13. R. Villano “ Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century ”, Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological, demographic, sociological and literary plague , we describe the environmental and operating conditions of doctors and pharmacists , examining the protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century ) compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions , the composition of medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting the stage for various lines of comparative analysis. Integral communication of Raimondo Villano in Parallel Session II (Chairmains: A. Iwona / S. Anagnostou) of 41 International Congres for the History of Pharmacy (10/15 september by: International Society for the History of Pharmacy, Societé Francaise d’Histoire de la Pharmacie; Acadèmie Internationale d’Histoire de la Pharmacie), in the Bilski Pasquer Lecture Hall, with 79 authors of the 31 Pays et students of the over 50 Nations (Paris, Paris-Sorbonne UFR University, Medicine Faculty Pierre and Marie Curie, Les Cordeliers, september 11, 2013) - Chiron, CDD 945 VIL asp 2014 en, LCC R131-687, pp. 72, Rome, February 2014;
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some ...Raimondo Villano
13. R. Villano “ Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century ”, integral communication of Raimondo Villano in Parallel Session II (Chairmains: A. Iwona / S. Anagnostou) of 41 International Congres for the History of Pharmacy (10/15 september by: International Society for the History of Pharmacy, Societé Francaise d’Histoire de la Pharmacie; Acadèmie Internationale d’Histoire de la Pharmacie), in the Bilski Pasquer Lecture Hall, with 79 authors of the 31 Pays et students of the over 50 Nations (Paris, Paris-Sorbonne UFR University, Medicine Faculty Pierre and Marie Curie, Les Cordeliers, september 11, 2013) - Chiron, CDD 945 VIL asp 2014 en, LCC R131-687, pp. 72, Rome, February 2014;
R. Villano - Plague in italian states xiv-xvii centuryRaimondo Villano
Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological, demographic, sociological and literary plague, we describe the conditions and environment of physicians and apothecaries, we examine the protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century) compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, the composition of medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting the stage for various lines of comparative analysis. Integral communication of Raimondo Villano in 41° International Congres for the History of Pharmacy (Paris, Paris-Sorbonne UFR University, Medicine Faculty Pierre and Marie Curie, Les Cordeliers, september 11, 2013)
R. Villano-Plague in Italy-Historical, literary, medical, sociological & demo...Raimondo Villano
This document summarizes an Italian text on the prophylactic and therapeutic responses to plague epidemics in Italy between the 14th and 17th centuries. It describes the conditions of physicians and apothecaries during this period, examines protocols for plague prevention, and reviews the main substances used for prevention and treatment. It also analyzes some important works from the 17th century that discussed clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, and medicine preparation methods for dealing with plague outbreaks.
R. Villano - Apothecaries in the Kingdom of Naples (P. 6)Raimondo Villano
3. R. Villano “Activities and Apothecaries Pharmaceutical Companies in the Kingdom of Naples”, Presentation by Italian President Academy History of Pharmacy Dr. A. Corvi; Published by Chiron, ISBN 978-88-97303-04-6, LCC DG 831, CDD 177 VIL tim 2011, p.. 112 (Naples, Jan. 2011);
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that originated in Asia and spread to Europe in the 14th century. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread via flea bites from infected rats. The plague arrived in Europe via trade routes, spreading rapidly to kill an estimated one-third to one-half of Europe's population. It had immense social and economic impacts, causing labor shortages and disrupting trade. The pandemic lasted until the late 17th century and significantly impacted population levels and societies.
The plague arrived in Europe in 1347, first reaching Cyprus in the summer and then Sicily in October through a Genoese fleet. By winter it had spread to Italy, and by 1348 it had reached major cities like Marseilles, Paris, and England. It followed trade routes along rivers like the Rhine into Germany and the Low Countries the same year. The worst year was 1348, and it took longer to reach more peripheral areas like Norway in 1349 and parts of Eastern Europe and Russia by 1350-1351. The disease tended to follow trade routes and concentrate in cities, traveling from the Near East to Western Mediterranean and then Northern Europe before returning East.
This document summarizes the history of tuberculosis from ancient times to the isolation of the tuberculosis bacillus by Robert Koch in 1882. It describes how tuberculosis has afflicted humans for thousands of years, as evidenced by skeletal remains from ancient Egypt showing typical tuberculosis lesions. It then outlines key developments in the understanding and treatment of tuberculosis, including the identification of extra-pulmonary forms in the Middle Ages; the proposal of its infectious nature in the 18th century; the establishment of sanatoriums in the 19th century; and crucial experiments in the 1860s-1870s demonstrating tuberculosis's infectious nature and isolating the causative bacterium. The summary concludes by noting Robert Koch's successful isolation of the tuberculosis bacillus in
Torch infections in pregnancy presentationAashissh Shah
The document provides an overview of TORCH infections, which are a group of perinatal infections that can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. The TORCH acronym stands for Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, coxsackie virus), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus. Each infection is described in terms of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Congenital infections can cause severe fetal anomalies or loss. Screening and treatment are important for preventing adverse effects in pregnancy.
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some ...Raimondo Villano
13. R. Villano “ Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century ”, integral communication of Raimondo Villano in Parallel Session II (Chairmains: A. Iwona / S. Anagnostou) of 41 International Congres for the History of Pharmacy (10/15 september by: International Society for the History of Pharmacy, Societé Francaise d’Histoire de la Pharmacie; Acadèmie Internationale d’Histoire de la Pharmacie), in the Bilski Pasquer Lecture Hall, with 79 authors of the 31 Pays et students of the over 50 Nations (Paris, Paris-Sorbonne UFR University, Medicine Faculty Pierre and Marie Curie, Les Cordeliers, september 11, 2013) - Chiron, CDD 945 VIL asp 2014 en, LCC R131-687, pp. 72, Rome, February 2014;
R. Villano - Plague in italian states xiv-xvii centuryRaimondo Villano
Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological, demographic, sociological and literary plague, we describe the conditions and environment of physicians and apothecaries, we examine the protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century) compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, the composition of medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting the stage for various lines of comparative analysis. Integral communication of Raimondo Villano in 41° International Congres for the History of Pharmacy (Paris, Paris-Sorbonne UFR University, Medicine Faculty Pierre and Marie Curie, Les Cordeliers, september 11, 2013)
R. Villano-Plague in Italy-Historical, literary, medical, sociological & demo...Raimondo Villano
This document summarizes an Italian text on the prophylactic and therapeutic responses to plague epidemics in Italy between the 14th and 17th centuries. It describes the conditions of physicians and apothecaries during this period, examines protocols for plague prevention, and reviews the main substances used for prevention and treatment. It also analyzes some important works from the 17th century that discussed clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, and medicine preparation methods for dealing with plague outbreaks.
R. Villano - Apothecaries in the Kingdom of Naples (P. 6)Raimondo Villano
3. R. Villano “Activities and Apothecaries Pharmaceutical Companies in the Kingdom of Naples”, Presentation by Italian President Academy History of Pharmacy Dr. A. Corvi; Published by Chiron, ISBN 978-88-97303-04-6, LCC DG 831, CDD 177 VIL tim 2011, p.. 112 (Naples, Jan. 2011);
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that originated in Asia and spread to Europe in the 14th century. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread via flea bites from infected rats. The plague arrived in Europe via trade routes, spreading rapidly to kill an estimated one-third to one-half of Europe's population. It had immense social and economic impacts, causing labor shortages and disrupting trade. The pandemic lasted until the late 17th century and significantly impacted population levels and societies.
The plague arrived in Europe in 1347, first reaching Cyprus in the summer and then Sicily in October through a Genoese fleet. By winter it had spread to Italy, and by 1348 it had reached major cities like Marseilles, Paris, and England. It followed trade routes along rivers like the Rhine into Germany and the Low Countries the same year. The worst year was 1348, and it took longer to reach more peripheral areas like Norway in 1349 and parts of Eastern Europe and Russia by 1350-1351. The disease tended to follow trade routes and concentrate in cities, traveling from the Near East to Western Mediterranean and then Northern Europe before returning East.
This document summarizes the history of tuberculosis from ancient times to the isolation of the tuberculosis bacillus by Robert Koch in 1882. It describes how tuberculosis has afflicted humans for thousands of years, as evidenced by skeletal remains from ancient Egypt showing typical tuberculosis lesions. It then outlines key developments in the understanding and treatment of tuberculosis, including the identification of extra-pulmonary forms in the Middle Ages; the proposal of its infectious nature in the 18th century; the establishment of sanatoriums in the 19th century; and crucial experiments in the 1860s-1870s demonstrating tuberculosis's infectious nature and isolating the causative bacterium. The summary concludes by noting Robert Koch's successful isolation of the tuberculosis bacillus in
Torch infections in pregnancy presentationAashissh Shah
The document provides an overview of TORCH infections, which are a group of perinatal infections that can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. The TORCH acronym stands for Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, coxsackie virus), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus. Each infection is described in terms of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Congenital infections can cause severe fetal anomalies or loss. Screening and treatment are important for preventing adverse effects in pregnancy.
The document describes the Black Death pandemic that ravaged Europe from 1347 to 1352. It originated in China and Central Asia before spreading to Europe via the trade city of Caffa in 1346 on merchant ships carrying black rats infected with the bacteria. By the time it ended three years later, it had killed an estimated one-third to two-thirds of Europe's population, representing an unprecedented mortality rate in recorded history. The pandemic demonstrated the devastating impact that diseases could have when spread rapidly by trade and travel networks.
The Black Death plague originated in Asia and was brought to Europe by Italian merchants in the 14th century. It spread rapidly across Europe within years, helped by infected fleas carried by black rats. The disease caused widespread death, social disruption, and an eventual decline in the population of around one-third of Europe. Traditional medical treatments were ineffective against the plague.
The document discusses the Black Death pandemic that occurred in Europe between 1348-1350. It began in Central Asia and was carried along trade routes, spreading from Italian port cities across Europe. The Black Death was likely caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis carried by fleas on rodents. It resulted in approximately 30 million deaths across Europe and depopulated some villages entirely. The pandemic had major economic and social impacts and was reflected in art and literature of the time.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that originated in Asia and spread to Europe in the 14th century. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread via flea bites from infected rats. The plague arrived in Europe in 1347 and killed an estimated 25 million Europeans in just five years. It arrived via ships carrying infected rats and was transmitted between humans through the air. The pandemic had a major social and economic impact on Europe, destroying entire villages and leaving many areas depopulated due to the high death toll.
