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R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
1
Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against
the plague in some States of Italy
from XIV to the XVII century
Premise, outline global epidemiological and
historical epidemiological Italian notes
Raimondo Villano
“That’s evil that everywhere terror
Maale that the heavens in his fury
He invented to punish the crimes of the earth”
Diderot et D’Alembert
Encyclopedia of the Sciences, the Arts and Crafts Paris (1751)
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
2
« When is the memory to lose something, as happens when we forget and try to
remember, where ever we try, if not to the same memory? And it is there that, if by
chance you come to a different thing, reject it, until it happens that we seek. And when
it happens, we say: "Is this," neither would say so without recognizing it, nor would
recognize without a reminder. So, and we were really forgotten. Or maybe there was
no fall in full by the mind and we, with the part that we kept, we went in search of the
other party as if the memory, feeling not develop all at once what he used to remember
together, and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the
missing part and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the
missing part? ».
St. Augustine
Keywords
Plague - Italy - Middle Ages.
Abstract
Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological,
demographic, sociological and literary plague, we describe the conditions
and environment of physicians and apothecaries, we examine the
protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs
used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of
the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century)
compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts
clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, the composition of
medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting
the stage for various lines of comparative analysis.
Chronology
From the twelfth century in Europe there is an epidemic of plague more or less
severe on average every 10-15 years; 1333: Asian contagion spreads to India and
affects the Crimea, the Black Sea and other areas of Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt;
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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1346-53: pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe to Scandinavia, with peaks in the
Mediterranean countries; October 12 1347: twelve Genoese galleys coming from
Caffa in the Crimea, which was besieged for three years by the Tartars, arrive in
Messina on board with sailors dead or dying infected died of the plague as
projectiles thrown over the walls of the city; 1348: with severe pandemic spread in
the Netherlands, England, Germany, Poland and Russia; after 1348 : the plague is
still endemic in Italy; 1353 in extinction on the shores of the Black Sea, point of
origin. After 1350 in Europe remains endemic, reappearing periodically at
intervals of about ten years in the individual regions. In the second half of the
fourteenth century: the plague occurs 5 times in Italy in epidemic form. Twenty
years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in epidemic
form. Seventy years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in
epidemic form. 1537: ceases cyclical epidemic of the plague; 1630: outbreak in
northern Italy, with a peak at Milan; seventeenth century: plague occurs 2 times
in Italy as an epidemic; 1647: the pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe; 1649:
pandemic Naples; 1656: pandemic in Rome; Half eighteenth century: the plague
left the European continent.
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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ToggenburgBible,RepresentationofthePlague(1411).
Premise
The oldest known outbreak of plague in history (ca. 1490 BC, the year of the world
2513, or 1600 BC according to others) could be the biblical episode in which “the
Lord said to Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh, and I will smite all the 'Egypt with the
plague of pestilence(1)
” and the terrible epidemic invades the country. Shortly after
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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the epidemic is described by Ovid(2)
, which reached Greece from Egypt and
Ethiopia. The first plague of Italy, narrated by Dionysius, dates from the year 2778
of the world. “This disease is born in the year 541 in Ethiopia, and, according to
others, in Egypt, a year after moving to Constantinople, then to Italy, in Spains and
Gauls and even in England, he touched almost all the then known world, and
repeatedly raged for over fifty years, not forgiving anyone, by slaughter of men
wherever they were(3)
”. In Constantinople in acute epidemic kills over ten thousand
people for day.
Outline Global Epidemiological
In 1333 in Asia, spreading to India but also affects other areas of the Crimea and
the Black Sea on one side and Mesopotamia, Arabia and Egypt on the other hand;
arrived in Italy in 1347; spreads in Holland, England, Germany, Poland and Russia
to become extinct in 1353 on the shores of the Black Sea, point of origin, probably
for the survivors of 20 years before now immunized. There are a disaster socio-
economic and demographic crisis. In 1647 “a vessel full of leather and other skins,
from Algiers brought the plague in Valencia”:
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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PlagueofAzoth(oiloncanvas,1630).
the disease develops into the city from the shoemakers and in 4 months there are
about 20,000 deaths of about 40,000 inhabitants(4)
. The black death
reaches unstoppable other cities invading in a few months the whole of Spain,
including the islands of Majorca and Minorca; in 1649 the plague has spread
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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throughout Provence and furiously produced in Marseille a massacre among the
most severe in history.
Historical epidemiological Italian notes
Not to mention leprosy, a disease known since ancient times and most of which is
already talk in the Bible, the pathologies that most frequently cause deaths are:
malaria, your shingles, variola, typhus, scurvy, and especially plague bubonic. It
should be clarified, however, that the word pestilence to any kind of plague
epidemic disease diffusible quickly, even for reasons other than infection itself
(poisoning , food shortages...). To explain these die-offs the medieval
epidemiology uses natural and supernatural interpretations: the most widespread
opinion is the presence in the air of harmful vapors containing a pestilent poison,
another hypothesis is that gigantic fires in the East that produce poisonous fumes,
or the disease coming from the bowels of the earth or the sky due to malignant
astral conjunctions. Then there are those who think the poisoning of wells by Jews
and lepers, so as unleashing real persecution, especially in France (the belief that
remains rooted in history giving rise to rumors on the ‘spreaders’ in successive
epidemics). The contagion of 1348 is violent in Italy but spread throughout Europe
rampage for three years, followed by a ten-year cyclicity endemic regional with
massive damage and loss of at least a quarter of the population(5)
. In particular,
after the severe pandemic of 1348 the plague is still endemic in Italy, occurring in
epidemic form five times in the second half of the fourteenth century, twice in the
twenties and two in the seventies of the fifteenth century, twice in the sixteenth
century and, finally, twice in the seventeenth century. The ships that arrive in
Messina have their holds full of Russian grain they eat hundreds of mouses blacks
contaminators whose fur is ideal microclimate for millions of fleas Indian
pestiferous of type Xenopsylla cheopis. The mouses blacks, especially the dying,
go outside to look for light and their fleas take root in humans that is suitable
habitat for clothes, dirt(6)
and body heat. Rats and fleas are also physiologically
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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integrated to the metabolism of the city hygienically precarious between anabolism
of the granaries and catabolism of the sewers, open drains and stagnant
excremental sewage in the streets. The epidemic of 1630 devastated northern Italy,
especially Milan. From time immemorial the plague is considered holy terror, so it
is exorcised by mediation of Saints, such as San Rocco, or Madonna: the epidemic,
therefore, quickly spreads by contagion as a factor having also the numerous
propitiatroy functions in places of worship or public crowded with people. “The
plague that the court of health had feared he could enter with the German gangs in
Milan, there really was (...). In late March , they began , first in eastern Gate , then
in every neighborhood of the city, take frequent buboes; deaths, with accidents
strange of spasms, palpitations, lethargy, delirium, with the fatal bruises and
swellings; mostly dead fast, violent, often sudden, without any prior indication of
illness. (...) Since that day, the fury of the contagion went always growing: in a
short time, there was almost no house untouched, in a short time the lazaret (...)
increased from two thousand to twelve thousand; later, according to almost
everyone came up to sixteen. On July 4 , as I find in another letter to the Governor
of the Conservatories of Health, the daily mortality exceeded five hundred. Later,
at the peak, arrived, according to the most common calculation , a thousand two
hundred, fifteen hundred; and more than three thousand five, if we are believe to
Tadino(7)
”. In 1649 from the port of Marseille, thanks to its natural vectors (fleas of
mouses) a epidemic arrives in Sardinia, where the viceroy of Naples, Juan Alfonso
Enríquez de Cabrera order exceptional security measures in ports and roads. From
the island the plague arrived in Naples, already in serious conditions of hygiene
and health, although it is active the port of Mandracchio, designed to operate in a
capillary customs controls on goods in transit , “during the night the sailors seek
pleasure to Lavinaio on pallets of women exchanging hugs and paying fleas
naturally with infected goods. Disembark from the holds full of grain big mouses
that find refuge in the sewers and new food in the trash... (8)
”. On June 9, 1656 a
Neapolitan mariner at an guest-house in Trastevere falls ill and, was admitted to
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
9
the hospital St. John, dies. Five days after the landlady and her daughter died with
signs of plague and so the next day the landlord. Pope Alexander VII, without
waiting the official medical response, order the litanies in the churches and cancel
the procession of Corpus Domini in order to avoid contagion. In addition, he
makes put gates at the crossing points of the Lungara and squares of Trastevere,
guarded by armed guards with orders to shoot on sight to those who try to enter or
exit. On June 18, with a another dead this time for declared cause of plague, have
closed the doors of the Ghetto and are reserving the transit only to 14 Jews for
supplies(9)
.
