This document contains 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of elbow anatomy, injuries, and treatments. The questions cover topics like testing the integrity of the medial collateral ligament, fractures of the coronoid and lateral condyle, treatments for elbow dislocations and instability, and diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome. Surgical approaches, procedures, and rehabilitation protocols are also addressed.
Thoraco lumbar injuries can be categorized based on which spinal columns are affected. Injuries involving the middle column and at least one other column are considered unstable. Burst fractures involve failure of the anterior and middle columns and may require early stabilization, especially if they involve over 50% canal compromise, over 20 degrees of kyphosis, or over 45-50% canal compromise. Flexion distraction injuries can be categorized into types A through D depending on whether they involve bone or ligaments at one or two spinal levels.
- Thoracolumbar injuries can cause neurological injury and long-term pain. They require assessment of fracture classification and the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex to determine appropriate management as surgical or nonsurgical.
- Surgical approaches include posterior, anterior, or combined based on the fracture type and neurological status. Proper classification guides treatment to decompress the spine and restore stability.
- Complications include problems from immobilization as well as implant failure and infection. Careful consideration of fracture morphology, neurological findings, and ligamentous integrity directs optimal treatment.
This document provides an overview of thoracolumbar fractures, including epidemiology, clinical evaluation, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment approaches, and specific surgical techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the thoracolumbar region, mechanisms of injury, neurological assessment tools, radiographic indicators of instability, and non-operative and operative treatment options depending on the fracture classification.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of thoracolumbar fractures using Denis' three column model. It describes minor injuries involving one column and major fractures involving failure of two or more columns. Treatment depends on the stability of the injury, with unstable injuries often requiring surgery and stable injuries treated initially with immobilization. Surgical indications include neurologic deficit, significant kyphosis, canal compromise, or progressive deformity.
Thoracolumbar fractures account for 30-50% of spinal injuries and most commonly occur between T11-L1. They can cause neurological deficits affecting the spinal cord or cauda equina. Classification systems evaluate the injury pattern, neurological status, and integrity of posterior ligaments to determine appropriate treatment. Management may involve bracing, bed rest, or surgery depending on factors such as vertebral body height loss, canal compromise, and kyphosis. The goal of treatment is neural decompression, stabilization, and fusion to allow rehabilitation.
This document provides information on spinal injuries, including epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, clinical assessment, radiographic evaluation, and management. Some key points:
- Spinal injuries most commonly occur in the cervical region in individuals ages 16-30. Mortality is 40-50%.
- Clinical assessment includes inspection, palpation, and neurological examination to evaluate for tenderness, deficits, and classify the level of injury.
- The NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine rules can help determine which patients require radiographic imaging based on factors like mechanism of injury, neurological status, and range of motion.
- Management involves immobilization, monitoring ABCs, ruling out other injuries, pain control,
The pulseless pink hand after supracondylar fracture humerusujjalrajbangshi
The document compares two management strategies - observation versus immediate surgical exploration - for children who have a pulseless but well-perfused hand after closed reduction of a Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fracture. Of 19 children, 11 were observed and 8 underwent immediate exploration. In the observation group, the pulse returned within 3 months in 7 children but 4 later required exploration, where the brachial artery and median nerve were found trapped in the fracture site. In the exploration group, the pulse returned within 24 hours in 6 of 8 children. The document concludes that an associated neurological deficit suggests nerve and vessel entrapment, making immediate exploration preferable to avoid permanent nerve damage.
Thoraco lumbar injuries can be categorized based on which spinal columns are affected. Injuries involving the middle column and at least one other column are considered unstable. Burst fractures involve failure of the anterior and middle columns and may require early stabilization, especially if they involve over 50% canal compromise, over 20 degrees of kyphosis, or over 45-50% canal compromise. Flexion distraction injuries can be categorized into types A through D depending on whether they involve bone or ligaments at one or two spinal levels.
- Thoracolumbar injuries can cause neurological injury and long-term pain. They require assessment of fracture classification and the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex to determine appropriate management as surgical or nonsurgical.