The document discusses several deadly pandemics throughout history. It begins by defining a pandemic as an epidemic that spreads worldwide. It then lists the 5 most dangerous pandemics: 1) Plague of Justinian from 541-542 CE that killed an estimated 25-100 million people; 2) Black Death from 1347-1351 CE that killed up to half of Europeans; 3) Great Plague of London from 1665-1666 CE that killed over 100,000 Londoners; 4) Smallpox devastating indigenous populations in the Americas in the 15th century; and 5) Cholera in the 19th century. John Snow's epidemiological investigation in London linked cholera to contaminated water. The document provides
1 EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE PLAGUE 1. Gabriele d.docxhoney725342
1
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE PLAGUE
1. Gabriele de Mussi: Istoria de Morbo or History of the Pestilence (1348)
Gabriele de Mussi (1280-1356) was an Italian notary from Piacenza, who either travelled himself to
Caffa (a Genoese trading post in the Crimea), or, more plausibly, acquired his detailed information
on the spread of the Black Death from eye witnesses of the Mongols’ siege against Caffa. According
to de Mussi, the plague was transmitted intentionally by the Mongols, who hurled cadavers of
people infected with the disease into the besieged city-port. The Genoese fleeing from Caffa brought
the disease to Italy. If accurate, this is one of the earliest recorded instances of biological warfare.
In 1346, in the countries of the East, countless numbers of Tartars [Mongols] and Saracens
[Muslim Turks] were struck down by a mysterious illness which brought sudden death. Within
these countries broad regions, far-spreading provinces, magnificent kingdoms, cities, towns and
settlements, ground down by illness and devoured by dreadful death, were soon stripped of their
inhabitants. An eastern settlement under the rule of the Tartars called Tana, which lay to the
north of Constantinople and was much frequented by Italian merchants, was totally abandoned
after an incident there which led to its being besieged and attacked by hordes of Tartars who
gathered in a short space of time. The Christian merchants, who had been driven out by force,
were so terrified of the power of the Tartars that, to save themselves and their belongings, they
fled in an armed ship to Caffa, a settlement in the same part of the world which had been
founded long ago by the Genoese.
Oh God! See how the heathen Tartar races, pouring together from all sides, suddenly advanced
upon the city of Caffa and besieged the trapped Christians there for almost three years. There,
hemmed in by an immense army, they [the Christians] could hardly draw breath, although food
could be shipped in, which offered them some hope. But behold, the whole army was affected by
a disease which overran the Tartars and killed thousands upon thousands every day. It was as
though arrows were raining down from heaven to strike and crush the Tartars’ arrogance. All
medical advice and attention was useless; the Tartars died as soon as the signs of disease
appeared on their bodies: swellings in the armpit or groin caused by coagulating humors,
followed by a putrid fever.
The dying Tartars, stunned and stupefied by the immensity of the disaster brought about by the
disease, and realizing that they had no hope of escape, lost interest in the siege. But they ordered
corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench
would kill everyone inside. What seemed like mountains of dead were thrown into the city, and
the Christians could not hide or flee or escape from them, although they dumped as many of th ...
The document provides guidance for a research assessment on The Black Death plague in Europe during the 14th century. It outlines topics to research such as causes of the plague, symptoms and treatments, immediate and long-term impacts on society, and the role of religion. Students are instructed to gather at least five visual sources with explanations to include in their report. Key events related to the plague, such as its arrival in English ports in 1348, and outbreaks through the late 1300s, are also listed.
PowerPoint: Medieval Life: The Black Death - Bubonic Plague - Black PlagueYaryalitsa
PowerPoint looks generally at THE BLACK DEATH. It includes links to the History Channel's 18 part series: The Plague. It also includes an Assessment Task for students to complete.
The document summarizes the impact of the Black Death plague on Europe between 1347-1350. It devastated the population, with mortality rates ranging from 30-60% in different areas. This caused widespread social and economic changes. The plague was likely caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium spread by fleas on rats. It led to antisemitic accusations that Jews had poisoned wells. Many Jewish communities were attacked, with some massacred or burned alive. The plague underscored existing religious tensions and scapegoating of marginalized groups. Overall it marked a period of immense hardship and loss of life that transformed medieval European society.
During the period of 1189-1485 in Medieval Britain, the population faced many threats including uprisings, invasions, civil wars, and raids. One of the greatest threats was the Black Death plague which arrived in Britain in 1348 from Asia via trade routes. It is estimated that the plague killed around one-third to one-half of the British population. While devastating, the plague did have some positive impacts by decreasing population size which relatively improved life and increased wealth as there were fewer mouths to feed.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic in the 14th century that killed an estimated 75 million people across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, it spread via fleas on rodents and was highly contagious. Whole communities were wiped out as many died within days of symptoms appearing. The social, economic, and religious impacts were immense and long-lasting, including a shortage of laborers, increased wages, questioning of religious authorities, and scapegoating of Jewish populations. The pandemic had profound and permanent effects on global demographics and society.
The late Middle Ages saw a crisis in Europe as the population declined due to famines and plagues like the Black Death, which killed up to 200 million people across Eurasia from 1347-1353. Political instability increased with popular revolts and civil wars between nobles and kingdoms. Religious upheavals also occurred during this time of demographic collapse and instability.
The largest pandemics throughout history and its consequencesFernando Alcoforado
The document summarizes several major pandemics throughout history, including the bubonic plague in the 14th century, cholera in the 19th century, tuberculosis in the mid-19th century, smallpox in the late 19th century, the Spanish flu in 1918, HIV/AIDS in the 1980s, H1N1 swine flu in 2009, and the coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019. It describes the origins, symptoms, impacts, and responses to each pandemic. It notes that new pandemics could emerge from diseases such as bubonic plague, measles, or even an unknown "Disease X." Overall, the document outlines the largest pandemics in history and their consequences on society
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that struck Europe between 1347-1351, killing around 30-50% of Europe's population. It was likely caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium carried by fleas on rodents. The disease spread from Central Asia along trade routes to Europe, arriving first in Sicily in 1347 and spreading across the continent in the following years. Symptoms included fever and formation of buboes or tumors. The massive death toll had profound social and economic impacts, including a breakdown of the feudal system and peasants gaining more freedom and bargaining power.
Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
A Historical Narrative On Pandemic Patterns Of Behavior And BeliefLori Mitchell
This document provides a historical narrative on pandemics based on a literature review. It discusses several major pandemics from history, including the Plague of Justinian in the 6th century, the Black Death in the 14th century, and the Great Plague of London in 1665. For each pandemic, it summarizes key details about the disease, how it spread, estimated death tolls, and social/cultural impacts based on historical accounts. It also compares behaviors and responses during past pandemics to those during the current COVID-19 pandemic, noting many similarities in how people and societies have reacted. The narrative suggests that studying past pandemics can provide insights but that each disease presents new uncertainties and challenges.
As the geographic territory under Roman control grew, the use of L.docxfredharris32
As the geographic territory under Roman control grew, the use of Latin as a common language also spread. In areas under Roman control, Latin was the spoken and written language of the courts and commerce, as well as the language of the Christian church. As the Roman Empire expanded, Latin served as a common language that allowed for people of diverse linguistic backgrounds to be able to communicate.
Latin, like other languages past and present, had more than one form and changed over time because it was both written and spoken, and the educational level or social status of the writer or speaker often determined the final form of the language. Latin was also influenced by local languages spoken or written within the larger territory under the influence of what later came to be known as the Roman Empire.
During the Carolingian Renaissance, throughout the reign of Charlemagne and his successors, the development of Latin literacy was greatly promoted. Although reading and writing were skills that some people had, literacy was not widespread before that time. Literacy in Latin was generally limited to people of the upper classes and members of the clergy. Charlemagne invited Alcuin of York to become his personal tutor and the head of his court school. Charlemagne charged Alcuin with the development of a literacy curriculum for children that would provide for their instruction in reading and writing, as well as for further study in the liberal arts and theology, thereby also furthering the Christian teachings that Charlemagne’s court promoted.
The promotion of literacy impacted education and language throughout the region. The demand for material relating to the interests of the ruling military class increased. Over time, vernacular languages, the languages commonly spoken, began to be used by writers. Until the 12th century, Latin was the primary language used by writers. French writers began the trend of using vernacular language in the 12th century, and by the end of that century, some government and legal documents in England and France were composed in the vernacular.
In the 12th century, literacy among women was also increasing. Though literacy in Latin was still somewhat limited to specific social classes, literacy in local vernacular languages was increasingly common. Eleanor of Aquitaine established the city of Poiters as a center for a literary movement focused on the art of courtly love. The troubadour and the female counterpart, the trobairitz, used poetry to share stories of romantic longing and unattainable love. This poetry represents the beginning of written expressions of love in the way romantic love continues to be perceived today. It focuses on the feelings associated with romantic love: longing, suffering, loss of appetite, temptation, loyalty, and a desire to do whatever possible to have the feeling of love reciprocated. As the poetry of the troubadour or trobairitz was recorded, it was written in the vernacular of the day. ...
3 Medieval And Modern Bubonic Plague Some Clinical ContinuitiesDarian Pruitt
This document discusses the debate around whether the medieval plague (Black Death) and modern plague are caused by the same bacterium (Yersinia pestis). It summarizes Samuel Cohn's argument that they must be different diseases based on differences in epidemiology, symptoms, and mortality rates between historical accounts of the medieval plague and observations of modern plague epidemics in the 19th century. However, the author disagrees, citing detailed medical reports and literature available to European doctors from plague epidemics in the 18th-19th centuries showing similarities between modern and medieval plague. The document provides examples of medical literature on plague epidemics between 1738-1894 that would have informed European doctors' identification of the plague in Hong Kong in
Villano - Cenni su aspetti sociosanitari di rilievo degli anni ‘70 del ‘900Raimondo Villano
ABS. DA :
R. Villano “Uomo - Malattia - Cura: storia, analisi e profili evolutivi”. Nell’incessante attività tra gli estremi della prevenzione dai malanni e della tutela della salute può insinuarsi la malattia, il cui rapporto con l’uomo ha come fulcro dell’azione di contrasto la cura e il farmaco; più in senso lato, la relazione uomo-malattia-cura (e/o tutela-prevenzione) è una relazione tra uomini e civiltà, sintesi di osmosi e baricentrici equilibri di competenze e prospettive tecniche, scientifiche, professionali, politiche, sociali, economiche, culturali e religiose. Attorno a questa triade ruota una galassia di problematiche delle quali si cerca in questo volume di delinearne le principali, beninteso senza alcuna velleitaria pretesa di esaustività. Il libro si sviluppa in 9 capitoli, con il 10° di riflessioni conclusive cui segue un apparato di sezioni tecniche dettagliate di ausilio, riferimento e approfondimento specifico.