Index
Keiwords 11
Abstract 11
Chronology 15
Premise 17
Outline Global Epidemiological 17
Historical epidemiological Italian notes 19
Historical and literary notes of medical pathology 22
Historical notes sociological and demographic 23
1. Introduction 28
2. Conditions of physicians and apothecaries 30
3. Prophylaxis protocols 36
4. Substances for treatments of environments 44
5. Fragrant preparations 44
6. Therapies 45
7. Therapies for less well‐off 48
8. Phlebotomy 48
9. Insights on the treaty “Instruttione sopra la peste” by M. Michele Mercati 50
10. Insights on the treaty “Contro alla peste” by Marsilio Ficino 56
Notes 63
Apparatus fontium 65
Select bibliography 67
Synthetic profile of the author 68
_________________
Notes
(1) Holy Bible, Exodus, IX.
(2) Ovidio, Metamorphosis, IX.
(3) M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, 1833.
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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(4) Pascale Bindio, “Naples in 1656: namely, Documents of the plague that desolated Naples in
1656”, 1867.
(5) Up to 1537 epidemics have cyclical recurrence.
(6) Giorgio Cosmacini, The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999, p. 211.
(7) Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827.
(8) Salvatore Argenziano-Aniello Langella, The plague of 1656 in Naples. Clipboard history,
health, religious and curiosity, Vesuvioweb, 2012.
(9) Rif.: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica,
June 9, 2013;
(10) Michele da Piazza, Historia Siculorum.
(11) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351.
(12) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid..
(13) Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino, Board of Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino against the pestilence,
What is pestilentia, Chapter I, p. 1, Florence, 1576.
(14) Petrus Michael Gagna, De peste tractatus historico-medicus Latino, ac Italico idiomate
descriptus, 1715.
(15) Resulting from the Poll-tax.
(16) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid., p. 206.
(17) Armando Sapori, Tools, The medieval mercantile, 1972.
(18) Lopez.
(19) Pietro Giannone, Civil History of the Kingdom of Naples, Book XXXVII, Chapter. 6.
(20) “If we are to believe the Tadino. Which states that for accuracies made, after the plague, the
population of Milan found himself reduced to little more than sixty thousand souls, and before
that he had two hundred and fifty thousand”.
(21) Carlo Celano (1625–1693), News of the beautiful, ancient and curious of the city of Naples
for the gentlemen strangers given by the canonical split in ten days: "(...) Naples is one of the
most populose cities in Europe. Suffice it to say that in the year 1656 were killed by the plague
four hundred and fifty thousand people ... In the year 1656 it was then very inauspicious our
poor city (deceived by their confidence) murdered by a fierce plague, which kills in just six
months, with indescribable horror if not by those who saw it (like me), four hundred fifty-four
thousand people, for the count at that time you could do roughly”.
(22) “It did not sound bells, and not crying person, for whatever reason, that almost every
person waiting for death, and it was going on, because people believed that no one would
survive, and many people believed, and said this is the end of World” (Agnolo di Tura).
(23) “And immediately I saw what appeared a pale horse, and he that was over there had a
name, Death, and Hell followed her. And they were given authority over one-fourth of the earth
to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death” (Apocalypse, 6, 8).
(24) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351.
(25) Matteo Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63.
(26) Canon Giovanni of Parma.
(27) Marchionne di Coppo Stefani, Florentine chronicler.
(28) Ensure the cleanliness of the city, on food, on hotels, cemeteries, Lazarets health of
prostitutes, hospitals (only for the strictly medical and non-administrative, pertaining to the
judiciary of the Superintendents of Hospitals and Holy Places), freshness and healthiness of the
water contained in the public cisterns; count births and deaths; guard ships and goods in transit.
(29) Recommendation of Tommaso del Garbo Fiorentino against the plague: When & how much
in place you must escape; Order to escape. In: Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, 1576, p. 77
and the following.
(30) Giovan Agostino Contardo, The way to preserve and heal from the plague, 1576.
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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(31) Jean Manget, Treatise on the Plague, Journal of a Doctor - written during the plague of
Nijmegen (1637), published in 1721.
(32) This concept will disappear only in the nineteenth century with the discovery of microbes.
(33) www.veneziamuseo.it, Most Serene Republic, Judiciary sottopregadi second Locho, the
supervisors over health care, 2013.
(34) Re: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica,
June 9, 2013;
(35) Prammatica number 12 article 15 of Viceroy Don Garcia de Avellaneda y Haro (1649).
(36) Jean Manget, Ibid.
(37) Jean Manget, Ibid.
(38) M. Michele Mercati, Education above the plague, The plague preserve mode with the
evacuation of the humors, and before the blood, Chapter VI, p. 28;
(39) Ibid, p. 28 e segg.
(40) Ibid., How and when to take the emerald, p. 55.
(41) Ibid., Instruttione, p. 56.
(42) Ibid, pp. 33-34.
(43) Ibid, p. 34.
(44) Ibid, pp. 37-38.
(45) Ibid, cap. VIII.
(46) Ibid, Above the plague, Smells, p.63.
(47) Ibid, p. 60.
(48) Ibid, p. 64.
(49) Ibid., Instruction on poisons, p. 90 e segg.
(50) Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, the most Learned Manardo Letter from Ferrara, where
he teaches good order with the real way to preserve, & heal from the plague, with many brave
drugs he tried; translated from the Latin language in Tuscan, by M. Niccolò Lorenzini Medical
Politiano, p. 97.
(51) Ibid, Against the plague, p. 67.
(52) Ibid., Chapt. XIIII, p. 56.
(53) Ibid., Chapt. XIV, p. 57.
(54) Ibid., Chapt. XVI, p. 58.
(55) Ibid., Chapt. XVII.
(56) Ibid., Della conservazione di chi governa gli infermi, Chapter XXII, pp. and the following.
(57) Ibid., p. 69.
(58) Ibid., Bezahar stone, & his virtues, & what is the best, p. 72.
(59) Ibid., Chapt. XXIII.
(60) Ibid., Infinite virtues of the pills, which are appropriate to the time of pestilence, Chapt.
XXVIII.
(61) Ibid., Recommendation of Garbo, Chapt. XXVIII., p. 95.
(62) Ibid., Letter of Manardo from Ferrara, p. 99.
Apparatus fontium
Mercati, Michele - Instruttione sopra la peste, di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo nella
quale si contengono i piu eletti & approuati rimedij, con molti nuoui e potenti secreti cosi da
preseruarsi come da curarsi. Aggiunteui tre altre instruttioni sopra i veleni occultamente
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
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ministrati podagra & paratifi ... - In Rome: appresso Vincentio Accolto. Rome, pp. 168, 1576;
Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N. progressive Catalogue: 56 Location: II
d 10;
“All’illustriss. & Eccellentiss. Sig. Iacopo Buoncompagno Governator Generale di Santa
Chiesa, Signor & patrone osservandissimo. Con Privilegij e Licenza de Superiori. Roma,
Appresso Vincenzo Accolto MDLXXVI”. (p. 2);
“RA le molte gratie, e favori, che da la Santità di N. Sig. ho ricevuto, mi fu di somma contentezza
quando S.B. mi confermò la cura della conservatione & accrescimento dell’horto de semplici,
per il gran desiderio, che è stato in me sempre, di pervenire col mezo delle fatiche, e di tale
commodità all’acquisto della vera cognitione delle qualità & virtù di molte herbe. Hora
conoscendomi in obligo di dar qualche saggio di corrispondenza al giudicio che si è fatto di me
in questa professione, incitato ancora dalla qualità del tempo, che porta seco remori e pericoli
di peste in diverse parti, & stimolato dal beneficio universale, al quale è sopra tutti altri intenta
la Santità sua” (p. 3);
(note: main) “Nomi delli autori che si citano nella presente opera: Abenzohar, Aegessipus,
Aimon Monachus, Albucasis, Aristoteles, Arnaldus de Villa nova, Avicenna, Averroes,
Dioscorides, Eusebius, Eutropius, Galeno, San Gregorio Papa, Hieronymus Fracastorius,
Hippocrates, Homerus, Ioannes de Concorregio, Menardus Ferrariensis, Matthiolus Senensis,
Mesue, Paolus Diaconus, Plato, Platearius, Plinius, Procopius, Serapio”, ecc. (p. 4);
“Tavola per alfabeto da trovar facilmente quello che nella presente opera si tratta” (p. 5);
“Istituttione sopra peste di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo. Ricercato dalla S.V. Illustriss.