- Surgical approaches include posterior, anterior, or combined based on the fracture type and neurological status. Proper classification guides treatment to decompress the spine and restore stability.
- Complications include problems from immobilization as well as implant failure and infection. Careful consideration of fracture morphology, neurological findings, and ligamentous integrity directs optimal treatment.
This document provides an overview of thoracolumbar fractures, including epidemiology, clinical evaluation, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment approaches, and specific surgical techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the thoracolumbar region, mechanisms of injury, neurological assessment tools, radiographic indicators of instability, and non-operative and operative treatment options depending on the fracture classification.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of thoracolumbar fractures using Denis' three column model. It describes minor injuries involving one column and major fractures involving failure of two or more columns. Treatment depends on the stability of the injury, with unstable injuries often requiring surgery and stable injuries treated initially with immobilization. Surgical indications include neurologic deficit, significant kyphosis, canal compromise, or progressive deformity.
Thoracolumbar fractures account for 30-50% of spinal injuries and most commonly occur between T11-L1. They can cause neurological deficits affecting the spinal cord or cauda equina. Classification systems evaluate the injury pattern, neurological status, and integrity of posterior ligaments to determine appropriate treatment. Management may involve bracing, bed rest, or surgery depending on factors such as vertebral body height loss, canal compromise, and kyphosis. The goal of treatment is neural decompression, stabilization, and fusion to allow rehabilitation.
This document provides information on spinal injuries, including epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, clinical assessment, radiographic evaluation, and management. Some key points:
- Spinal injuries most commonly occur in the cervical region in individuals ages 16-30. Mortality is 40-50%.
- Clinical assessment includes inspection, palpation, and neurological examination to evaluate for tenderness, deficits, and classify the level of injury.
- The NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine rules can help determine which patients require radiographic imaging based on factors like mechanism of injury, neurological status, and range of motion.
- Management involves immobilization, monitoring ABCs, ruling out other injuries, pain control,
The pulseless pink hand after supracondylar fracture humerusujjalrajbangshi
The document compares two management strategies - observation versus immediate surgical exploration - for children who have a pulseless but well-perfused hand after closed reduction of a Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fracture. Of 19 children, 11 were observed and 8 underwent immediate exploration. In the observation group, the pulse returned within 3 months in 7 children but 4 later required exploration, where the brachial artery and median nerve were found trapped in the fracture site. In the exploration group, the pulse returned within 24 hours in 6 of 8 children. The document concludes that an associated neurological deficit suggests nerve and vessel entrapment, making immediate exploration preferable to avoid permanent nerve damage.
This document summarizes a case conference regarding a 68-year-old Thai woman who presented to the emergency department after being hit by a motorcycle while crossing the street. She sustained a head injury with left temporal laceration and was hemodynamically stable. Imaging showed a left parieto-temporal bone fracture and subarachnoid hemorrhage. She was admitted for observation and later discharged. A subsequent case discussed low back pain after a bicycle accident, with imaging revealing a compression fracture of L1 vertebra. The patient was treated conservatively with bed rest, bracing, and pain management.
- The document discusses surgical treatment options for thoracolumbar fractures, with a focus on anterior reconstruction techniques. It presents the case of a patient who underwent an anterior corpectomy and reconstruction using a titanium mesh cage.
- The procedure provided immediate stabilization and allowed for early mobilization. It corrected deformity and restored sagittal alignment. Solid fusion was achieved with no hardware failure or pseudarthrosis. The technique allows for safe decompression and maximal neurological recovery.
Thoraco lumbar injuries can be categorized based on which spinal columns are affected. Injuries involving the middle column and at least one other column are considered unstable. Burst fractures involve failure of the anterior and middle columns and may require early stabilization, especially if they involve over 50% canal compromise, over 20 degrees of kyphosis, or neurological deficit. Flexion distraction injuries can be classified into types A through D depending on whether they involve bony or ligamentous injuries over one or two spinal levels.