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Similar to R. Villano-PLAGUE IN ITALY-Historical epidemiological Italian notes
The document describes the Black Death pandemic that ravaged Europe from 1347 to 1352. It originated in China and Central Asia before spreading to Europe via the trade city of Caffa in 1346 on merchant ships carrying black rats infected with the bacteria. By the time it ended three years later, it had killed an estimated one-third to two-thirds of Europe's population, representing an unprecedented mortality rate in recorded history. The pandemic demonstrated the devastating impact that diseases could have when spread rapidly by trade and travel networks.
The Black Death plague originated in Asia and was brought to Europe by Italian merchants in the 14th century. It spread rapidly across Europe within years, helped by infected fleas carried by black rats. The disease caused widespread death, social disruption, and an eventual decline in the population of around one-third of Europe. Traditional medical treatments were ineffective against the plague.
The document discusses the Black Death pandemic that occurred in Europe between 1348-1350. It began in Central Asia and was carried along trade routes, spreading from Italian port cities across Europe. The Black Death was likely caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis carried by fleas on rodents. It resulted in approximately 30 million deaths across Europe and depopulated some villages entirely. The pandemic had major economic and social impacts and was reflected in art and literature of the time.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that originated in Asia and spread to Europe in the 14th century. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread via flea bites from infected rats. The plague arrived in Europe in 1347 and killed an estimated 25 million Europeans in just five years. It arrived via ships carrying infected rats and was transmitted between humans through the air. The pandemic had a major social and economic impact on Europe, destroying entire villages and leaving many areas depopulated due to the high death toll.
The document discusses several deadly pandemics throughout history. It begins by defining a pandemic as an epidemic that spreads worldwide. It then lists the 5 most dangerous pandemics: 1) Plague of Justinian from 541-542 CE that killed an estimated 25-100 million people; 2) Black Death from 1347-1351 CE that killed up to half of Europeans; 3) Great Plague of London from 1665-1666 CE that killed over 100,000 Londoners; 4) Smallpox devastating indigenous populations in the Americas in the 15th century; and 5) Cholera in the 19th century. John Snow's epidemiological investigation in London linked cholera to contaminated water. The document provides
1 EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE PLAGUE 1. Gabriele d.docxhoney725342
1
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE PLAGUE
1. Gabriele de Mussi: Istoria de Morbo or History of the Pestilence (1348)
Gabriele de Mussi (1280-1356) was an Italian notary from Piacenza, who either travelled himself to
Caffa (a Genoese trading post in the Crimea), or, more plausibly, acquired his detailed information
on the spread of the Black Death from eye witnesses of the Mongols’ siege against Caffa. According
to de Mussi, the plague was transmitted intentionally by the Mongols, who hurled cadavers of
people infected with the disease into the besieged city-port. The Genoese fleeing from Caffa brought
the disease to Italy. If accurate, this is one of the earliest recorded instances of biological warfare.
In 1346, in the countries of the East, countless numbers of Tartars [Mongols] and Saracens
[Muslim Turks] were struck down by a mysterious illness which brought sudden death. Within
these countries broad regions, far-spreading provinces, magnificent kingdoms, cities, towns and
settlements, ground down by illness and devoured by dreadful death, were soon stripped of their
inhabitants. An eastern settlement under the rule of the Tartars called Tana, which lay to the
north of Constantinople and was much frequented by Italian merchants, was totally abandoned
after an incident there which led to its being besieged and attacked by hordes of Tartars who
gathered in a short space of time. The Christian merchants, who had been driven out by force,
were so terrified of the power of the Tartars that, to save themselves and their belongings, they
fled in an armed ship to Caffa, a settlement in the same part of the world which had been
founded long ago by the Genoese.
Oh God! See how the heathen Tartar races, pouring together from all sides, suddenly advanced
upon the city of Caffa and besieged the trapped Christians there for almost three years. There,
hemmed in by an immense army, they [the Christians] could hardly draw breath, although food
could be shipped in, which offered them some hope. But behold, the whole army was affected by
a disease which overran the Tartars and killed thousands upon thousands every day. It was as
though arrows were raining down from heaven to strike and crush the Tartars’ arrogance. All
medical advice and attention was useless; the Tartars died as soon as the signs of disease
appeared on their bodies: swellings in the armpit or groin caused by coagulating humors,
followed by a putrid fever.
The dying Tartars, stunned and stupefied by the immensity of the disaster brought about by the
disease, and realizing that they had no hope of escape, lost interest in the siege. But they ordered
corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench
would kill everyone inside. What seemed like mountains of dead were thrown into the city, and
the Christians could not hide or flee or escape from them, although they dumped as many of th ...
The document provides guidance for a research assessment on The Black Death plague in Europe during the 14th century. It outlines topics to research such as causes of the plague, symptoms and treatments, immediate and long-term impacts on society, and the role of religion. Students are instructed to gather at least five visual sources with explanations to include in their report. Key events related to the plague, such as its arrival in English ports in 1348, and outbreaks through the late 1300s, are also listed.
PowerPoint: Medieval Life: The Black Death - Bubonic Plague - Black PlagueYaryalitsa
PowerPoint looks generally at THE BLACK DEATH. It includes links to the History Channel's 18 part series: The Plague. It also includes an Assessment Task for students to complete.
The document summarizes the impact of the Black Death plague on Europe between 1347-1350. It devastated the population, with mortality rates ranging from 30-60% in different areas. This caused widespread social and economic changes. The plague was likely caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium spread by fleas on rats. It led to antisemitic accusations that Jews had poisoned wells. Many Jewish communities were attacked, with some massacred or burned alive. The plague underscored existing religious tensions and scapegoating of marginalized groups. Overall it marked a period of immense hardship and loss of life that transformed medieval European society.
During the period of 1189-1485 in Medieval Britain, the population faced many threats including uprisings, invasions, civil wars, and raids. One of the greatest threats was the Black Death plague which arrived in Britain in 1348 from Asia via trade routes. It is estimated that the plague killed around one-third to one-half of the British population. While devastating, the plague did have some positive impacts by decreasing population size which relatively improved life and increased wealth as there were fewer mouths to feed.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic in the 14th century that killed an estimated 75 million people across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, it spread via fleas on rodents and was highly contagious. Whole communities were wiped out as many died within days of symptoms appearing. The social, economic, and religious impacts were immense and long-lasting, including a shortage of laborers, increased wages, questioning of religious authorities, and scapegoating of Jewish populations. The pandemic had profound and permanent effects on global demographics and society.
The late Middle Ages saw a crisis in Europe as the population declined due to famines and plagues like the Black Death, which killed up to 200 million people across Eurasia from 1347-1353. Political instability increased with popular revolts and civil wars between nobles and kingdoms. Religious upheavals also occurred during this time of demographic collapse and instability.
The largest pandemics throughout history and its consequencesFernando Alcoforado
The document summarizes several major pandemics throughout history, including the bubonic plague in the 14th century, cholera in the 19th century, tuberculosis in the mid-19th century, smallpox in the late 19th century, the Spanish flu in 1918, HIV/AIDS in the 1980s, H1N1 swine flu in 2009, and the coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019. It describes the origins, symptoms, impacts, and responses to each pandemic. It notes that new pandemics could emerge from diseases such as bubonic plague, measles, or even an unknown "Disease X." Overall, the document outlines the largest pandemics in history and their consequences on society
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that struck Europe between 1347-1351, killing around 30-50% of Europe's population. It was likely caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium carried by fleas on rodents. The disease spread from Central Asia along trade routes to Europe, arriving first in Sicily in 1347 and spreading across the continent in the following years. Symptoms included fever and formation of buboes or tumors. The massive death toll had profound social and economic impacts, including a breakdown of the feudal system and peasants gaining more freedom and bargaining power.
Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
A Historical Narrative On Pandemic Patterns Of Behavior And BeliefLori Mitchell
This document provides a historical narrative on pandemics based on a literature review. It discusses several major pandemics from history, including the Plague of Justinian in the 6th century, the Black Death in the 14th century, and the Great Plague of London in 1665. For each pandemic, it summarizes key details about the disease, how it spread, estimated death tolls, and social/cultural impacts based on historical accounts. It also compares behaviors and responses during past pandemics to those during the current COVID-19 pandemic, noting many similarities in how people and societies have reacted. The narrative suggests that studying past pandemics can provide insights but that each disease presents new uncertainties and challenges.
As the geographic territory under Roman control grew, the use of L.docxfredharris32
As the geographic territory under Roman control grew, the use of Latin as a common language also spread. In areas under Roman control, Latin was the spoken and written language of the courts and commerce, as well as the language of the Christian church. As the Roman Empire expanded, Latin served as a common language that allowed for people of diverse linguistic backgrounds to be able to communicate.
Latin, like other languages past and present, had more than one form and changed over time because it was both written and spoken, and the educational level or social status of the writer or speaker often determined the final form of the language. Latin was also influenced by local languages spoken or written within the larger territory under the influence of what later came to be known as the Roman Empire.
During the Carolingian Renaissance, throughout the reign of Charlemagne and his successors, the development of Latin literacy was greatly promoted. Although reading and writing were skills that some people had, literacy was not widespread before that time. Literacy in Latin was generally limited to people of the upper classes and members of the clergy. Charlemagne invited Alcuin of York to become his personal tutor and the head of his court school. Charlemagne charged Alcuin with the development of a literacy curriculum for children that would provide for their instruction in reading and writing, as well as for further study in the liberal arts and theology, thereby also furthering the Christian teachings that Charlemagne’s court promoted.