Di instruzione, da preservarsi dalla peste, & da curarsi quando occorresse il bisogno, mi son
sforzato di soddisfare con quella più accurata diligentia & studio, che ha permesso la prestezza,
che mi è stata imposta da lei. La quale istuttione sarà distinta per maggiore chiarezza in tredici
capi più principali”.
“Nel primo si conterrà la definitione della peste. Nel secondo le considerazioni delle cagioni che
la producono. Nel terzo li segni che modificano la peste futura. Nel quarto, li segni della già
presente. Nel quinto, la cura preservativa da essa. Nel sesto il modo di preservarli con la
evacuazioni de gli umori, & in prima del sangue. Nel settimo, il modo di preservarli con li
rimedij resistenti alla pelle, & alla sua cagione, nell’ottavo (…)”.
Ficino, Marsilio - Contro alla peste. / Marsilio Ficino fiorentino. Insieme con Tommaso del
Garbo, Mengo da Faenza, & altri autori, e ricette sopra la medesima materia. Aggiuntoui di
nuouo vna Epistola dell'eccellente Giouanni Manardi da Ferrara, & vno Consiglio di Niccolo
de' Rainaldi da Sulmona, non piu stampati. Con due Tavole, una de i capitoli, l'altra delle cose
notabili. - Florence, pp. 144, 1576; Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N.
progressive Catalog: 51, Location: XI d 27;
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
13
“Tavola de’ capitoli contenuti nel consiglio di Marsilio Ficino, e Maestro Tommaso del Garbo
in materia della peste. Che cosa è pestilentia, Capitolo I, fa. I; Onde nasce la pestilentia, & oue
regna, II, 3; Come si distende la peste, & in quali persone, III, 5; De segni della peste, IIII, 7;
Come si conserva dalla peste per regola di vita, V, 9; Come si conserva dalla peste per modo
medicinale, VI, 16; Della cura secondo la fisica, VII, 28; Del cibare, & governo dell’infermo,
VIII, 42; Della cura per cerusia, IX, 50; (…) Impiastri temperati, XIIII, 56; Impiastri
temperatissimi, XV, 57; Per mitigare il dolore circa la postema, XVI, 58; Per far cadere la carne
trista della postema, XVII, 59; Per modificare la piaga, XVIII 60; Per rigenerare la carne
buona, XIX, 60; (…) Della cura secondo gli spagnuoli, & Catelani, XXI, 62; (…) Fuggi presto,
& lungi, & torna tardi, XXIII, 73; Chi sono quelli a cui bisogni piu di fuggire, che agli altri, &
che piu pericolo portino, I, 78; Che fuochi si dee fare, II, 78; (…) Di che si debbe annaffiare, &
sboffar la casa, & l’uomo lavarsi, IIII, 90; (…) Come si dee fare la fuffumigatione, VI, 81; Che
l’uomo si dee guardare da conversazione di troppa gente, VII, 81; Rimedio a chi usa, & visita
gli ammorbati, VIII, 82; (…) Che frutti si debbono usare, XII, 85; (…) Delle spetierie, XVII, 86;
(…) Di purgarsi il corpo e di trarre sangue, & rimedi contro alla replezione; XXI, 83; (…) Del
pomo, o vero palla che si debbe portare in mano per odorarla, XXVI, 92; Giulebbo che è da
usare quando è gran caldo, XXVII, 93; Virtù infinite delle pillule che sono appropriate al tempo
della pesti lentia, XXVIII, 93; Ricetta delle pillole, 94; Ricetta di Maestro Menga da Faenza, 95;
Ricetta di un lattouaro fatto nello Studio di Bologna, 96; (…) Tre nuovi rimedij contro la peste,
120”.
Table alphabetical order.
Select Bibliography
Holy Bible;
G. Boccaccio (1313-1375), Decameron;
M. Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63;
M. da Piazza, Historia Siculorum, XIII century;
M. A. Gratiolo di Salò, Speech on the plague, G. Polo,Venice 1576;
M. Mercati - Education above the plague, Vincentio Accolto, Rome 1576;
M. Ficino - Contro alla peste, Florance, 1576;
A. Dr Scobbis, Nuovo et universale theatro farmaceutico, Venice 1667;
B. F. Castiglione, Antidotario milanese, M. Maddius, Milan, 1698;
E. Chambers, Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, G. B. Pasquali, Venice, 1749;
Didenot - D’Alambert, Encyclopédie des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Paris 1751;
J. De Gorter, Medicinae compendium, J. Manfré, Pavia 1757;
A. Zulatti, Compendium of practical medicine, D. Deregni, Venice 1764;
A. Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827;
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
14
M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, G. Antonelli, Venice 1833;
A. Corradi, Annals of epidemics from early memories to 1850, Bologna 1865;
A. Bertarelli, Three centuries of life in Milan, U. Hoepli, Milano 1927;
A. Benedicenti, Patients, doctors and pharmacists, U. Hoepli, Milan 1951
G. Cosmacini The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999;
R. Villano, Arte e Storia della Farmacia, 1^ Ed. Selecta Medica, Pavia 2005; 2^ Ed. Cea
Zanichelli, Milan 2012.
_________________
Profilo sintetico dell’autore
“Non cercare di diventare un uomo di successo,
ma piuttosto un uomo di valore”
Albert Einstein
Nato nel 1960. Vive tra Roma e Torre Ann.ta. La moglie è biologa, farmacista,
assistente sociale e valente docente di Scienze nei Licei Classico e Scientifico statali; il
figlio è un brillante matematico universitario. Ruoli: General Manager Villano
International Business Team dal 2012, con attività in 16 ambiti di business, consulting
& service (tra cui: affari internazionali, immobiliare d’alta gamma, previdenza, edilizia e
restauro, import-export, alimentari, informatica, sanità, arte e cultura); Membro (dal 2013),
Associate Professor in History of Health Administration Pharmaceutical Department (dal 2014) e
Membro Onorario of Ruggero II University of Florida State (BR, Miami, Florida, USA, dal
2015); Trader (dal 1976), Trader operativo finanziario indipendente di borse e forex (dal 1983),
Cavaliere S.M.O. di Malta (dal 2002, presentato dal Cavaliere di Giustizia Fra’ Giorgio Maria
Castriota Scanderbeg, discendente dell’Eroe fondatore del Regno d’Albania); Presidente della
Fondazione sociosanitaria e umanitaria Chiron (dal 1985); Amministratore Unico Chiron Editore
(dal 2006). Accademie: Storia Arte Sanitaria-Ministero B.C. (2006), già pontificia Tiberina
)2009), Studi Melitensi (2002), Medical Tradition Smithsonian Institution-USA (2010),
International Society History Pharmacy, Acc. Italiana Storia Farmacia (2001), Società
Napoletana Storia Patria (2008), Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico (ad honorem, 2006).
Oltre 100 conferenze e chairman in decine di congressi. Collabora con importanti Riviste
nazionali e internazionali. È Advisory Board Member per l’Editore statunitense DPC, che
pubblica in oltre 150 nazioni. Studi: classici; laurea e abilitazione: Farmacia (1985); corsi
certificati di: Piante officinali, Tecniche cosmetiche, Sicurezza aziendale, Haccp, Storia, Dottrina
sociale Chiesa, Teologia. Lauree honoris causa: Scienze Umane e Sociali (2009); Storia e
Filosofia (2010); Scienze Comunicazione (2013); Diplomazia e Studi internazionali (2015).