This study evaluated the functional outcomes of 15 patients who underwent thoracolumbar burst fracture stabilization using pedicle screw fixation and rods. Most patients were males between 21-30 years old, with falls being the primary cause of injury. The L1 vertebrae was most commonly fractured. Post-operatively, most patients experienced reduced pain and improved mobility, with 86.66% showing excellent or good functional outcomes and a mean hospital stay of 13 days. The results demonstrate pedicle screw fixation to be an effective procedure for stabilizing thoracolumbar burst fractures.
The document discusses classification systems for thoracolumbar spine injuries including the Denis three-column classification, AO classification, and TLICS classification. The TLICS classification scores injuries based on morphology, posterior ligament integrity, and neurologic status to determine treatment. It provides examples of clinical cases and reviews imaging findings to assess injuries like burst fractures, Chance fractures, and neurologic status to guide clinical decision making.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thoracolumbar spine and classifies different types of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord, blood supply, and biomechanics of the thoracic and lumbar regions. Various injury mechanisms are outlined including compression fractures, burst fractures, and chance fractures. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT, and MRI are discussed. The Denis three-column theory and TLICS classification system are introduced to classify injuries as stable or unstable. Non-operative and surgical treatment options are provided based on the injury classification.
1. The document discusses the approach to evaluating and diagnosing spinal trauma, with a focus on cervical spine injuries. It covers spinal anatomy, epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, clinical evaluation, and diagnostic imaging.
2. Key points discussed include the NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine Rules for determining when cervical spine radiography is necessary, how to read cervical spine x-rays, and challenges in clearing the cervical spine in unconscious or intubated patients.
3. CT scanning and MRI are more sensitive than plain films for detecting injuries, but have limitations. Clinical examination is important but impossible in unconscious patients, who require continued spinal precautions until fully conscious.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fractures including:
- Anatomy of the acetabulum and its components
- Mechanisms and classifications of acetabular fractures
- Evaluation through radiographs and CT scans
- Management considerations including operative vs non-operative treatment and various surgical approaches
- Specifics on fracture types, indications for surgery, timing of surgery, and surgical approaches for different fractures
The document contains detailed information on evaluating and treating acetabular fractures.
Evaluation and management of cervical spine injuryLove2jaipal
The document discusses the evaluation and management of cervical spine injuries. It outlines the importance of thorough history, physical, and neurological exams. Imaging studies like CT, MRI, and x-rays are crucial for evaluation and should be analyzed for fractures, dislocations, and spinal cord compromise. The primary treatment goal is maintenance or restoration of neurological function through surgical or closed reduction techniques and stabilization to restore stability.
This document discusses the management of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It begins by outlining common causes of injury and why the thoracolumbar junction is susceptible. It then covers fracture classification systems including Denis' three column concept and the AO/Magerl classification. Evaluation and management approaches are discussed including non-operative treatment with bracing and operative options depending on fracture pattern and neurological status. Surgical techniques like posterior instrumentation with or without decompression or combined anterior-posterior procedures are mentioned.
I delivered this talk to a group of hand and arm therapists. Find out more about hand and arm problems at http://www.noelhenley.com
Ozark Orthopaedic: Henley C Noel MD
3317 North Wimberly Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72703
(479) 521-2752
Evaluation of Spinal Injury & Emergency ManagementAtif Shahzad
This document provides information on spinal injuries, including:
- Traumatic spinal cord injuries result in 12,000 new cases per year in the US. Most injuries occur in men aged 16-30 from vehicle crashes, falls, or sports.
- Injuries are categorized by location (cervical, thoracic, lumbar), stability (stable or unstable), and neurological status (complete or incomplete paralysis).
- Initial treatment follows ATLS protocols to stabilize the spine and assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Advanced imaging can further evaluate bone and neurological injuries.
Spine trauma what are the current controversiesFarhad Hussain
This document discusses current controversies in the management of spine trauma. It identifies several areas where there is no consensus, including the role of surgical vs nonsurgical treatment, timing of surgery for patients with multiple injuries or neurological injury, and appropriate surgical techniques. For many common spine injuries, high-quality evidence is still lacking and treatment approaches can vary significantly between providers and hospitals. More research is still needed to determine optimal management strategies.
