input pulse train as long as the pulse spacing is less than
the timing interval. A longer pulse spacing,
missing pulse, or terminated pulse train permits the timing
interval to be completed, thereby generating an output
pulse as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 12. Circuit for Missing-Pulse Detector
9.2.1.1 Design Requirements
Input fault (missing pulses) must be input high. An input stuck
low cannot be detected because the timing
capacitor (C) remains discharged.
9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure
Choose RA and C so that RA× C > [maximum normal input high
time]. RL improves VOH, but it is not required for
TTL compatibility.
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THRES
GND
C
RARL
VDD (5 V to 15 V)
88. 9.2.3 Pulse-Position Modulation
As shown in Figure 16, any of these timers can be used as a
pulse-position modulator. This application
modulates the threshold voltage and thereby the time delay of a
free-running oscillator. Figure 17 shows a
triangular-wave modulation signal for such a circuit; however,
any wave shape could be used.
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RB
Modulation
Input
(see Note A)
CONT
TRIG
RESET VDD
OUT
DISCH
VDD (5 V to 15 V)
RL RA
92. using formulas in Astable Operation. RL
improves VOH, but it is not required for TTL compatibility.
9.2.3.3 Application Curve
Figure 17. Pulse-Position-Modulation Waveforms
9.2.4 Sequential Timer
Many applications, such as computers, require signals for
initializing conditions during start-up. Other
applications, such as test equipment, require activation of test
signals in sequence. These timing circuits can be
connected to provide such sequential control. The timers can be
used in various combinations of astable or
monostable circuit connections, with or without modulation, for
extremely flexible waveform control. Figure 18
shows a sequencer circuit with possible applications in many
systems, and Figure 19 shows the output
waveforms.
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S
VDD
RESET VDD
OUT
DISCH
102. TI E2E™ Online Community TI's Engineer-to-Engineer (E2E)
Community. Created to foster collaboration
among engineers. At e2e.ti.com, you can ask questions, share
knowledge, explore ideas and help
solve problems with fellow engineers.
Design Support TI's Design Support Quickly find helpful E2E
forums along with design support tools and
contact information for technical support.
12.3 Trademarks
LinCMOS, E2E are trademarks of Texas Instruments.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
12.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads
should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive
foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to
the MOS gates.
12.5 Glossary
SLYZ022 — TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and
definitions.
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information
The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and
orderable information. This information is the most
current data available for the designated devices. This data is
subject to change without notice and revision of
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet,
refer to the left-hand navigation.
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104. (3)
Op Temp (°C) Device Marking
(4/5)
Samples
TLC555CD ACTIVE SOIC D 8 75 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 TL555C
TLC555CDG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 8 75 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 TL555C
TLC555CDR ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 TL555C
TLC555CDRG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 TL555C
TLC555CP ACTIVE PDIP P 8 50 Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type 0 to 70 TLC555CP
TLC555CPE4 ACTIVE PDIP P 8 50 Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type 0 to 70 TLC555CP
105. TLC555CPSR ACTIVE SO PS 8 2000 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 P555
TLC555CPW ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 90 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 P555
TLC555CPWR ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 2000 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 P555
TLC555CPWRG4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 2000 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 0 to 70 P555
TLC555ID ACTIVE SOIC D 8 75 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 TL555I
TLC555IDG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 8 75 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 TL555I
TLC555IDR ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 TL555I
106. TLC555IDRG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 TL555I
TLC555IP ACTIVE PDIP P 8 50 Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type -40 to 85 TLC555IP
TLC555IPE4 ACTIVE PDIP P 8 50 Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type -40 to 85 TLC555IP
TLC555QDR ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 125 TL555Q
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108. (2)
Lead/Ball Finish
(6)
MSL Peak Temp
(3)
Op Temp (°C) Device Marking
(4/5)
Samples
TLC555QDRG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 8 2500 Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM TL555Q
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be
discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in
production to support existing customers, but TI does not
recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production.
Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free
109. (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br)
- please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest
availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean
semiconductor products that are compatible with the current
RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the
requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials.
Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free
products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS
exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used
between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive
used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered
Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free
(RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony
(Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by
weight
in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating
according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and
peak solder temperature.
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the
lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the
110. device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one
Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~"
will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a
continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire
Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple
material finish options. Finish options are separated by a
vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two
lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided
on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date
that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on
information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or
warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are
underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI
has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and
accurate information but may not have conducted destructive
testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and
chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be
proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited
111. information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information
exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this
document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
OTHER QUALIFIED VERSIONS OF TLC555 :
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 2-Feb-2016
Addendum-Page 3
• Automotive: TLC555-Q1
• Military: TLC555M
NOTE: Qualified Version Definitions:
• Automotive - Q100 devices qualified for high-reliability
automotive applications targeting zero defects
• Military - QML certified for Military and Defense
Applications
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112. TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device Package
Type
Package
Drawing
Pins SPQ Reel
Diameter
(mm)
Reel
Width
W1 (mm)
A0
(mm)
B0
(mm)
K0
(mm)
P1
(mm)
W
(mm)
114. TLC555QDRG4 SOIC D 8 2500 367.0 367.0 38.0
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 13-Feb-2016
Pack Materials-Page 2
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