Master h.c.: Science Medical Ethics (2010). È stato: autore, organizzatore e chairman Corso
Sicurezza per manager, ottenendo Alti Patronati di Capo dello Stato e ONU (2000), Consigliere
diplomatico Aerec dpt ENVA 2011-15, Segretario International Committee Biothecnologies
Wabt-Unesco 2008-13, membro World Academy Biomedical Technology (Unesco 2007-12), 11
anni in Comitato scientifico sicurezza sanitaria di IBD (azienda responsabile sicurezza Tribunali
Corte Appello Napoli), CdA Fondazione Beaumont Onlus ricerche su cancro presieduta dal
condidato al Nobel Tarro e con il Prefetto Napoli (2011-12), Accademico Europeo per le
Relazioni Economiche e Culturali 2004-2015. Per 32 anni socio e titolare di un’importante
farmacia, fino al 2010. Socio dal 1990, Segretario a 29 anni 1990-95 (tra i più giovani d’Italia),
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
15
Presidente 2000-01 Rotary Club Pompei-Vesuvio, 14 anni Delegato dei Governors per Archivio
Distretto 2100-Italia (oltre 3.000 rotariani e ca 80 Club) e presso I.C.R. per Rotary Italia; in
Comm.ni Italia: Etica professionale, Azione Mondiale, Informatica; tra i molti ruoli
internazionali: archeologia Pompei-Cartagine; Comitato Premio Magna Grecia; autore e
presentatore al Consiglio Mondiale di Legislazione del Rotary della Proposta di istituzione
Giornata internazionale a tutela della Vita (2001-04). Dal 1986 al 1990 Presidente a Napoli,
coordinatore nazionale e fondatore Federazione Giovani Farmacisti; Rappresentante nazionale
Sindacato Federativo. Assist. Prof. Microbiologia Fac. F.cia Na (1985-90, Cattedra Prof. Lembo-
Ist. Sup. Sanità). Membro Gruppo internaz. di Studio ISHP Storia Farmacopee (Univ. Berna,
2012-13). Nell’ambito degli eventi “World no-tobacco day”, ha partecipato a varie iniziative
presso il Ministero della Salute. Proponente e padrino di vari Soci Onorari, tra cui: Arciv. di
Pompei Mons. Francesco Saverio Toppi, dal 2013 Servo di Dio in Causa di Beatificazione e
Canonizzazione (Rotary, 1992); Dino De Laurentiis (proposto nel 2000), produttore
cinematografico di Hollywood e Premio Oscar alla carriera (Rotary, 2001); Antonio Greco,
Presidente Tribunale TA (Rotary, 2000); Giulio Tarro, virologo Candidato al Premio Nobel per
la Medicina 2000 e 2015 (Asas, 2011); Gianni Rivera, Vice Campione del Mondo di Calcio
(Aerec, 2012); Patrizio Polisca, già aiutante dei medici di Paolo VI e Giovanni Paolo II e Medico
del Papa con Benedetto XVI e Francesco e Direttore Sanitario del Vaticano; Gualtiero Ricciardi,
Presidente Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Premi internazionali: Diploma d’Onore per Servizi
eccezionali a titolo individuale nelle 5 Vie di Azione da Presidente Rotary International
(Evanston 2001: solo 100/anno/1,5 mln soci); Benemerenza Anticrimine-Task Force Rotary
Italia, Albania, ex-Jugoslavia, S. Marino (Zurigo 2001); Sapientia Mundi-Etica (Rm 2008);
Unione Legion d’Oro-Lavoro (Rm 2010); Veritas in Charitate-Religione (2011); Bonifaciano-
Cultura e Società (2011); Norman Ac.-Editoria Medaglia aurata (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità
Galeno (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità 2^ ed. Galeno (Rm 2015); Norman Ac.-Arte fotografica
Medaglia aurata (Rm 2015). Premi nazionali: Aesculapius-Sanità Patroc. Presidenza Consiglio
Ministri (Rm 1987); LXVIII Piccinini Asas-Mi.BAC-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2006);
LXV Stramezzi-Sanità (Rm 2007); Capitolino-Attività umanitaria (Rm 2010); Tiberino- Cultura
(Rm 2012); LXXIV Serono-Storia e Letteratura (Rm 2012), Aerec-Cultura (Rm 2013);
Benemerenza al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2013): solo 269 dal 1800; Tiberino-Scienza
(Rm 2014); LXXIV Piccinini Asas-Mi.BACT-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2014); Medaglia
d’Argento al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2016); Speciale Asas-Mi.BACT-Studi storici in
scienze biomediche e farmaceutiche (Rm 2016). Autore di un’ampia e qualificata produzione
letteraria che ammonta a oltre 790 pubblicazioni sanitarie, professionali, scientifiche, storiche,
religiose, artistiche, di cui gran parte su riviste dotate di revisione critica, indexate e con impact
factor; oltre 50 libri (di cui 14 con complessive 35 edizioni e 19 ristampe, numerosi tradotti
anche in inglese, francese, tedesco e spagnolo) con editori prestigiosi come Zanichelli, con
patrocini da Ministero Beni Culturali, Unesco, Rotary, Università, ecc., recensiti da Testate di
rilievo nazionale, presenti in oltre 120 Biblioteche italiane (tra cui: Quirinale, Accademia
Nazionale Scienze, Ministeri) e in oltre 40 Nazioni (tra cui: National Institute Health-USA,
Nationale de France, Congress UK), in Istituti di Cultura, Università, Musei. Alla Fiera di
Francoforte ha debuttato un suo libro. Oltre 80 opere multimediali (in varie lingue e più
edizioni e ristampe ) spesso di notevole pregio e pubblicate con editori e patrocini prestigiosi (tra
cui Bayer S.p.A.). Cataloghi: Library of Congress UK Authority (NACO); Bibliothèque
nationale de France; Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Library of National Institutes of Health
(NIH) U.S.A.; Biblioteca Magistrale S.M. Ordine di Malta; Biblioteca della Fondazione Vaticana
Joseph Ratzinger-Benedetto XVI; 2000 Outstanding Intellectuals IBC-Cambridge UK dal 2010;
Opac Sbn con oltre 200 opere; Scheda di Autorità Ministero BAC. Vari libri hanno
apprezzamenti da autorità istituzionali, tra cui alcuni regnanti europei e più volte il Capo dello
Stato e il Santo Padre.
R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century
16
* * *
Alcuni libri: Società globale informazione, 1996; Rotary per l’Uomo, 2001; Gestione sicurezza
in Farmacia (pres. Dr. Renzulli, già Consulente Sicurezza all’ONU, 2004); Arte e storia
Farmacia (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Presid. International Society History Pharmacy, 2 ediz.,
2006); Storia e attività del SMOM (4 ediz., 2007); Meridiani farmaceutici tra etica laica e
morale cattolica (pres. Prof. Tarro, Comm. Naz.le Bioetica, 3 ediz., 2008); Thesaurus
Pharmacologicus (pres. Presid. Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Mandelli 2009); Tempo scolpito in
silenzio eternità. Riflessioni su indagine diacronica per memoria homo faber (pres. eminenti
storico Fra’ von Lobstein e critico Prof. Carosella, 6 rist., 2010); Attività farmaceutiche Regno di
Napoli (pres.: Presid. Acc. It. Storia Farmacia Dr. Corvi, 2010); Logos e teofania nel tempo
digitale (pres. Mons. Trafny, Presid. Dpt Scienza-Fede Pontificio Consiglio Cultura, 2012);
Aspetti religiosi e dimensione ecclesiale SMOM (2013); Musei di farmacia: eco del passato per
un riscatto futuro (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Direttore Biblioteca Svizzera, 2015); Fotografie -
circa 200 sue opere, selezionate per temi filosofici e creativi tra quelle realizzate in oltre 40 anni
(2015). Tra i multimedia: Cenni arte e storia farmacia (patroc. AISF, 2002); Influenza A/H1N1
(patroc. Unesco, 2009).