Colorado spine surgeon, Dr. Donald Corenman, M.D., D.C. (http://neckandback.com), is an expert in treating spinal cord injuries associated with a traumatic fall, sports related injury or accident. Many spine fractures include a thoracolumbar fracture, which is a break in one or more of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Spine fractures can be very serious but are also treatable in many cases. This presentation on spinal cord injuries, spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures details events that can lead to this injury, symptoms and treatment options.
Dr. Corenman is a renowned Colorado spine surgeon and also is an expert at all spine conditions and disorders including scoliosis, degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, sciatica, herniated disc, slipped disc and spondylolythesis. He is also a sports medicine specialist and treats athletes with traumatic sports related injuries. He recently launched his own website (http://neckandback.com) to educate patients on spine disorders and to offer second opinions to physicians and colleagues who are seeking additional information on specific spine injuries and treatment options.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation and management of thoracolumbar fractures. It discusses the epidemiology, clinical evaluation including neurologic exam, classification of spinal cord injuries, radiographic evaluation, principles of spinal stability, classification of fractures, and treatment approaches for specific fracture types including compression fractures, burst fractures, flexion distraction injuries, and fracture dislocations. Pharmacological treatment and the role of decompression are also outlined.
This document discusses pelvi-acetabular fractures. It begins with an overview noting that these fractures are potentially life-threatening and often associated with other injuries. Mortality rates are provided for different types of injuries. The anatomy of the pelvis and acetabulum is then reviewed. Historical perspectives on treatment are presented along with current principles of evaluation and management, both non-operative and operative. Classification systems for pelvic and acetabular fractures are outlined. Specific fracture patterns and approaches to treatment are covered in detail. Complications are also reviewed.
This document contains multiple choice questions about the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic injuries and conditions involving the elbow, spine, and pelvis. It addresses topics like the appropriate surgical approaches, diagnostic tests, fracture classifications, and indications for different treatment options.
This document contains multiple choice questions about the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic injuries and conditions involving the elbow, spine, and pelvis. It addresses topics like the appropriate surgical approaches, diagnostic tests, fracture classifications, and indications for different treatment options.
The document discusses the anatomy and injuries of the elbow joint. It describes the elbow as a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the humerus, ulna, and radius. It then discusses the anatomy of the elbow in detail. A key point is made about intercondylar fractures of the humerus, which result from the ulna being driven into the distal humerus. Evaluation, classification, treatment, and potential complications of these fractures are summarized.
Traumatic knee dislocations are rare injuries that require careful evaluation and management. According to the document, knee dislocations often result from high-energy injuries like motor vehicle collisions or falls. A thorough examination is needed to assess vascular and neurological status. Imaging can identify associated fractures. While some stable injuries may be treated non-operatively, unstable injuries or those with ligament disruption typically require surgical reconstruction. Complications may include neurovascular injuries, infections, and long-term issues like osteoarthritis. Early surgical intervention within 3 weeks of injury may lead to better outcomes compared to delayed treatment.
A 45-year-old male alcoholic patient presented with bilateral hip pain for one year. Pelvic x-ray showed irregular femur heads with sclerosis and lucency, indicating bilateral femoral head osteonecrosis. Possible causes included alcoholism, smoking, and corticosteroid use. Management options ranged from non-operative measures like restricted weight bearing to various surgical procedures depending on the stage, including core decompression for early stages or total hip arthroplasty for later stages with more involvement.
This document summarizes a case conference regarding a 68-year-old Thai woman who presented to the emergency department after being hit by a motorcycle while crossing the street. She sustained a head injury with left temporal laceration and was hemodynamically stable. Imaging showed a left parieto-temporal bone fracture and subarachnoid hemorrhage. She was admitted for observation and later discharged. A subsequent case discussed low back pain after a bicycle accident, with imaging revealing a compression fracture of L1 vertebra. The patient was treated conservatively with bed rest, bracing, and pain management.