The promotion of literacy impacted education and language throughout the region. The demand for material relating to the interests of the ruling military class increased. Over time, vernacular languages, the languages commonly spoken, began to be used by writers. Until the 12th century, Latin was the primary language used by writers. French writers began the trend of using vernacular language in the 12th century, and by the end of that century, some government and legal documents in England and France were composed in the vernacular.
In the 12th century, literacy among women was also increasing. Though literacy in Latin was still somewhat limited to specific social classes, literacy in local vernacular languages was increasingly common. Eleanor of Aquitaine established the city of Poiters as a center for a literary movement focused on the art of courtly love. The troubadour and the female counterpart, the trobairitz, used poetry to share stories of romantic longing and unattainable love. This poetry represents the beginning of written expressions of love in the way romantic love continues to be perceived today. It focuses on the feelings associated with romantic love: longing, suffering, loss of appetite, temptation, loyalty, and a desire to do whatever possible to have the feeling of love reciprocated. As the poetry of the troubadour or trobairitz was recorded, it was written in the vernacular of the day. ...
3 Medieval And Modern Bubonic Plague Some Clinical ContinuitiesDarian Pruitt
This document discusses the debate around whether the medieval plague (Black Death) and modern plague are caused by the same bacterium (Yersinia pestis). It summarizes Samuel Cohn's argument that they must be different diseases based on differences in epidemiology, symptoms, and mortality rates between historical accounts of the medieval plague and observations of modern plague epidemics in the 19th century. However, the author disagrees, citing detailed medical reports and literature available to European doctors from plague epidemics in the 18th-19th centuries showing similarities between modern and medieval plague. The document provides examples of medical literature on plague epidemics between 1738-1894 that would have informed European doctors' identification of the plague in Hong Kong in
Similar to R. Villano-PLAGUE IN ITALY-Historical epidemiological Italian notes (20)
Villano - Cenni su aspetti sociosanitari di rilievo degli anni ‘70 del ‘900Raimondo Villano
ABS. DA :
R. Villano “Uomo - Malattia - Cura: storia, analisi e profili evolutivi”. Nell’incessante attività tra gli estremi della prevenzione dai malanni e della tutela della salute può insinuarsi la malattia, il cui rapporto con l’uomo ha come fulcro dell’azione di contrasto la cura e il farmaco; più in senso lato, la relazione uomo-malattia-cura (e/o tutela-prevenzione) è una relazione tra uomini e civiltà, sintesi di osmosi e baricentrici equilibri di competenze e prospettive tecniche, scientifiche, professionali, politiche, sociali, economiche, culturali e religiose. Attorno a questa triade ruota una galassia di problematiche delle quali si cerca in questo volume di delinearne le principali, beninteso senza alcuna velleitaria pretesa di esaustività. Il libro si sviluppa in 9 capitoli, con il 10° di riflessioni conclusive cui segue un apparato di sezioni tecniche dettagliate di ausilio, riferimento e approfondimento specifico.
Villano Thesaurus Pharmacologicus: farmaci del XIX secolo con Regio Permesso ...Raimondo Villano
“Thesaurus Pharmacologicus: medicamenti, rimedi, segreti, strumenti e pratiche speziali”, con il patrocinio di: Pontificia Accademia Tiberina; Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria; Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico; Accademia Europea per le Relazioni Economiche e Culturali; con la presentazione del Presidente della Federazione Ordini Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Andrea MANDELLI che, tra l’altro, afferma: “redatto con la tenacia del ricercatore, il gusto del bibliofilo e la mano sicura del farmacista. Con il merito della divulgazione delle origini della farmacologia, un merito da poco, in un’epoca che tende ad appiattire le discipline scientifiche in una sorta di eterno presente, nascondendone il faticoso divenire nell’arco dei secoli. In questo senso, il Thesaurus Pharmacologicus si inscrive nella giovane tradizione della storia del sapere scientifico, uno dei filoni più interessanti e fecondi della ricerca storica contemporanea”. Vincitore della LXXIV edizione del Premio nazionale Massimo Piccinini per la ricerca storico-scientifica (già assegnato ai massimi Storici Conci e Pedrazzini) conferito il 12 dicembre 2014 a Roma dall’Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria-Mi.BACT. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, civiche e nazionali in Italia e all’estero
R. Villano - S.M. Ordine di Malta - Aspetti nobiliariRaimondo Villano
24. R. Villano “Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum. Storia, spiritualità e sovranità nelle tradizioni e nella modernità del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta” con presentazione di Mons. Prof. Raffaele Ferriero, Penitenziere del Duomo di Napoli e Rettore della Chiesa di San Ferdinando di Napoli; con il patrocinio dell’Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria e di Chiron dpt Hystart. Secondo S.E. Ven. Balì Gran Croce di Giustizia Fra’ Franz VON LOBSTEIN, già Gran Priore di Roma e Membro del Sovrano Consiglio del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, “il libro si distingue per approfondita informazione e scorrevolezza di esposizione”. On. Giorgio NAPOLITANO, Presidente della Repubblica: “volume che costituisce un interessante excursus nella storia e nelle tradizioni dell’Ordine melitense”. Apprezzato da numerose altre Autorità civili, religiose e melitensi, tra cui: il Santo Padre, S.A. E.ma il Principe e Gran Maestro del SMOM, vari regnanti d’Europa e Alti Prelati. È in varie prestigiose istituzioni governative, scientifiche, storiche, professionali, in molti Istituti Italiani di Cultura, in diverse istituzioni religiose, pontificie e vaticane, in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, civiche e nazionali in Italia e all’estero, tra cui: Quirinale; Città del Vaticano; Biblioteca Magistrale del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta; Casa de la Zarzuela, Madrid-Spagna; Residenza dell’Arciduca del Lussemburgo; Palazzo Reale di Alberto II del Belgio; Palais du Prince de Monaco-Montecarlo; Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL; Centrale Giuridica-Roma; Braidense-Milano. (Digitall, pag. 335, 1^ edizione feb 2008; 2^ ed. Pergamena, mar 2008; 3^ ed., pag. 360, Pergamena, dic 2008; 4^ ed., ISBN 978-88-904235-43, LCC DG 831, CDD 900 VIL tui 2008, pp. 390, Pergamena, ott 2009);
Il rapporto tra malattia e organi viventi ha come fulcro la cura e il farmaco (e, in tempi recenti, la tutela e la prevenzione); la relazione uomo-malattia-cura (e/o tutela-prevenzione) è una relazione tra uomini e civiltà, sintesi di osmosi e baricentrici equilibri di competenze e prospettive tecniche, scientifiche, professionali, politiche, sociali, economiche, culturali e religiose.
Selezione di fotografie originali e inedite realizzate dal 2013 al 2020, con colonna sonora. L’autore, partendo dalla considerazione di Molière in ‘Anfitrione’ che “le bestie non sono tanto bestie come le considera l’uomo”, giunge a condividere appieno questo pensiero di San Giovanni Paolo II: “c’è nell’uomo un soffio, uno spirito che assomiglia al soffio e allo spirito di Dio. Gli animali non ne sono privi”. I soggetti sono sovente plastici nei riflessi di luce, catturati da un obiettivo introspettivo che sembra scavarne l’intimo intercettando percezioni e, in generale, esaltandone maestosità e dignità nella complessità del creato.(51,2 Mb; 1 file, 85 diapositive), Holding tutorial: Villano International Business Team; Direzione: VIBT Dpt no. 13 - Arte & Cultura; Supervisione: Fondazione Chiron; Realizzazione artistica: Photo Light creative fine art; Coordinamento editoriale: Chiron Edizioni; Elaborazione tecnica: ChironDpt Ph@rma, Roma
Già a partire dal titolo, il libro nasconde in sé una serie di domande fondamentali. La risposta di Villano è audace e serena. L’Autore non è intimorito dal tempo virtuale, che penetrando nella cultura ne condiziona le basi cambiandole e, non di rado, sconvolgendole. In un contesto socio-culturale in cui gradualmente vengono meno le certezze, e con esse anche la speranza, il tentativo di restituire fiducia offerto da Villano incoraggia e apre insperati laboratori di ricerca. Patrocinio della già Pontificia Accademia Tiberina e dell’Accademia Europea per le Relazioni Economiche e Culturali; con presentazione del Rev. Mons. Tomasz TRAFNY, Responsabile del Dipartimento Scienza e Fede del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura e Direttore esecutivo del Progetto STOQ - Science, Theology and the Ontological Quest - che, in collaborazione con le sette Università Pontificie Romane (Lateranense, Gregoriana, Regina Apostolorum, San Tommaso - Angelicum, Santa Croce, Salesiana, Urbaniana), è teso a sviluppare il dialogo fra scienza, filosofia e teologia, al fine di confrontare la visione cristiana del mondo, dell’uomo e della società con le molteplici sfide teoretiche, etiche e culturali che nascono dallo sviluppo della scienza ed è diretto a studenti, scienziati, filosofi e teologi e a quanti siano interessati ad approfondire le basi razionali della propria fede o ad approfondire la possibilità di divenire credenti all’inizio del Terzo Millennio.