“Ho imparato così tanto da voi, Uomini…
Ho imparato che ognuno vuole vivere sulla cima della montagna,
senza sapere che la vera felicità sta nel come questa montagna è stata scalata”
Gabriel Garcia Marquez

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R. Villano-PLAGUE IN ITALY-Historical epidemiological Italian notes

  • 1. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 1 Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century Premise, outline global epidemiological and historical epidemiological Italian notes Raimondo Villano “That’s evil that everywhere terror Maale that the heavens in his fury He invented to punish the crimes of the earth” Diderot et D’Alembert Encyclopedia of the Sciences, the Arts and Crafts Paris (1751)
  • 2. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 2 « When is the memory to lose something, as happens when we forget and try to remember, where ever we try, if not to the same memory? And it is there that, if by chance you come to a different thing, reject it, until it happens that we seek. And when it happens, we say: "Is this," neither would say so without recognizing it, nor would recognize without a reminder. So, and we were really forgotten. Or maybe there was no fall in full by the mind and we, with the part that we kept, we went in search of the other party as if the memory, feeling not develop all at once what he used to remember together, and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the missing part and limp, so to speak, with a stump of habit, call upon the return of the missing part? ». St. Augustine Keywords Plague - Italy - Middle Ages. Abstract Starting from a historical chronology, pathological, epidemiological, demographic, sociological and literary plague, we describe the conditions and environment of physicians and apothecaries, we examine the protocols of prophylaxis and make a reconnaissance of the main drugs used for prevention and treatment , coming to examine in detail some of the most important works in this subject and date (XVII century) compared to the epidemic periods considered, the pre-eminent precepts clinical treatment protocols, dietary prescriptions, the composition of medicines and the most important processes for their preparation, setting the stage for various lines of comparative analysis. Chronology From the twelfth century in Europe there is an epidemic of plague more or less severe on average every 10-15 years; 1333: Asian contagion spreads to India and affects the Crimea, the Black Sea and other areas of Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt;
  • 3. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 3 1346-53: pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe to Scandinavia, with peaks in the Mediterranean countries; October 12 1347: twelve Genoese galleys coming from Caffa in the Crimea, which was besieged for three years by the Tartars, arrive in Messina on board with sailors dead or dying infected died of the plague as projectiles thrown over the walls of the city; 1348: with severe pandemic spread in the Netherlands, England, Germany, Poland and Russia; after 1348 : the plague is still endemic in Italy; 1353 in extinction on the shores of the Black Sea, point of origin. After 1350 in Europe remains endemic, reappearing periodically at intervals of about ten years in the individual regions. In the second half of the fourteenth century: the plague occurs 5 times in Italy in epidemic form. Twenty years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in epidemic form. Seventy years of the fifteenth century: the plague occurs 2 times in Italy in epidemic form. 1537: ceases cyclical epidemic of the plague; 1630: outbreak in northern Italy, with a peak at Milan; seventeenth century: plague occurs 2 times in Italy as an epidemic; 1647: the pandemic in the Maghreb and Europe; 1649: pandemic Naples; 1656: pandemic in Rome; Half eighteenth century: the plague left the European continent.
  • 4. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 4 ToggenburgBible,RepresentationofthePlague(1411). Premise The oldest known outbreak of plague in history (ca. 1490 BC, the year of the world 2513, or 1600 BC according to others) could be the biblical episode in which “the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh, and I will smite all the 'Egypt with the plague of pestilence(1) ” and the terrible epidemic invades the country. Shortly after
  • 5. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 5 the epidemic is described by Ovid(2) , which reached Greece from Egypt and Ethiopia. The first plague of Italy, narrated by Dionysius, dates from the year 2778 of the world. “This disease is born in the year 541 in Ethiopia, and, according to others, in Egypt, a year after moving to Constantinople, then to Italy, in Spains and Gauls and even in England, he touched almost all the then known world, and repeatedly raged for over fifty years, not forgiving anyone, by slaughter of men wherever they were(3) ”. In Constantinople in acute epidemic kills over ten thousand people for day. Outline Global Epidemiological In 1333 in Asia, spreading to India but also affects other areas of the Crimea and the Black Sea on one side and Mesopotamia, Arabia and Egypt on the other hand; arrived in Italy in 1347; spreads in Holland, England, Germany, Poland and Russia to become extinct in 1353 on the shores of the Black Sea, point of origin, probably for the survivors of 20 years before now immunized. There are a disaster socio- economic and demographic crisis. In 1647 “a vessel full of leather and other skins, from Algiers brought the plague in Valencia”:
  • 6. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 6 PlagueofAzoth(oiloncanvas,1630). the disease develops into the city from the shoemakers and in 4 months there are about 20,000 deaths of about 40,000 inhabitants(4) . The black death reaches unstoppable other cities invading in a few months the whole of Spain, including the islands of Majorca and Minorca; in 1649 the plague has spread
  • 7. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 7 throughout Provence and furiously produced in Marseille a massacre among the most severe in history. Historical epidemiological Italian notes Not to mention leprosy, a disease known since ancient times and most of which is already talk in the Bible, the pathologies that most frequently cause deaths are: malaria, your shingles, variola, typhus, scurvy, and especially plague bubonic. It should be clarified, however, that the word pestilence to any kind of plague epidemic disease diffusible quickly, even for reasons other than infection itself (poisoning , food shortages...). To explain these die-offs the medieval epidemiology uses natural and supernatural interpretations: the most widespread opinion is the presence in the air of harmful vapors containing a pestilent poison, another hypothesis is that gigantic fires in the East that produce poisonous fumes, or the disease coming from the bowels of the earth or the sky due to malignant astral conjunctions. Then there are those who think the poisoning of wells by Jews and lepers, so as unleashing real persecution, especially in France (the belief that remains rooted in history giving rise to rumors on the ‘spreaders’ in successive epidemics). The contagion of 1348 is violent in Italy but spread throughout Europe rampage for three years, followed by a ten-year cyclicity endemic regional with massive damage and loss of at least a quarter of the population(5) . In particular, after the severe pandemic of 1348 the plague is still endemic in Italy, occurring in epidemic form five times in the second half of the fourteenth century, twice in the twenties and two in the seventies of the fifteenth century, twice in the sixteenth century and, finally, twice in the seventeenth century. The ships that arrive in Messina have their holds full of Russian grain they eat hundreds of mouses blacks contaminators whose fur is ideal microclimate for millions of fleas Indian pestiferous of type Xenopsylla cheopis. The mouses blacks, especially the dying, go outside to look for light and their fleas take root in humans that is suitable habitat for clothes, dirt(6) and body heat. Rats and fleas are also physiologically
  • 8. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 8 integrated to the metabolism of the city hygienically precarious between anabolism of the granaries and catabolism of the sewers, open drains and stagnant excremental sewage in the streets. The epidemic of 1630 devastated northern Italy, especially Milan. From time immemorial the plague is considered holy terror, so it is exorcised by mediation of Saints, such as San Rocco, or Madonna: the epidemic, therefore, quickly spreads by contagion as a factor having also the numerous propitiatroy functions in places of worship or public crowded with people. “The plague that the court of health had feared he could enter with the German gangs in Milan, there really was (...). In late March , they began , first in eastern Gate , then in every neighborhood of the city, take frequent buboes; deaths, with accidents strange of spasms, palpitations, lethargy, delirium, with the fatal bruises and swellings; mostly dead fast, violent, often sudden, without any prior indication of illness. (...) Since that day, the fury of the contagion went always growing: in a short time, there was almost no house untouched, in a short time the lazaret (...) increased from two thousand to twelve thousand; later, according to almost everyone came up to sixteen. On July 4 , as I find in another letter to the Governor of the Conservatories of Health, the daily mortality exceeded five hundred. Later, at the peak, arrived, according to the most common calculation , a thousand two hundred, fifteen hundred; and more than three thousand five, if we are believe to Tadino(7) ”. In 1649 from the port of Marseille, thanks to its natural vectors (fleas of mouses) a epidemic arrives in Sardinia, where the viceroy of Naples, Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera order exceptional security measures in ports and roads. From the island the plague arrived in Naples, already in serious conditions of hygiene and health, although it is active the port of Mandracchio, designed to operate in a capillary customs controls on goods in transit , “during the night the sailors seek pleasure to Lavinaio on pallets of women exchanging hugs and paying fleas naturally with infected goods. Disembark from the holds full of grain big mouses that find refuge in the sewers and new food in the trash... (8) ”. On June 9, 1656 a Neapolitan mariner at an guest-house in Trastevere falls ill and, was admitted to
  • 9. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 9 the hospital St. John, dies. Five days after the landlady and her daughter died with signs of plague and so the next day the landlord. Pope Alexander VII, without waiting the official medical response, order the litanies in the churches and cancel the procession of Corpus Domini in order to avoid contagion. In addition, he makes put gates at the crossing points of the Lungara and squares of Trastevere, guarded by armed guards with orders to shoot on sight to those who try to enter or exit. On June 18, with a another dead this time for declared cause of plague, have closed the doors of the Ghetto and are reserving the transit only to 14 Jews for supplies(9) . Index Keiwords 11 Abstract 11 Chronology 15 Premise 17 Outline Global Epidemiological 17 Historical epidemiological Italian notes 19 Historical and literary notes of medical pathology 22 Historical notes sociological and demographic 23 1. Introduction 28 2. Conditions of physicians and apothecaries 30 3. Prophylaxis protocols 36 4. Substances for treatments of environments 44 5. Fragrant preparations 44 6. Therapies 45 7. Therapies for less well‐off 48 8. Phlebotomy 48 9. Insights on the treaty “Instruttione sopra la peste” by M. Michele Mercati 50 10. Insights on the treaty “Contro alla peste” by Marsilio Ficino 56 Notes 63 Apparatus fontium 65 Select bibliography 67 Synthetic profile of the author 68 _________________ Notes (1) Holy Bible, Exodus, IX. (2) Ovidio, Metamorphosis, IX. (3) M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, 1833.