- The document discusses surgical treatment options for thoracolumbar fractures, with a focus on anterior reconstruction techniques. It presents the case of a patient who underwent an anterior corpectomy and reconstruction using a titanium mesh cage.
- The procedure provided immediate stabilization and allowed for early mobilization. It corrected deformity and restored sagittal alignment. Solid fusion was achieved with no hardware failure or pseudarthrosis. The technique allows for safe decompression and maximal neurological recovery.
Thoraco lumbar injuries can be categorized based on which spinal columns are affected. Injuries involving the middle column and at least one other column are considered unstable. Burst fractures involve failure of the anterior and middle columns and may require early stabilization, especially if they involve over 50% canal compromise, over 20 degrees of kyphosis, or neurological deficit. Flexion distraction injuries can be classified into types A through D depending on whether they involve bony or ligamentous injuries over one or two spinal levels.
This study evaluated the functional outcomes of 15 patients who underwent thoracolumbar burst fracture stabilization using pedicle screw fixation and rods. Most patients were males between 21-30 years old, with falls being the primary cause of injury. The L1 vertebrae was most commonly fractured. Post-operatively, most patients experienced reduced pain and improved mobility, with 86.66% showing excellent or good functional outcomes and a mean hospital stay of 13 days. The results demonstrate pedicle screw fixation to be an effective procedure for stabilizing thoracolumbar burst fractures.
The document discusses classification systems for thoracolumbar spine injuries including the Denis three-column classification, AO classification, and TLICS classification. The TLICS classification scores injuries based on morphology, posterior ligament integrity, and neurologic status to determine treatment. It provides examples of clinical cases and reviews imaging findings to assess injuries like burst fractures, Chance fractures, and neurologic status to guide clinical decision making.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thoracolumbar spine and classifies different types of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord, blood supply, and biomechanics of the thoracic and lumbar regions. Various injury mechanisms are outlined including compression fractures, burst fractures, and chance fractures. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT, and MRI are discussed. The Denis three-column theory and TLICS classification system are introduced to classify injuries as stable or unstable. Non-operative and surgical treatment options are provided based on the injury classification.
1. The document discusses the approach to evaluating and diagnosing spinal trauma, with a focus on cervical spine injuries. It covers spinal anatomy, epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, clinical evaluation, and diagnostic imaging.
2. Key points discussed include the NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine Rules for determining when cervical spine radiography is necessary, how to read cervical spine x-rays, and challenges in clearing the cervical spine in unconscious or intubated patients.
3. CT scanning and MRI are more sensitive than plain films for detecting injuries, but have limitations. Clinical examination is important but impossible in unconscious patients, who require continued spinal precautions until fully conscious.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fractures including:
- Anatomy of the acetabulum and its components
- Mechanisms and classifications of acetabular fractures
- Evaluation through radiographs and CT scans
- Management considerations including operative vs non-operative treatment and various surgical approaches
- Specifics on fracture types, indications for surgery, timing of surgery, and surgical approaches for different fractures
The document contains detailed information on evaluating and treating acetabular fractures.
Evaluation and management of cervical spine injuryLove2jaipal
The document discusses the evaluation and management of cervical spine injuries. It outlines the importance of thorough history, physical, and neurological exams. Imaging studies like CT, MRI, and x-rays are crucial for evaluation and should be analyzed for fractures, dislocations, and spinal cord compromise. The primary treatment goal is maintenance or restoration of neurological function through surgical or closed reduction techniques and stabilization to restore stability.
This document discusses the management of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It begins by outlining common causes of injury and why the thoracolumbar junction is susceptible. It then covers fracture classification systems including Denis' three column concept and the AO/Magerl classification. Evaluation and management approaches are discussed including non-operative treatment with bracing and operative options depending on fracture pattern and neurological status. Surgical techniques like posterior instrumentation with or without decompression or combined anterior-posterior procedures are mentioned.