… Read more
Rotary International District 2100 Italy - Study Group ExchangeRaimondo Villano
Rotary International District 2100 Italy - Study Group Exchange
September 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24075.31527
Conference: SCAMBIO GRUPPI DI STUDIO ROTARIANI
Project: Organizzazioni non governative ONG
Villano - SMOM Granpriorati e Sottopriorati - Presidenti AcismomRaimondo Villano
24. R. Villano “Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum. Storia, spiritualità e sovranità nelle tradizioni e nella modernità del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta” con presentazione di Mons. Prof. Raffaele Ferriero, Penitenziere del Duomo di Napoli e Rettore della Chiesa di San Ferdinando di Napoli; con il patrocinio dell’Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria e di Chiron dpt Hystart. Secondo S.E. Ven. Balì Gran Croce di Giustizia Fra’ Franz VON LOBSTEIN, già Gran Priore di Roma e Membro del Sovrano Consiglio del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, “il libro si distingue per approfondita informazione e scorrevolezza di esposizione”. Apprezzato da numerose Autorità civili, religiose e melitensi, tra cui: il Capo dello Stato, il Santo Padre, S.A. E.ma il Principe e Gran Maestro del SMOM, vari regnanti d’Europa e Alti Prelati. È in varie prestigiose istituzioni governative, scientifiche, storiche, professionali, in molti Istituti Italiani di Cultura, in diverse istituzioni religiose, pontificie e vaticane, in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, civiche e nazionali in Italia e all’estero, tra cui: Quirinale; Città del Vaticano; Biblioteca Magistrale del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta; Casa de la Zarzuela, Madrid-Spagna; Residenza dell’Arciduca del Lussemburgo; Palazzo Reale di Alberto II del Belgio; Palais du Prince de Monaco-Montecarlo; Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL; Centrale Giuridica-Roma; Braidense-Milano. (Digitall, pag. 335, 1^ edizione feb 2008; 2^ ed. Pergamena, mar 2008; 3^ ed., pag. 360, Pergamena, dic 2008; 4^ ed., ISBN 978-88-904235-43, LCC DG 831, CDD 900 VIL tui 2008, pp. 390, Pergamena, ott 2009);
Ogni scatto, in effetti, condensa una sorta di plurisemanticità che dal singolo episodio sollecita un’interezza narrativa cui fa riferimento, avvalendosi della capacità della fotografia di introdurre tematiche di carattere emotivo e concettuale passando dalla rappresentazione del reale alla sua interpretazione o al suo coinvolgimento. In particolare, seguendo l’indole narrativa di un linguaggio a tratti esplicito o intuitivo o simbolico, silenzioso per natura ma sovente non disgiunto dalla riflessione filosofica o dalla creazione letteraria, lascio sostanzialmente percepire una sorta di battito ideale di un ‘cuore iconografico’. Non di rado le opere emanano l’aura di questo battito che, in una fluidità narrativa che lega una progenie di contenuti aperti, si unisce all’aura di luce e colore, trasformati in energia che riverbera. In vari momenti le immagini evocano narrazioni in cui il sentimento tocca un’ampia messe di sue forme nella vita quotidiana e si è coinvolti da un pathos dal senso dolente, drammatico, sacrale, la cui forza accompagna lo sguardo sulle immagini, catturate girovagando e scrutando per conoscere e comprendere, in continui toccanti e irripetibili incontri con l’altro e l’altrove. Dunque, lo sforzo complessivo è teso ad un uso del mezzo fotografico come strumento oltre che di partecipazione alla rapida e costante evoluzione della realtà circostante soprattutto di mediazione emotiva e concettuale con la società. Infine con la sintesi dell’autore, audiofilo sin dall’adolescenza, in questa sua opera multimediale la musica non è solo accompagnamento o commento ma anche protagonista insieme all’immagine, tendendo alla sinestesia di una prolungata e profonda contaminazione percettiva, in una poliedrica esperienza: una uditiva musicale, una visiva di contenuti sia iconografici che scoperti o evocati o intuiti con la musica ed una letteraria o concettuale. Non di rado poi la ricerca si cimenta nella selezione di musica che conduce di gradino in gradino dalla bellezza, dalla delicatezza e dall’armonia verso l’eterno e l’infinito, dunque grande musica di dimensione spirituale e dalle potenzialità espressive dell’ineffabile e dell’invisibile al tempo stesso, che peraltro sono l’anima della religione.
13. R. Villano “Manuale sanitario per la terza età”, patrocinio Rotary Club Pompei Oplonti Vesuvio Est. Opera largamente apprezzata e di grande popolarità. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, tra cui: Ministero della Salute; Istituto Culturale Rotariano dei Rotary Club d’Italia-Milano.(Eidos, pp. 114; Pompei, settembre 2000);
25. R. Villano “Thesaurus Pharmacologicus: medicamenti, rimedi, segreti, strumenti e pratiche speziali”, con il patrocinio di: Pontificia Accademia Tiberina; Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria; Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico; Accademia Europea per le Relazioni Economiche e Culturali; con la presentazione del Presidente della Federazione Ordini Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Andrea MANDELLI che, tra l’altro, afferma: “redatto con la tenacia del ricercatore, il gusto del bibliofilo e la mano sicura del farmacista. Con il merito della divulgazione delle origini della farmacologia, un merito da poco, in un’epoca che tende ad appiattire le discipline scientifiche in una sorta di eterno presente, nascondendone il faticoso divenire nell’arco dei secoli. In questo senso, il Thesaurus Pharmacologicus si inscrive nella giovane tradizione della storia del sapere scientifico, uno dei filoni più interessanti e fecondi della ricerca storica contemporanea”. Vincitore della LXXIV edizione del Premio nazionale Massimo Piccinini per la ricerca storico-scientifica (già assegnato ai massimi Storici Conci e Pedrazzini) conferito il 12 dicembre 2014 a Roma dall’Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria-Mi.BACT. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, civiche e nazionali in Italia e all’estero, tra cui: Ministero della Salute; Soprintendenza Beni architettonici, paesaggistici, storici, artistici ed etnoantropologici per province Caserta e Benevento; Marciana-Venezia; Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo; Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions of Smithsonian Institution-Washington USA; Medica Statale; Archivio di Stato-Roma; Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico Universitas Aromatariorum Urbis. (Ed. Chiron, ISBN 978-88-904235-05, pp. 115, giugno 2009; Prima ristampa, luglio 2009, pp. 115);
R. Villano - Assistenza sanitaria a cittadini stranieriRaimondo Villano
13. R. Villano “Manuale sanitario per la terza età”, patrocinio Rotary Club Pompei Oplonti Vesuvio Est. Opera largamente apprezzata e di grande popolarità. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, tra cui: Ministero della Salute; Istituto Culturale Rotariano dei Rotary Club d’Italia-Milano.(Eidos, pp. 114; Pompei, settembre 2000);
13. R. Villano “Manuale sanitario per la terza età”, patrocinio Rotary Club Pompei Oplonti Vesuvio Est. Opera largamente apprezzata e di grande popolarità. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, tra cui: Ministero della Salute; Istituto Culturale Rotariano dei Rotary Club d’Italia-Milano.(Eidos, pp. 114; Pompei, settembre 2000);
R. Villano - Thesaurus pharmacologicus: forme spezialiRaimondo Villano
. Villano “Thesaurus Pharmacologicus: medicamenti, rimedi, segreti, strumenti e pratiche speziali”, con il patrocinio di: Pontificia Accademia Tiberina; Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria; Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico; Accademia Europea per le Relazioni Economiche e Culturali; con la presentazione del Presidente della Federazione Ordini Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Andrea MANDELLI che, tra l’altro, afferma: “redatto con la tenacia del ricercatore, il gusto del bibliofilo e la mano sicura del farmacista. Con il merito della divulgazione delle origini della farmacologia, un merito da poco, in un’epoca che tende ad appiattire le discipline scientifiche in una sorta di eterno presente, nascondendone il faticoso divenire nell’arco dei secoli. In questo senso, il Thesaurus Pharmacologicus si inscrive nella giovane tradizione della storia del sapere scientifico, uno dei filoni più interessanti e fecondi della ricerca storica contemporanea”. Vincitore della LXXIV edizione del Premio nazionale Massimo Piccinini per la ricerca storico-scientifica (già assegnato ai massimi Storici Conci e Pedrazzini) conferito il 12 dicembre 2014 a Roma dall’Accademia di Storia dell’Arte Sanitaria-Mi.BACT. È in molte Biblioteche specialistiche, civiche e nazionali in Italia e all’estero, tra cui: Ministero della Salute; Soprintendenza Beni architettonici, paesaggistici, storici, artistici ed etnoantropologici per province Caserta e Benevento; Marciana-Venezia; Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo; Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions of Smithsonian Institution-Washington USA; Medica Statale; Archivio di Stato-Roma; Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico Universitas Aromatariorum Urbis. (Ed. Chiron, ISBN 978-88-904235-05, pp. 115, giugno 2009; Prima ristampa, luglio 2009, pp. 115);
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
R. Villano-PLAGUE IN ITALY-Historical epidemiological Italian notes
1. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
1
Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against
the plague in some States of Italy
from XIV to the XVII century
Premise, outline global epidemiological and
historical epidemiological Italian notes
Raimondo Villano
“That’s evil that everywhere terror
Maale that the heavens in his fury
He invented to punish the crimes of the earth”
Diderot et D’Alembert
Encyclopedia of the Sciences, the Arts and Crafts Paris (1751)
2. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
2
« When is the memory to lose something, as happens when we forget and try to
remember, where ever we try, if not to the same memory? And it is there that, if by
chance you come to a different thing, reject it, until it happens that we seek. And when
it happens, we say: "Is this," neither would say so without recognizing it, nor would
recognize without a reminder. So, and we were really forgotten. Or maybe there was
no fall in full by the mind and we, with the part that we kept, we went in search of the
other party as if the memory, feeling not develop all at once what he used to remember
together, and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the
missing part and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the
missing part? ».
St. Augustine
Keywords
Plague - Italy - Middle Ages.
Abstract
Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological,
demographic, sociological and literary plague, we describe the conditions
and environment of physicians and apothecaries, we examine the
protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs
used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of
the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century)
compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts
clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, the composition of
medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting
the stage for various lines of comparative analysis.
Chronology
From the twelfth century in Europe there is an epidemic of plague more or less
severe on average every 10-15 years; 1333: Asian contagion spreads to India and
affects the Crimea, the Black Sea and other areas of Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt;
3. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
3
1346-53: pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe to Scandinavia, with peaks in the
Mediterranean countries; October 12 1347: twelve Genoese galleys coming from
Caffa in the Crimea, which was besieged for three years by the Tartars, arrive in
Messina on board with sailors dead or dying infected died of the plague as
projectiles thrown over the walls of the city; 1348: with severe pandemic spread in
the Netherlands, England, Germany, Poland and Russia; after 1348 : the plague is
still endemic in Italy; 1353 in extinction on the shores of the Black Sea, point of
origin. After 1350 in Europe remains endemic, reappearing periodically at
intervals of about ten years in the individual regions. In the second half of the
fourteenth century: the plague occurs 5 times in Italy in epidemic form. Twenty
years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in epidemic
form. Seventy years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in
epidemic form. 1537: ceases cyclical epidemic of the plague; 1630: outbreak in
northern Italy, with a peak at Milan; seventeenth century: plague occurs 2 times
in Italy as an epidemic; 1647: the pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe; 1649:
pandemic Naples; 1656: pandemic in Rome; Half eighteenth century: the plague
left the European continent.
4. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
4
ToggenburgBible,RepresentationofthePlague(1411).
Premise
The oldest known outbreak of plague in history (ca. 1490 BC, the year of the world
2513, or 1600 BC according to others) could be the biblical episode in which “the
Lord said to Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh, and I will smite all the 'Egypt with the
plague of pestilence(1)
” and the terrible epidemic invades the country. Shortly after
5. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
5
the epidemic is described by Ovid(2)
, which reached Greece from Egypt and
Ethiopia. The first plague of Italy, narrated by Dionysius, dates from the year 2778
of the world. “This disease is born in the year 541 in Ethiopia, and, according to
others, in Egypt, a year after moving to Constantinople, then to Italy, in Spains and
Gauls and even in England, he touched almost all the then known world, and
repeatedly raged for over fifty years, not forgiving anyone, by slaughter of men
wherever they were(3)
”. In Constantinople in acute epidemic kills over ten thousand
people for day.
Outline Global Epidemiological
In 1333 in Asia, spreading to India but also affects other areas of the Crimea and
the Black Sea on one side and Mesopotamia, Arabia and Egypt on the other hand;
arrived in Italy in 1347; spreads in Holland, England, Germany, Poland and Russia
to become extinct in 1353 on the shores of the Black Sea, point of origin, probably
for the survivors of 20 years before now immunized. There are a disaster socio-
economic and demographic crisis. In 1647 “a vessel full of leather and other skins,
from Algiers brought the plague in Valencia”:
6. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
6
PlagueofAzoth(oiloncanvas,1630).
the disease develops into the city from the shoemakers and in 4 months there are
about 20,000 deaths of about 40,000 inhabitants(4)
. The black death
reaches unstoppable other cities invading in a few months the whole of Spain,
including the islands of Majorca and Minorca; in 1649 the plague has spread
7. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
7
throughout Provence and furiously produced in Marseille a massacre among the
most severe in history.
Historical epidemiological Italian notes
Not to mention leprosy, a disease known since ancient times and most of which is
already talk in the Bible, the pathologies that most frequently cause deaths are:
malaria, your shingles, variola, typhus, scurvy, and especially plague bubonic. It
should be clarified, however, that the word pestilence to any kind of plague
epidemic disease diffusible quickly, even for reasons other than infection itself
(poisoning , food shortages...). To explain these die-offs the medieval
epidemiology uses natural and supernatural interpretations: the most widespread
opinion is the presence in the air of harmful vapors containing a pestilent poison,
another hypothesis is that gigantic fires in the East that produce poisonous fumes,
or the disease coming from the bowels of the earth or the sky due to malignant
astral conjunctions. Then there are those who think the poisoning of wells by Jews
and lepers, so as unleashing real persecution, especially in France (the belief that
remains rooted in history giving rise to rumors on the ‘spreaders’ in successive
epidemics). The contagion of 1348 is violent in Italy but spread throughout Europe
rampage for three years, followed by a ten-year cyclicity endemic regional with
massive damage and loss of at least a quarter of the population(5)
. In particular,
after the severe pandemic of 1348 the plague is still endemic in Italy, occurring in
epidemic form five times in the second half of the fourteenth century, twice in the
twenties and two in the seventies of the fifteenth century, twice in the sixteenth
century and, finally, twice in the seventeenth century. The ships that arrive in
Messina have their holds full of Russian grain they eat hundreds of mouses blacks
contaminators whose fur is ideal microclimate for millions of fleas Indian
pestiferous of type Xenopsylla cheopis. The mouses blacks, especially the dying,
go outside to look for light and their fleas take root in humans that is suitable
habitat for clothes, dirt(6)
and body heat. Rats and fleas are also physiologically
8. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
8
integrated to the metabolism of the city hygienically precarious between anabolism
of the granaries and catabolism of the sewers, open drains and stagnant
excremental sewage in the streets. The epidemic of 1630 devastated northern Italy,
especially Milan. From time immemorial the plague is considered holy terror, so it
is exorcised by mediation of Saints, such as San Rocco, or Madonna: the epidemic,
therefore, quickly spreads by contagion as a factor having also the numerous
propitiatroy functions in places of worship or public crowded with people. “The
plague that the court of health had feared he could enter with the German gangs in
Milan, there really was (...). In late March , they began , first in eastern Gate , then
in every neighborhood of the city, take frequent buboes; deaths, with accidents
strange of spasms, palpitations, lethargy, delirium, with the fatal bruises and
swellings; mostly dead fast, violent, often sudden, without any prior indication of
illness. (...) Since that day, the fury of the contagion went always growing: in a
short time, there was almost no house untouched, in a short time the lazaret (...)
increased from two thousand to twelve thousand; later, according to almost
everyone came up to sixteen. On July 4 , as I find in another letter to the Governor
of the Conservatories of Health, the daily mortality exceeded five hundred. Later,
at the peak, arrived, according to the most common calculation , a thousand two
hundred, fifteen hundred; and more than three thousand five, if we are believe to
Tadino(7)
”. In 1649 from the port of Marseille, thanks to its natural vectors (fleas of
mouses) a epidemic arrives in Sardinia, where the viceroy of Naples, Juan Alfonso
Enríquez de Cabrera order exceptional security measures in ports and roads. From
the island the plague arrived in Naples, already in serious conditions of hygiene
and health, although it is active the port of Mandracchio, designed to operate in a
capillary customs controls on goods in transit , “during the night the sailors seek
pleasure to Lavinaio on pallets of women exchanging hugs and paying fleas
naturally with infected goods. Disembark from the holds full of grain big mouses
that find refuge in the sewers and new food in the trash... (8)
”. On June 9, 1656 a
Neapolitan mariner at an guest-house in Trastevere falls ill and, was admitted to
9. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
9
the hospital St. John, dies. Five days after the landlady and her daughter died with
signs of plague and so the next day the landlord. Pope Alexander VII, without
waiting the official medical response, order the litanies in the churches and cancel
the procession of Corpus Domini in order to avoid contagion. In addition, he
makes put gates at the crossing points of the Lungara and squares of Trastevere,
guarded by armed guards with orders to shoot on sight to those who try to enter or
exit. On June 18, with a another dead this time for declared cause of plague, have
closed the doors of the Ghetto and are reserving the transit only to 14 Jews for
supplies(9)
.
Index
Keiwords 11
Abstract 11
Chronology 15
Premise 17
Outline Global Epidemiological 17
Historical epidemiological Italian notes 19
Historical and literary notes of medical pathology 22
Historical notes sociological and demographic 23
1. Introduction 28
2. Conditions of physicians and apothecaries 30
3. Prophylaxis protocols 36
4. Substances for treatments of environments 44
5. Fragrant preparations 44
6. Therapies 45
7. Therapies for less well‐off 48
8. Phlebotomy 48
9. Insights on the treaty “Instruttione sopra la peste” by M. Michele Mercati 50
10. Insights on the treaty “Contro alla peste” by Marsilio Ficino 56
Notes 63
Apparatus fontium 65
Select bibliography 67
Synthetic profile of the author 68
_________________
Notes
(1) Holy Bible, Exodus, IX.
(2) Ovidio, Metamorphosis, IX.
(3) M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, 1833.
10. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
10
(4) Pascale Bindio, “Naples in 1656: namely, Documents of the plague that desolated Naples in
1656”, 1867.
(5) Up to 1537 epidemics have cyclical recurrence.
(6) Giorgio Cosmacini, The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999, p. 211.
(7) Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827.
(8) Salvatore Argenziano-Aniello Langella, The plague of 1656 in Naples. Clipboard history,
health, religious and curiosity, Vesuvioweb, 2012.
(9) Rif.: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica,
June 9, 2013;
(10) Michele da Piazza, Historia Siculorum.
(11) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351.
(12) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid..
(13) Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino, Board of Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino against the pestilence,
What is pestilentia, Chapter I, p. 1, Florence, 1576.
(14) Petrus Michael Gagna, De peste tractatus historico-medicus Latino, ac Italico idiomate
descriptus, 1715.
(15) Resulting from the Poll-tax.
(16) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid., p. 206.
(17) Armando Sapori, Tools, The medieval mercantile, 1972.
(18) Lopez.
(19) Pietro Giannone, Civil History of the Kingdom of Naples, Book XXXVII, Chapter. 6.
(20) “If we are to believe the Tadino. Which states that for accuracies made, after the plague, the
population of Milan found himself reduced to little more than sixty thousand souls, and before
that he had two hundred and fifty thousand”.
(21) Carlo Celano (1625–1693), News of the beautiful, ancient and curious of the city of Naples
for the gentlemen strangers given by the canonical split in ten days: "(...) Naples is one of the
most populose cities in Europe. Suffice it to say that in the year 1656 were killed by the plague
four hundred and fifty thousand people ... In the year 1656 it was then very inauspicious our
poor city (deceived by their confidence) murdered by a fierce plague, which kills in just six
months, with indescribable horror if not by those who saw it (like me), four hundred fifty-four
thousand people, for the count at that time you could do roughly”.
(22) “It did not sound bells, and not crying person, for whatever reason, that almost every
person waiting for death, and it was going on, because people believed that no one would
survive, and many people believed, and said this is the end of World” (Agnolo di Tura).
(23) “And immediately I saw what appeared a pale horse, and he that was over there had a
name, Death, and Hell followed her. And they were given authority over one-fourth of the earth
to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death” (Apocalypse, 6, 8).
(24) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351.
(25) Matteo Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63.
(26) Canon Giovanni of Parma.
(27) Marchionne di Coppo Stefani, Florentine chronicler.
(28) Ensure the cleanliness of the city, on food, on hotels, cemeteries, Lazarets health of
prostitutes, hospitals (only for the strictly medical and non-administrative, pertaining to the
judiciary of the Superintendents of Hospitals and Holy Places), freshness and healthiness of the
water contained in the public cisterns; count births and deaths; guard ships and goods in transit.