  • 10. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 10 (4) Pascale Bindio, “Naples in 1656: namely, Documents of the plague that desolated Naples in 1656”, 1867. (5) Up to 1537 epidemics have cyclical recurrence. (6) Giorgio Cosmacini, The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999, p. 211. (7) Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827. (8) Salvatore Argenziano-Aniello Langella, The plague of 1656 in Naples. Clipboard history, health, religious and curiosity, Vesuvioweb, 2012. (9) Rif.: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica, June 9, 2013; (10) Michele da Piazza, Historia Siculorum. (11) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351. (12) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid.. (13) Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino, Board of Marsilio Ficino Fiorentino against the pestilence, What is pestilentia, Chapter I, p. 1, Florence, 1576. (14) Petrus Michael Gagna, De peste tractatus historico-medicus Latino, ac Italico idiomate descriptus, 1715. (15) Resulting from the Poll-tax. (16) Giorgio Cosmacini, Ibid., p. 206. (17) Armando Sapori, Tools, The medieval mercantile, 1972. (18) Lopez. (19) Pietro Giannone, Civil History of the Kingdom of Naples, Book XXXVII, Chapter. 6. (20) “If we are to believe the Tadino. Which states that for accuracies made, after the plague, the population of Milan found himself reduced to little more than sixty thousand souls, and before that he had two hundred and fifty thousand”. (21) Carlo Celano (1625–1693), News of the beautiful, ancient and curious of the city of Naples for the gentlemen strangers given by the canonical split in ten days: "(...) Naples is one of the most populose cities in Europe. Suffice it to say that in the year 1656 were killed by the plague four hundred and fifty thousand people ... In the year 1656 it was then very inauspicious our poor city (deceived by their confidence) murdered by a fierce plague, which kills in just six months, with indescribable horror if not by those who saw it (like me), four hundred fifty-four thousand people, for the count at that time you could do roughly”. (22) “It did not sound bells, and not crying person, for whatever reason, that almost every person waiting for death, and it was going on, because people believed that no one would survive, and many people believed, and said this is the end of World” (Agnolo di Tura). (23) “And immediately I saw what appeared a pale horse, and he that was over there had a name, Death, and Hell followed her. And they were given authority over one-fourth of the earth to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death” (Apocalypse, 6, 8). (24) Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1351. (25) Matteo Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63. (26) Canon Giovanni of Parma. (27) Marchionne di Coppo Stefani, Florentine chronicler. (28) Ensure the cleanliness of the city, on food, on hotels, cemeteries, Lazarets health of prostitutes, hospitals (only for the strictly medical and non-administrative, pertaining to the judiciary of the Superintendents of Hospitals and Holy Places), freshness and healthiness of the water contained in the public cisterns; count births and deaths; guard ships and goods in transit. (29) Recommendation of Tommaso del Garbo Fiorentino against the plague: When & how much in place you must escape; Order to escape. In: Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, 1576, p. 77 and the following. (30) Giovan Agostino Contardo, The way to preserve and heal from the plague, 1576.
  • 11. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 11 (31) Jean Manget, Treatise on the Plague, Journal of a Doctor - written during the plague of Nijmegen (1637), published in 1721. (32) This concept will disappear only in the nineteenth century with the discovery of microbes. (33) www.veneziamuseo.it, Most Serene Republic, Judiciary sottopregadi second Locho, the supervisors over health care, 2013. (34) Re: Claudio Rendina, Here comes the plague. Horror in the Urbe of ‘600, La Repubblica, June 9, 2013; (35) Prammatica number 12 article 15 of Viceroy Don Garcia de Avellaneda y Haro (1649). (36) Jean Manget, Ibid. (37) Jean Manget, Ibid. (38) M. Michele Mercati, Education above the plague, The plague preserve mode with the evacuation of the humors, and before the blood, Chapter VI, p. 28; (39) Ibid, p. 28 e segg. (40) Ibid., How and when to take the emerald, p. 55. (41) Ibid., Instruttione, p. 56. (42) Ibid, pp. 33-34. (43) Ibid, p. 34. (44) Ibid, pp. 37-38. (45) Ibid, cap. VIII. (46) Ibid, Above the plague, Smells, p.63. (47) Ibid, p. 60. (48) Ibid, p. 64. (49) Ibid., Instruction on poisons, p. 90 e segg. (50) Marsilio Ficino, Against the plague, the most Learned Manardo Letter from Ferrara, where he teaches good order with the real way to preserve, & heal from the plague, with many brave drugs he tried; translated from the Latin language in Tuscan, by M. Niccolò Lorenzini Medical Politiano, p. 97. (51) Ibid, Against the plague, p. 67. (52) Ibid., Chapt. XIIII, p. 56. (53) Ibid., Chapt. XIV, p. 57. (54) Ibid., Chapt. XVI, p. 58. (55) Ibid., Chapt. XVII. (56) Ibid., Della conservazione di chi governa gli infermi, Chapter XXII, pp. and the following. (57) Ibid., p. 69. (58) Ibid., Bezahar stone, & his virtues, & what is the best, p. 72. (59) Ibid., Chapt. XXIII. (60) Ibid., Infinite virtues of the pills, which are appropriate to the time of pestilence, Chapt. XXVIII. (61) Ibid., Recommendation of Garbo, Chapt. XXVIII., p. 95. (62) Ibid., Letter of Manardo from Ferrara, p. 99. Apparatus fontium Mercati, Michele - Instruttione sopra la peste, di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo nella quale si contengono i piu eletti & approuati rimedij, con molti nuoui e potenti secreti cosi da preseruarsi come da curarsi. Aggiunteui tre altre instruttioni sopra i veleni occultamente
  • 12. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 12 ministrati podagra & paratifi ... - In Rome: appresso Vincentio Accolto. Rome, pp. 168, 1576; Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N. progressive Catalogue: 56 Location: II d 10; “All’illustriss. & Eccellentiss. Sig. Iacopo Buoncompagno Governator Generale di Santa Chiesa, Signor & patrone osservandissimo. Con Privilegij e Licenza de Superiori. Roma, Appresso Vincenzo Accolto MDLXXVI”. (p. 2); “RA le molte gratie, e favori, che da la Santità di N. Sig. ho ricevuto, mi fu di somma contentezza quando S.B. mi confermò la cura della conservatione & accrescimento dell’horto de semplici, per il gran desiderio, che è stato in me sempre, di pervenire col mezo delle fatiche, e di tale commodità all’acquisto della vera cognitione delle qualità & virtù di molte herbe. Hora conoscendomi in obligo di dar qualche saggio di corrispondenza al giudicio che si è fatto di me in questa professione, incitato ancora dalla qualità del tempo, che porta seco remori e pericoli di peste in diverse parti, & stimolato dal beneficio universale, al quale è sopra tutti altri intenta la Santità sua” (p. 3); (note: main) “Nomi delli autori che si citano nella presente opera: Abenzohar, Aegessipus, Aimon