I delivered this talk to a group of hand and arm therapists. Find out more about hand and arm problems at http://www.noelhenley.com
Ozark Orthopaedic: Henley C Noel MD
3317 North Wimberly Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72703
(479) 521-2752
Evaluation of Spinal Injury & Emergency ManagementAtif Shahzad
This document provides information on spinal injuries, including:
- Traumatic spinal cord injuries result in 12,000 new cases per year in the US. Most injuries occur in men aged 16-30 from vehicle crashes, falls, or sports.
- Injuries are categorized by location (cervical, thoracic, lumbar), stability (stable or unstable), and neurological status (complete or incomplete paralysis).
- Initial treatment follows ATLS protocols to stabilize the spine and assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Advanced imaging can further evaluate bone and neurological injuries.
Spine trauma what are the current controversiesFarhad Hussain
This document discusses current controversies in the management of spine trauma. It identifies several areas where there is no consensus, including the role of surgical vs nonsurgical treatment, timing of surgery for patients with multiple injuries or neurological injury, and appropriate surgical techniques. For many common spine injuries, high-quality evidence is still lacking and treatment approaches can vary significantly between providers and hospitals. More research is still needed to determine optimal management strategies.
Colorado spine surgeon, Dr. Donald Corenman, M.D., D.C. (http://neckandback.com), is an expert in treating spinal cord injuries associated with a traumatic fall, sports related injury or accident. Many spine fractures include a thoracolumbar fracture, which is a break in one or more of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Spine fractures can be very serious but are also treatable in many cases. This presentation on spinal cord injuries, spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures details events that can lead to this injury, symptoms and treatment options.
Dr. Corenman is a renowned Colorado spine surgeon and also is an expert at all spine conditions and disorders including scoliosis, degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, sciatica, herniated disc, slipped disc and spondylolythesis. He is also a sports medicine specialist and treats athletes with traumatic sports related injuries. He recently launched his own website (http://neckandback.com) to educate patients on spine disorders and to offer second opinions to physicians and colleagues who are seeking additional information on specific spine injuries and treatment options.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation and management of thoracolumbar fractures. It discusses the epidemiology, clinical evaluation including neurologic exam, classification of spinal cord injuries, radiographic evaluation, principles of spinal stability, classification of fractures, and treatment approaches for specific fracture types including compression fractures, burst fractures, flexion distraction injuries, and fracture dislocations. Pharmacological treatment and the role of decompression are also outlined.
This document discusses pelvi-acetabular fractures. It begins with an overview noting that these fractures are potentially life-threatening and often associated with other injuries. Mortality rates are provided for different types of injuries. The anatomy of the pelvis and acetabulum is then reviewed. Historical perspectives on treatment are presented along with current principles of evaluation and management, both non-operative and operative. Classification systems for pelvic and acetabular fractures are outlined. Specific fracture patterns and approaches to treatment are covered in detail. Complications are also reviewed.
This document contains multiple choice questions about the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic injuries and conditions involving the elbow, spine, and pelvis. It addresses topics like the appropriate surgical approaches, diagnostic tests, fracture classifications, and indications for different treatment options.
This document contains multiple choice questions about the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic injuries and conditions involving the elbow, spine, and pelvis. It addresses topics like the appropriate surgical approaches, diagnostic tests, fracture classifications, and indications for different treatment options.
The document discusses the anatomy and injuries of the elbow joint. It describes the elbow as a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the humerus, ulna, and radius. It then discusses the anatomy of the elbow in detail. A key point is made about intercondylar fractures of the humerus, which result from the ulna being driven into the distal humerus. Evaluation, classification, treatment, and potential complications of these fractures are summarized.
Traumatic knee dislocations are rare injuries that require careful evaluation and management. According to the document, knee dislocations often result from high-energy injuries like motor vehicle collisions or falls. A thorough examination is needed to assess vascular and neurological status. Imaging can identify associated fractures. While some stable injuries may be treated non-operatively, unstable injuries or those with ligament disruption typically require surgical reconstruction. Complications may include neurovascular injuries, infections, and long-term issues like osteoarthritis. Early surgical intervention within 3 weeks of injury may lead to better outcomes compared to delayed treatment.