(29) Recommendation of Tommaso del Garbo Fiorentino against the plague: When & how much
in place you must escape; Order to escape. In: Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, 1576, p. 77
and the following.
(30) Giovan Agostino Contardo, The way to preserve and heal from the plague, 1576.
11. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
11
(31) Jean Manget, Treatise on the Plague, Journal of a Doctor - written during the plague of
Nijmegen (1637), published in 1721.
(32) This concept will disappear only in the nineteenth century with the discovery of microbes.
(33) www.veneziamuseo.it, Most Serene Republic, Judiciary sottopregadi second Locho, the
supervisors over health care, 2013.
(34) Re: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica,
June 9, 2013;
(35) Prammatica number 12 article 15 of Viceroy Don Garcia de Avellaneda y Haro (1649).
(36) Jean Manget, Ibid.
(37) Jean Manget, Ibid.
(38) M. Michele Mercati, Education above the plague, The plague preserve mode with the
evacuation of the humors, and before the blood, Chapter VI, p. 28;
(39) Ibid, p. 28 e segg.
(40) Ibid., How and when to take the emerald, p. 55.
(41) Ibid., Instruttione, p. 56.
(42) Ibid, pp. 33-34.
(43) Ibid, p. 34.
(44) Ibid, pp. 37-38.
(45) Ibid, cap. VIII.
(46) Ibid, Above the plague, Smells, p.63.
(47) Ibid, p. 60.
(48) Ibid, p. 64.
(49) Ibid., Instruction on poisons, p. 90 e segg.
(50) Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, the most Learned Manardo Letter from Ferrara, where
he teaches good order with the real way to preserve, & heal from the plague, with many brave
drugs he tried; translated from the Latin language in Tuscan, by M. Niccolò Lorenzini Medical
Politiano, p. 97.
(51) Ibid, Against the plague, p. 67.
(52) Ibid., Chapt. XIIII, p. 56.
(53) Ibid., Chapt. XIV, p. 57.
(54) Ibid., Chapt. XVI, p. 58.
(55) Ibid., Chapt. XVII.
(56) Ibid., Della conservazione di chi governa gli infermi, Chapter XXII, pp. and the following.
(57) Ibid., p. 69.
(58) Ibid., Bezahar stone, & his virtues, & what is the best, p. 72.
(59) Ibid., Chapt. XXIII.
(60) Ibid., Infinite virtues of the pills, which are appropriate to the time of pestilence, Chapt.
XXVIII.
(61) Ibid., Recommendation of Garbo, Chapt. XXVIII., p. 95.
(62) Ibid., Letter of Manardo from Ferrara, p. 99.
Apparatus fontium
Mercati, Michele - Instruttione sopra la peste, di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo nella
quale si contengono i piu eletti & approuati rimedij, con molti nuoui e potenti secreti cosi da
preseruarsi come da curarsi. Aggiunteui tre altre instruttioni sopra i veleni occultamente
12. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
12
ministrati podagra & paratifi ... - In Rome: appresso Vincentio Accolto. Rome, pp. 168, 1576;
Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N. progressive Catalogue: 56 Location: II
d 10;
“All’illustriss. & Eccellentiss. Sig. Iacopo Buoncompagno Governator Generale di Santa
Chiesa, Signor & patrone osservandissimo. Con Privilegij e Licenza de Superiori. Roma,
Appresso Vincenzo Accolto MDLXXVI”. (p. 2);
“RA le molte gratie, e favori, che da la Santità di N. Sig. ho ricevuto, mi fu di somma contentezza
quando S.B. mi confermò la cura della conservatione & accrescimento dell’horto de semplici,
per il gran desiderio, che è stato in me sempre, di pervenire col mezo delle fatiche, e di tale
commodità all’acquisto della vera cognitione delle qualità & virtù di molte herbe. Hora
conoscendomi in obligo di dar qualche saggio di corrispondenza al giudicio che si è fatto di me
in questa professione, incitato ancora dalla qualità del tempo, che porta seco remori e pericoli
di peste in diverse parti, & stimolato dal beneficio universale, al quale è sopra tutti altri intenta
la Santità sua” (p. 3);
(note: main) “Nomi delli autori che si citano nella presente opera: Abenzohar, Aegessipus,
Aimon Monachus, Albucasis, Aristoteles, Arnaldus de Villa nova, Avicenna, Averroes,
Dioscorides, Eusebius, Eutropius, Galeno, San Gregorio Papa, Hieronymus Fracastorius,
Hippocrates, Homerus, Ioannes de Concorregio, Menardus Ferrariensis, Matthiolus Senensis,
Mesue, Paolus Diaconus, Plato, Platearius, Plinius, Procopius, Serapio”, ecc. (p. 4);
“Tavola per alfabeto da trovar facilmente quello che nella presente opera si tratta” (p. 5);
“Istituttione sopra peste di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo. Ricercato dalla S.V. Illustriss.
Di instruzione, da preservarsi dalla peste, & da curarsi quando occorresse il bisogno, mi son
sforzato di soddisfare con quella più accurata diligentia & studio, che ha permesso la prestezza,
che mi è stata imposta da lei. La quale istuttione sarà distinta per maggiore chiarezza in tredici
capi più principali”.
“Nel primo si conterrà la definitione della peste. Nel secondo le considerazioni delle cagioni che
la producono. Nel terzo li segni che modificano la peste futura. Nel quarto, li segni della già
presente. Nel quinto, la cura preservativa da essa. Nel sesto il modo di preservarli con la
evacuazioni de gli umori, & in prima del sangue. Nel settimo, il modo di preservarli con li
rimedij resistenti alla pelle, & alla sua cagione, nell’ottavo (…)”.
Ficino, Marsilio - Contro alla peste. / Marsilio Ficino fiorentino. Insieme con Tommaso del
Garbo, Mengo da Faenza, & altri autori, e ricette sopra la medesima materia. Aggiuntoui di
nuouo vna Epistola dell'eccellente Giouanni Manardi da Ferrara, & vno Consiglio di Niccolo
de' Rainaldi da Sulmona, non piu stampati. Con due Tavole, una de i capitoli, l'altra delle cose
notabili. - Florence, pp. 144, 1576; Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N.
progressive Catalog: 51, Location: XI d 27;
13. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
13
“Tavola de’ capitoli contenuti nel consiglio di Marsilio Ficino, e Maestro Tommaso del Garbo
in materia della peste. Che cosa è pestilentia, Capitolo I, fa. I; Onde nasce la pestilentia, & oue
regna, II, 3; Come si distende la peste, & in quali persone, III, 5; De segni della peste, IIII, 7;
Come si conserva dalla peste per regola di vita, V, 9; Come si conserva dalla peste per modo
medicinale, VI, 16; Della cura secondo la fisica, VII, 28; Del cibare, & governo dell’infermo,
VIII, 42; Della cura per cerusia, IX, 50; (…) Impiastri temperati, XIIII, 56; Impiastri
temperatissimi, XV, 57; Per mitigare il dolore circa la postema, XVI, 58; Per far cadere la carne
trista della postema, XVII, 59; Per modificare la piaga, XVIII 60; Per rigenerare la carne
buona, XIX, 60; (…) Della cura secondo gli spagnuoli, & Catelani, XXI, 62; (…) Fuggi presto,
& lungi, & torna tardi, XXIII, 73; Chi sono quelli a cui bisogni piu di fuggire, che agli altri, &
che piu pericolo portino, I, 78; Che fuochi si dee fare, II, 78; (…) Di che si debbe annaffiare, &
sboffar la casa, & l’uomo lavarsi, IIII, 90; (…) Come si dee fare la fuffumigatione, VI, 81; Che
l’uomo si dee guardare da conversazione di troppa gente, VII, 81; Rimedio a chi usa, & visita
gli ammorbati, VIII, 82; (…) Che frutti si debbono usare, XII, 85; (…) Delle spetierie, XVII, 86;
(…) Di purgarsi il corpo e di trarre sangue, & rimedi contro alla replezione; XXI, 83; (…) Del
pomo, o vero palla che si debbe portare in mano per odorarla, XXVI, 92; Giulebbo che è da
usare quando è gran caldo, XXVII, 93; Virtù infinite delle pillule che sono appropriate al tempo
della pesti lentia, XXVIII, 93; Ricetta delle pillole, 94; Ricetta di Maestro Menga da Faenza, 95;
Ricetta di un lattouaro fatto nello Studio di Bologna, 96; (…) Tre nuovi rimedij contro la peste,
120”.
Table alphabetical order.
Select Bibliography
Holy Bible;
G. Boccaccio (1313-1375), Decameron;
M. Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63;
M. da Piazza, Historia Siculorum, XIII century;
M. A. Gratiolo di Salò, Speech on the plague, G. Polo,Venice 1576;
M. Mercati - Education above the plague, Vincentio Accolto, Rome 1576;
M. Ficino - Contro alla peste, Florance, 1576;
A. Dr Scobbis, Nuovo et universale theatro farmaceutico, Venice 1667;
B. F. Castiglione, Antidotario milanese, M. Maddius, Milan, 1698;
E. Chambers, Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, G. B. Pasquali, Venice, 1749;
Didenot - D’Alambert, Encyclopédie des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Paris 1751;
J. De Gorter, Medicinae compendium, J. Manfré, Pavia 1757;
A. Zulatti, Compendium of practical medicine, D. Deregni, Venice 1764;
A. Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827;
14. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
14
M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, G. Antonelli, Venice 1833;
A. Corradi, Annals of epidemics from early memories to 1850, Bologna 1865;
A. Bertarelli, Three centuries of life in Milan, U. Hoepli, Milano 1927;
A. Benedicenti, Patients, doctors and pharmacists, U. Hoepli, Milan 1951
G. Cosmacini The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999;
R. Villano, Arte e Storia della Farmacia, 1^ Ed. Selecta Medica, Pavia 2005; 2^ Ed. Cea
Zanichelli, Milan 2012.