Monachus, Albucasis, Aristoteles, Arnaldus de Villa nova, Avicenna, Averroes, Dioscorides, Eusebius, Eutropius, Galeno, San Gregorio Papa, Hieronymus Fracastorius, Hippocrates, Homerus, Ioannes de Concorregio, Menardus Ferrariensis, Matthiolus Senensis, Mesue, Paolus Diaconus, Plato, Platearius, Plinius, Procopius, Serapio”, ecc. (p. 4); “Tavola per alfabeto da trovar facilmente quello che nella presente opera si tratta” (p. 5); “Istituttione sopra peste di M. Michele Mercati medico e filosofo. Ricercato dalla S.V. Illustriss. Di instruzione, da preservarsi dalla peste, & da curarsi quando occorresse il bisogno, mi son sforzato di soddisfare con quella più accurata diligentia & studio, che ha permesso la prestezza, che mi è stata imposta da lei. La quale istuttione sarà distinta per maggiore chiarezza in tredici capi più principali”. “Nel primo si conterrà la definitione della peste. Nel secondo le considerazioni delle cagioni che la producono. Nel terzo li segni che modificano la peste futura. Nel quarto, li segni della già presente. Nel quinto, la cura preservativa da essa. Nel sesto il modo di preservarli con la evacuazioni de gli umori, & in prima del sangue. Nel settimo, il modo di preservarli con li rimedij resistenti alla pelle, & alla sua cagione, nell’ottavo (…)”. Ficino, Marsilio - Contro alla peste. / Marsilio Ficino fiorentino. Insieme con Tommaso del Garbo, Mengo da Faenza, & altri autori, e ricette sopra la medesima materia. Aggiuntoui di nuouo vna Epistola dell'eccellente Giouanni Manardi da Ferrara, & vno Consiglio di Niccolo de' Rainaldi da Sulmona, non piu stampati. Con due Tavole, una de i capitoli, l'altra delle cose notabili. - Florence, pp. 144, 1576; Rome, Lancisiana Academy, Library, Cinquecentine, N. progressive Catalog: 51, Location: XI d 27;
  • 13. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 13 “Tavola de’ capitoli contenuti nel consiglio di Marsilio Ficino, e Maestro Tommaso del Garbo in materia della peste. Che cosa è pestilentia, Capitolo I, fa. I; Onde nasce la pestilentia, & oue regna, II, 3; Come si distende la peste, & in quali persone, III, 5; De segni della peste, IIII, 7; Come si conserva dalla peste per regola di vita, V, 9; Come si conserva dalla peste per modo medicinale, VI, 16; Della cura secondo la fisica, VII, 28; Del cibare, & governo dell’infermo, VIII, 42; Della cura per cerusia, IX, 50; (…) Impiastri temperati, XIIII, 56; Impiastri temperatissimi, XV, 57; Per mitigare il dolore circa la postema, XVI, 58; Per far cadere la carne trista della postema, XVII, 59; Per modificare la piaga, XVIII 60; Per rigenerare la carne buona, XIX, 60; (…) Della cura secondo gli spagnuoli, & Catelani, XXI, 62; (…) Fuggi presto, & lungi, & torna tardi, XXIII, 73; Chi sono quelli a cui bisogni piu di fuggire, che agli altri, & che piu pericolo portino, I, 78; Che fuochi si dee fare, II, 78; (…) Di che si debbe annaffiare, & sboffar la casa, & l’uomo lavarsi, IIII, 90; (…) Come si dee fare la fuffumigatione, VI, 81; Che l’uomo si dee guardare da conversazione di troppa gente, VII, 81; Rimedio a chi usa, & visita gli ammorbati, VIII, 82; (…) Che frutti si debbono usare, XII, 85; (…) Delle spetierie, XVII, 86; (…) Di purgarsi il corpo e di trarre sangue, & rimedi contro alla replezione; XXI, 83; (…) Del pomo, o vero palla che si debbe portare in mano per odorarla, XXVI, 92; Giulebbo che è da usare quando è gran caldo, XXVII, 93; Virtù infinite delle pillule che sono appropriate al tempo della pesti lentia, XXVIII, 93; Ricetta delle pillole, 94; Ricetta di Maestro Menga da Faenza, 95; Ricetta di un lattouaro fatto nello Studio di Bologna, 96; (…) Tre nuovi rimedij contro la peste, 120”. Table alphabetical order. Select Bibliography Holy Bible; G. Boccaccio (1313-1375), Decameron; M. Villani, Nova Cronica, 1348-63; M. da Piazza, Historia Siculorum, XIII century; M. A. Gratiolo di Salò, Speech on the plague, G. Polo,Venice 1576; M. Mercati - Education above the plague, Vincentio Accolto, Rome 1576; M. Ficino - Contro alla peste, Florance, 1576; A. Dr Scobbis, Nuovo et universale theatro farmaceutico, Venice 1667; B. F. Castiglione, Antidotario milanese, M. Maddius, Milan, 1698; E. Chambers, Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, G. B. Pasquali, Venice, 1749; Didenot - D’Alambert, Encyclopédie des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Paris 1751; J. De Gorter, Medicinae compendium, J. Manfré, Pavia 1757; A. Zulatti, Compendium of practical medicine, D. Deregni, Venice 1764; A. Manzoni, I promessi sposi, 1827;
  • 14. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 14 M. G. Levi, Dictionary of Medicine and Surgery, G. Antonelli, Venice 1833; A. Corradi, Annals of epidemics from early memories to 1850, Bologna 1865; A. Bertarelli, Three centuries of life in Milan, U. Hoepli, Milano 1927; A. Benedicenti, Patients, doctors and pharmacists, U. Hoepli, Milan 1951 G. Cosmacini The Art of Long, Laterza, 1999; R. Villano, Arte e Storia della Farmacia, 1^ Ed. Selecta Medica, Pavia 2005; 2^ Ed. Cea Zanichelli, Milan 2012. _________________ Profilo sintetico dell’autore “Non cercare di diventare un uomo di successo, ma piuttosto un uomo di valore” Albert Einstein Nato nel 1960. Vive tra Roma e Torre Ann.ta. La moglie è biologa, farmacista, assistente sociale e valente docente di Scienze nei Licei Classico e Scientifico statali; il figlio è un brillante matematico universitario. Ruoli: General Manager Villano International Business Team dal 2012, con attività in 16 ambiti di business, consulting & service (tra cui: affari internazionali, immobiliare d’alta gamma, previdenza, edilizia e restauro, import-export, alimentari, informatica, sanità, arte e cultura); Membro (dal 2013), Associate Professor in History of Health Administration Pharmaceutical Department (dal 2014) e Membro Onorario of Ruggero II University of Florida State (BR, Miami, Florida, USA, dal 2015); Trader (dal 1976), Trader operativo finanziario indipendente di borse e forex (dal 1983), Cavaliere S.M.O. di Malta (dal 2002, presentato dal Cavaliere di Giustizia Fra’ Giorgio Maria Castriota Scanderbeg, discendente dell’Eroe fondatore del Regno d’Albania); Presidente della Fondazione sociosanitaria e umanitaria Chiron (dal 1985); Amministratore Unico Chiron Editore (dal 2006). Accademie: Storia Arte Sanitaria-Ministero B.C. (2006), già pontificia Tiberina )2009), Studi Melitensi (2002), Medical Tradition Smithsonian Institution-USA (2010), International Society History Pharmacy, Acc. Italiana Storia Farmacia (2001), Società Napoletana Storia Patria (2008), Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico (ad honorem, 2006). Oltre 100 conferenze e chairman in decine di congressi. Collabora con importanti Riviste nazionali e internazionali. È Advisory Board Member per l’Editore statunitense DPC, che pubblica in oltre 150 nazioni. Studi: classici; laurea e abilitazione: Farmacia (1985); corsi certificati di: Piante officinali, Tecniche cosmetiche, Sicurezza aziendale, Haccp, Storia, Dottrina sociale Chiesa, Teologia. Lauree honoris causa: Scienze Umane e Sociali (2009); Storia e Filosofia (2010); Scienze Comunicazione (2013); Diplomazia e Studi internazionali (2015). Master h.c.: Science Medical Ethics (2010). È stato: autore, organizzatore e chairman Corso Sicurezza per manager, ottenendo Alti Patronati di Capo dello Stato e ONU (2000), Consigliere diplomatico Aerec dpt ENVA 2011-15, Segretario International Committee Biothecnologies Wabt-Unesco 2008-13, membro World Academy Biomedical Technology (Unesco 2007-12), 11 anni in Comitato scientifico sicurezza sanitaria di IBD (azienda responsabile sicurezza Tribunali Corte Appello Napoli), CdA Fondazione Beaumont Onlus ricerche su cancro presieduta dal condidato al Nobel Tarro e con il Prefetto Napoli (2011-12), Accademico Europeo per le Relazioni Economiche e Culturali 2004-2015. Per 32 anni socio e titolare di un’importante farmacia, fino al 2010. Socio dal 1990, Segretario a 29 anni 1990-95 (tra i più giovani d’Italia),