A 45-year-old male alcoholic patient presented with bilateral hip pain for one year. Pelvic x-ray showed irregular femur heads with sclerosis and lucency, indicating bilateral femoral head osteonecrosis. Possible causes included alcoholism, smoking, and corticosteroid use. Management options ranged from non-operative measures like restricted weight bearing to various surgical procedures depending on the stage, including core decompression for early stages or total hip arthroplasty for later stages with more involvement.
Capitellar fractures account for a small percentage of elbow fractures and are more common in females. They occur when the capitellum is sheared off in a coronal plane. Diagnosis is made through lateral x-rays showing displacement. CT scans help evaluate fracture patterns. Treatment depends on the Bryan and Morrey classification, ranging from non-operative management for nondisplaced types to open reduction and internal fixation using headless screws for displaced types to achieve anatomic reduction and early motion. Excision is recommended for small articular fragments. Complications include nonunion and avascular necrosis.
This document discusses various fractures around the elbow joint. Radial head and neck fractures most commonly result from a fall on an outstretched arm. Clinical features include swelling, limited range of motion, and point tenderness over the radial head. Elbow dislocations, which can occur with fractures, require prompt reduction due to risk of nerve and vascular injury. Management depends on the specific fracture but may include splinting, surgery, or gentle exercises after initial immobilization.
This document discusses elbow instability, including anatomy, stabilizing factors, classification, diagnosis, and management. It covers the soft tissue and bony anatomy of the elbow. Elbow stability relies primarily on the ulnohumeral joint, medial and lateral collateral ligaments. Injuries can range from subluxation to complete dislocation. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and imaging. Management depends on the injury, and may include repair, reconstruction, or fixation of bony and ligamentous injuries.
1) Proximal humerus fractures are common in elderly patients and can be classified using the AO or Neer systems.
2) Nondisplaced fractures are usually treated non-operatively while displaced fractures may require surgical intervention such as open reduction internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
3) Surgical treatment aims to restore anatomy and stability but can increase risks of complications compared to nonoperative treatment. The optimal management of displaced proximal humerus fractures remains controversial.
This document discusses the treatment of AC joint dislocations. There are several classification systems for AC joint injuries with types I-III involving ligament damage and types IV-VI involving both ligament and muscle damage. Treatment options include immobilization for minor injuries or operative stabilization using various fixation devices for more severe injuries. However, there is no consensus on the best treatment approach and all options have potential complications, highlighting the need for further research to determine the optimal management strategies.
This document provides information on apophyseal injuries of the distal humerus, including fractures of the medial and lateral epicondyles and intercondylar fractures.
For medial epicondyle fractures, the fragment is often displaced distally and may become incarcerated in the joint. They are typically treated nonoperatively with immobilization, while operative treatment is required for irreducible fragments. Lateral epicondyle fractures involve avulsion of the extensor tendon origin and are also usually treated nonoperatively.
Intercondylar fractures involve displacement of articular fragments and rotation of the condyles. Treatment depends on the degree of displacement and comminution, ranging from nonoperative immobilization to open reduction
Clavicle fractures are common injuries, especially in young active individuals. The majority occur in the midshaft region due to its thin bone and lack of muscle protection. Treatment depends on the location and degree of displacement/shortening. Nondisplaced fractures are usually treated nonsurgically with slings or strapping. Displaced fractures may require plate fixation, intramedullary nails, or coracoclavicular ligament repair/reconstruction to achieve union and restore function. Complications can include nonunion, malunion, hardware irritation, and neurovascular injury.
This document discusses diagnosis and treatment of acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries. It describes the anatomy of the AC joint and classifications of injuries. For type I and II injuries, conservative treatment with slings or harnesses is recommended. Types IV, V and VI generally require surgical treatment to reduce and reconstruct injured ligaments. Recent techniques focus on arthroscopic reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments and stabilization of the AC joint with suture anchors, tightropes or tendon grafts. Arthroscopy allows better visualization and less invasive reconstruction of the ligaments compared to open surgery.