_________________
Profilo sintetico dell’autore
“Non cercare di diventare un uomo di successo,
ma piuttosto un uomo di valore”
Albert Einstein
Nato nel 1960. Vive tra Roma e Torre Ann.ta. La moglie è biologa, farmacista,
assistente sociale e valente docente di Scienze nei Licei Classico e Scientifico statali; il
figlio è un brillante matematico universitario. Ruoli: General Manager Villano
International Business Team dal 2012, con attività in 16 ambiti di business, consulting
& service (tra cui: affari internazionali, immobiliare d’alta gamma, previdenza, edilizia e
restauro, import-export, alimentari, informatica, sanità, arte e cultura); Membro (dal 2013),
Associate Professor in History of Health Administration Pharmaceutical Department (dal 2014) e
Membro Onorario of Ruggero II University of Florida State (BR, Miami, Florida, USA, dal
2015); Trader (dal 1976), Trader operativo finanziario indipendente di borse e forex (dal 1983),
Cavaliere S.M.O. di Malta (dal 2002, presentato dal Cavaliere di Giustizia Fra’ Giorgio Maria
Castriota Scanderbeg, discendente dell’Eroe fondatore del Regno d’Albania); Presidente della
Fondazione sociosanitaria e umanitaria Chiron (dal 1985); Amministratore Unico Chiron Editore
(dal 2006). Accademie: Storia Arte Sanitaria-Ministero B.C. (2006), già pontificia Tiberina
)2009), Studi Melitensi (2002), Medical Tradition Smithsonian Institution-USA (2010),
International Society History Pharmacy, Acc. Italiana Storia Farmacia (2001), Società
Napoletana Storia Patria (2008), Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico (ad honorem, 2006).
Oltre 100 conferenze e chairman in decine di congressi. Collabora con importanti Riviste
nazionali e internazionali. È Advisory Board Member per l’Editore statunitense DPC, che
pubblica in oltre 150 nazioni. Studi: classici; laurea e abilitazione: Farmacia (1985); corsi
certificati di: Piante officinali, Tecniche cosmetiche, Sicurezza aziendale, Haccp, Storia, Dottrina
sociale Chiesa, Teologia. Lauree honoris causa: Scienze Umane e Sociali (2009); Storia e
Filosofia (2010); Scienze Comunicazione (2013); Diplomazia e Studi internazionali (2015).
Master h.c.: Science Medical Ethics (2010). È stato: autore, organizzatore e chairman Corso
Sicurezza per manager, ottenendo Alti Patronati di Capo dello Stato e ONU (2000), Consigliere
diplomatico Aerec dpt ENVA 2011-15, Segretario International Committee Biothecnologies
Wabt-Unesco 2008-13, membro World Academy Biomedical Technology (Unesco 2007-12), 11
anni in Comitato scientifico sicurezza sanitaria di IBD (azienda responsabile sicurezza Tribunali
Corte Appello Napoli), CdA Fondazione Beaumont Onlus ricerche su cancro presieduta dal
condidato al Nobel Tarro e con il Prefetto Napoli (2011-12), Accademico Europeo per le
Relazioni Economiche e Culturali 2004-2015. Per 32 anni socio e titolare di un’importante
farmacia, fino al 2010. Socio dal 1990, Segretario a 29 anni 1990-95 (tra i più giovani d’Italia),
15. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
15
Presidente 2000-01 Rotary Club Pompei-Vesuvio, 14 anni Delegato dei Governors per Archivio
Distretto 2100-Italia (oltre 3.000 rotariani e ca 80 Club) e presso I.C.R. per Rotary Italia; in
Comm.ni Italia: Etica professionale, Azione Mondiale, Informatica; tra i molti ruoli
internazionali: archeologia Pompei-Cartagine; Comitato Premio Magna Grecia; autore e
presentatore al Consiglio Mondiale di Legislazione del Rotary della Proposta di istituzione
Giornata internazionale a tutela della Vita (2001-04). Dal 1986 al 1990 Presidente a Napoli,
coordinatore nazionale e fondatore Federazione Giovani Farmacisti; Rappresentante nazionale
Sindacato Federativo. Assist. Prof. Microbiologia Fac. F.cia Na (1985-90, Cattedra Prof. Lembo-
Ist. Sup. Sanità). Membro Gruppo internaz. di Studio ISHP Storia Farmacopee (Univ. Berna,
2012-13). Nell’ambito degli eventi “World no-tobacco day”, ha partecipato a varie iniziative
presso il Ministero della Salute. Proponente e padrino di vari Soci Onorari, tra cui: Arciv. di
Pompei Mons. Francesco Saverio Toppi, dal 2013 Servo di Dio in Causa di Beatificazione e
Canonizzazione (Rotary, 1992); Dino De Laurentiis (proposto nel 2000), produttore
cinematografico di Hollywood e Premio Oscar alla carriera (Rotary, 2001); Antonio Greco,
Presidente Tribunale TA (Rotary, 2000); Giulio Tarro, virologo Candidato al Premio Nobel per
la Medicina 2000 e 2015 (Asas, 2011); Gianni Rivera, Vice Campione del Mondo di Calcio
(Aerec, 2012); Patrizio Polisca, già aiutante dei medici di Paolo VI e Giovanni Paolo II e Medico
del Papa con Benedetto XVI e Francesco e Direttore Sanitario del Vaticano; Gualtiero Ricciardi,
Presidente Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Premi internazionali: Diploma d’Onore per Servizi
eccezionali a titolo individuale nelle 5 Vie di Azione da Presidente Rotary International
(Evanston 2001: solo 100/anno/1,5 mln soci); Benemerenza Anticrimine-Task Force Rotary
Italia, Albania, ex-Jugoslavia, S. Marino (Zurigo 2001); Sapientia Mundi-Etica (Rm 2008);
Unione Legion d’Oro-Lavoro (Rm 2010); Veritas in Charitate-Religione (2011); Bonifaciano-
Cultura e Società (2011); Norman Ac.-Editoria Medaglia aurata (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità
Galeno (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità 2^ ed. Galeno (Rm 2015); Norman Ac.-Arte fotografica
Medaglia aurata (Rm 2015). Premi nazionali: Aesculapius-Sanità Patroc. Presidenza Consiglio
Ministri (Rm 1987); LXVIII Piccinini Asas-Mi.BAC-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2006);
LXV Stramezzi-Sanità (Rm 2007); Capitolino-Attività umanitaria (Rm 2010); Tiberino- Cultura
(Rm 2012); LXXIV Serono-Storia e Letteratura (Rm 2012), Aerec-Cultura (Rm 2013);
Benemerenza al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2013): solo 269 dal 1800; Tiberino-Scienza
(Rm 2014); LXXIV Piccinini Asas-Mi.BACT-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2014); Medaglia
d’Argento al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2016); Speciale Asas-Mi.BACT-Studi storici in
scienze biomediche e farmaceutiche (Rm 2016). Autore di un’ampia e qualificata produzione
letteraria che ammonta a oltre 790 pubblicazioni sanitarie, professionali, scientifiche, storiche,
religiose, artistiche, di cui gran parte su riviste dotate di revisione critica, indexate e con impact
factor; oltre 50 libri (di cui 14 con complessive 35 edizioni e 19 ristampe, numerosi tradotti
anche in inglese, francese, tedesco e spagnolo) con editori prestigiosi come Zanichelli, con
patrocini da Ministero Beni Culturali, Unesco, Rotary, Università, ecc., recensiti da Testate di
rilievo nazionale, presenti in oltre 120 Biblioteche italiane (tra cui: Quirinale, Accademia
Nazionale Scienze, Ministeri) e in oltre 40 Nazioni (tra cui: National Institute Health-USA,
Nationale de France, Congress UK), in Istituti di Cultura, Università, Musei. Alla Fiera di
Francoforte ha debuttato un suo libro. Oltre 80 opere multimediali (in varie lingue e più
edizioni e ristampe ) spesso di notevole pregio e pubblicate con editori e patrocini prestigiosi (tra
cui Bayer S.p.A.). Cataloghi: Library of Congress UK Authority (NACO); Bibliothèque
nationale de France; Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Library of National Institutes of Health
(NIH) U.S.A.; Biblioteca Magistrale S.M. Ordine di Malta; Biblioteca della Fondazione Vaticana
Joseph Ratzinger-Benedetto XVI; 2000 Outstanding Intellectuals IBC-Cambridge UK dal 2010;
Opac Sbn con oltre 200 opere; Scheda di Autorità Ministero BAC. Vari libri hanno
apprezzamenti da autorità istituzionali, tra cui alcuni regnanti europei e più volte il Capo dello
Stato e il Santo Padre.
16. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
16
* * *
Alcuni libri: Società globale informazione, 1996; Rotary per l’Uomo, 2001; Gestione sicurezza
in Farmacia (pres. Dr. Renzulli, già Consulente Sicurezza all’ONU, 2004); Arte e storia
Farmacia (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Presid. International Society History Pharmacy, 2 ediz.,
2006); Storia e attività del SMOM (4 ediz., 2007); Meridiani farmaceutici tra etica laica e
morale cattolica (pres. Prof. Tarro, Comm. Naz.le Bioetica, 3 ediz., 2008); Thesaurus
Pharmacologicus (pres. Presid. Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Mandelli 2009); Tempo scolpito in
silenzio eternità. Riflessioni su indagine diacronica per memoria homo faber (pres. eminenti
storico Fra’ von Lobstein e critico Prof. Carosella, 6 rist., 2010); Attività farmaceutiche Regno di
Napoli (pres.: Presid. Acc. It. Storia Farmacia Dr. Corvi, 2010); Logos e teofania nel tempo
digitale (pres. Mons. Trafny, Presid. Dpt Scienza-Fede Pontificio Consiglio Cultura, 2012);
Aspetti religiosi e dimensione ecclesiale SMOM (2013); Musei di farmacia: eco del passato per
un riscatto futuro (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Direttore Biblioteca Svizzera, 2015); Fotografie -
circa 200 sue opere, selezionate per temi filosofici e creativi tra quelle realizzate in oltre 40 anni
(2015). Tra i multimedia: Cenni arte e storia farmacia (patroc. AISF, 2002); Influenza A/H1N1
(patroc. Unesco, 2009).
“Ho imparato così tanto da voi, Uomini…
Ho imparato che ognuno vuole vivere sulla cima della montagna,
senza sapere che la vera felicità sta nel come questa montagna è stata scalata”
Gabriel Garcia Marquez