  • 15. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 15 Presidente 2000-01 Rotary Club Pompei-Vesuvio, 14 anni Delegato dei Governors per Archivio Distretto 2100-Italia (oltre 3.000 rotariani e ca 80 Club) e presso I.C.R. per Rotary Italia; in Comm.ni Italia: Etica professionale, Azione Mondiale, Informatica; tra i molti ruoli internazionali: archeologia Pompei-Cartagine; Comitato Premio Magna Grecia; autore e presentatore al Consiglio Mondiale di Legislazione del Rotary della Proposta di istituzione Giornata internazionale a tutela della Vita (2001-04). Dal 1986 al 1990 Presidente a Napoli, coordinatore nazionale e fondatore Federazione Giovani Farmacisti; Rappresentante nazionale Sindacato Federativo. Assist. Prof. Microbiologia Fac. F.cia Na (1985-90, Cattedra Prof. Lembo- Ist. Sup. Sanità). Membro Gruppo internaz. di Studio ISHP Storia Farmacopee (Univ. Berna, 2012-13). Nell’ambito degli eventi “World no-tobacco day”, ha partecipato a varie iniziative presso il Ministero della Salute. Proponente e padrino di vari Soci Onorari, tra cui: Arciv. di Pompei Mons. Francesco Saverio Toppi, dal 2013 Servo di Dio in Causa di Beatificazione e Canonizzazione (Rotary, 1992); Dino De Laurentiis (proposto nel 2000), produttore cinematografico di Hollywood e Premio Oscar alla carriera (Rotary, 2001); Antonio Greco, Presidente Tribunale TA (Rotary, 2000); Giulio Tarro, virologo Candidato al Premio Nobel per la Medicina 2000 e 2015 (Asas, 2011); Gianni Rivera, Vice Campione del Mondo di Calcio (Aerec, 2012); Patrizio Polisca, già aiutante dei medici di Paolo VI e Giovanni Paolo II e Medico del Papa con Benedetto XVI e Francesco e Direttore Sanitario del Vaticano; Gualtiero Ricciardi, Presidente Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Premi internazionali: Diploma d’Onore per Servizi eccezionali a titolo individuale nelle 5 Vie di Azione da Presidente Rotary International (Evanston 2001: solo 100/anno/1,5 mln soci); Benemerenza Anticrimine-Task Force Rotary Italia, Albania, ex-Jugoslavia, S. Marino (Zurigo 2001); Sapientia Mundi-Etica (Rm 2008); Unione Legion d’Oro-Lavoro (Rm 2010); Veritas in Charitate-Religione (2011); Bonifaciano- Cultura e Società (2011); Norman Ac.-Editoria Medaglia aurata (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità Galeno (Rm 2014); Norman Ac.-Sanità 2^ ed. Galeno (Rm 2015); Norman Ac.-Arte fotografica Medaglia aurata (Rm 2015). Premi nazionali: Aesculapius-Sanità Patroc. Presidenza Consiglio Ministri (Rm 1987); LXVIII Piccinini Asas-Mi.BAC-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2006); LXV Stramezzi-Sanità (Rm 2007); Capitolino-Attività umanitaria (Rm 2010); Tiberino- Cultura (Rm 2012); LXXIV Serono-Storia e Letteratura (Rm 2012), Aerec-Cultura (Rm 2013); Benemerenza al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2013): solo 269 dal 1800; Tiberino-Scienza (Rm 2014); LXXIV Piccinini Asas-Mi.BACT-Ricerca storico-scientifica (Rm 2014); Medaglia d’Argento al merito Sanità pubblica (Roma, DPR 2016); Speciale Asas-Mi.BACT-Studi storici in scienze biomediche e farmaceutiche (Rm 2016). Autore di un’ampia e qualificata produzione letteraria che ammonta a oltre 790 pubblicazioni sanitarie, professionali, scientifiche, storiche, religiose, artistiche, di cui gran parte su riviste dotate di revisione critica, indexate e con impact factor; oltre 50 libri (di cui 14 con complessive 35 edizioni e 19 ristampe, numerosi tradotti anche in inglese, francese, tedesco e spagnolo) con editori prestigiosi come Zanichelli, con patrocini da Ministero Beni Culturali, Unesco, Rotary, Università, ecc., recensiti da Testate di rilievo nazionale, presenti in oltre 120 Biblioteche italiane (tra cui: Quirinale, Accademia Nazionale Scienze, Ministeri) e in oltre 40 Nazioni (tra cui: National Institute Health-USA, Nationale de France, Congress UK), in Istituti di Cultura, Università, Musei. Alla Fiera di Francoforte ha debuttato un suo libro. Oltre 80 opere multimediali (in varie lingue e più edizioni e ristampe ) spesso di notevole pregio e pubblicate con editori e patrocini prestigiosi (tra cui Bayer S.p.A.). Cataloghi: Library of Congress UK Authority (NACO); Bibliothèque nationale de France; Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Library of National Institutes of Health (NIH) U.S.A.; Biblioteca Magistrale S.M. Ordine di Malta; Biblioteca della Fondazione Vaticana Joseph Ratzinger-Benedetto XVI; 2000 Outstanding Intellectuals IBC-Cambridge UK dal 2010; Opac Sbn con oltre 200 opere; Scheda di Autorità Ministero BAC. Vari libri hanno apprezzamenti da autorità istituzionali, tra cui alcuni regnanti europei e più volte il Capo dello Stato e il Santo Padre.
  • 16. R. Villano - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects against the plague in some States of Italy from XIV to the XVII century 16 * * * Alcuni libri: Società globale informazione, 1996; Rotary per l’Uomo, 2001; Gestione sicurezza in Farmacia (pres. Dr. Renzulli, già Consulente Sicurezza all’ONU, 2004); Arte e storia Farmacia (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Presid. International Society History Pharmacy, 2 ediz., 2006); Storia e attività del SMOM (4 ediz., 2007); Meridiani farmaceutici tra etica laica e morale cattolica (pres. Prof. Tarro, Comm. Naz.le Bioetica, 3 ediz., 2008); Thesaurus Pharmacologicus (pres. Presid. Farmacisti Italiani Dr. Mandelli 2009); Tempo scolpito in silenzio eternità. Riflessioni su indagine diacronica per memoria homo faber (pres. eminenti storico Fra’ von Lobstein e critico Prof. Carosella, 6 rist., 2010); Attività farmaceutiche Regno di Napoli (pres.: Presid. Acc. It. Storia Farmacia Dr. Corvi, 2010); Logos e teofania nel tempo digitale (pres. Mons. Trafny, Presid. Dpt Scienza-Fede Pontificio Consiglio Cultura, 2012); Aspetti religiosi e dimensione ecclesiale SMOM (2013); Musei di farmacia: eco del passato per un riscatto futuro (pres. Prof. Ledermann, Direttore Biblioteca Svizzera, 2015); Fotografie - circa 200 sue opere, selezionate per temi filosofici e creativi tra quelle realizzate in oltre 40 anni (2015). Tra i multimedia: Cenni arte e storia farmacia (patroc. AISF, 2002); Influenza A/H1N1 (patroc. Unesco, 2009). “Ho imparato così tanto da voi, Uomini… Ho imparato che ognuno vuole vivere sulla cima della montagna, senza sapere che la vera felicità sta nel come questa montagna è stata scalata” Gabriel Garcia Marquez