This document discusses injuries around the elbow, including elbow dislocations, fractures of the radial head, olecranon fractures, and fractures of the neck of the radius. It covers the epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, clinical features, classifications, treatment principles and options, complications, and rehabilitation for each of these common elbow injuries. Surgical treatment may be indicated for unstable or displaced fractures to restore anatomy and stability, while simpler injuries can often be treated non-operatively with splinting and physical therapy.
1) The document discusses the anatomy, definition, classification, treatment, and prognosis of the "terrible triad of the elbow" injury, which involves concurrent fractures of the radial head and coronoid process along with elbow dislocation.
2) The terrible triad injury commonly results from high-energy trauma and causes damage to multiple ligaments and bone structures in the elbow. Proper management focuses on repairing the coronoid process, radial head, and lateral collateral ligaments.
3) With recent advances, outcomes of treated terrible triad injuries have significantly improved, with most patients regaining over 100 degrees of flexion. However, the authors argue that the term "terrible triad" is no longer accurate
Journal club on terrible triad injury of elbow joint.Vipendra Singh
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study examining outcomes of a modified surgical technique for treating terrible triad elbow injuries. The standard protocol involves a posterior approach and fixing the coronoid fracture first, while the modified technique uses lateral and anteromedial approaches, fixes the radial head first, and repairs rather than replaces the radial head. The presentation reviews the study's objectives, materials and methods, surgical procedure, outcomes assessment using the MEPS score, and results showing excellent outcomes in most patients with few complications using the modified technique. It also summarizes several other studies comparing outcomes of different surgical protocols and techniques for treating terrible triad injuries.
This document summarizes tibial plateau fractures, including:
- Common mechanisms of injury including falls and motor vehicle accidents
- Classification systems including Schatzker and AO/OTA
- Imaging techniques including plain radiographs, CT, and MRI
- Treatment goals of restoring articular congruity, alignment, and stability
- Surgical techniques including plating and minimally invasive approaches
- Indications for surgery including articular displacement over 10mm or instability
The document discusses cervical spine (C spine) injuries. It covers anatomy of the C spine including the atlas and axis vertebrae. It describes the three column concept for spinal stability. Imaging of the C spine including normal measurements and views is discussed. The roles of MRI and stretch testing are covered. Neurological assessment including the ASIA scale is explained. Pharmacological management including methylprednisolone is summarized. Neurogenic and spinal shock in spinal cord injuries are briefly defined.
Bilateral hip fractures are rare and usually result from high-energy trauma. This case report describes a 40-year old male who sustained simultaneous bilateral intertrochanteric hip fractures after his lower body was crushed in a motor vehicle accident. He underwent staged surgical fixation of the fractures with dynamic hip screws. Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated. While bilateral hip fractures pose risks, early surgical treatment and careful monitoring can lead to good functional outcomes even in active patients.
Imaging of atlanto occipital and atlantoaxial traumatic injuriesSumiya Arshad
This document discusses imaging of injuries to the craniocervical junction (CCJ). It begins by reviewing the anatomy of the CCJ, including bones and ligaments. It then describes classifications of CCJ injuries and how CT and MR imaging can identify relevant injuries and clinical effects. Specific injuries covered include atlanto-occipital dissociation, occipital condyle fractures, fractures of C1 with transverse ligament rupture, and atlantoaxial distraction or rotatory deformity from alar ligament tears. Thin-slice CT is recommended for initial evaluation, while MR helps evaluate soft tissues and rule out spinal cord injury. Proper classification of CCJ injuries guides management of unstable or complex cases.
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Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
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2. • 1. The best method for testing the integrity of the anterior oblique band of the medial collateral ligament is:
• E. Valgus stress in 30° of flexion and full pronation
• 2. At the elbow, the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament inserts at which site?
• C. Anteromedial process of the coronoid
• 3. The ideal candidate for interpositional arthroplasty of the elbow joint is:
• A. Incapacitating pain in a 27-year-old non manual worker with rheumatoid arthritis
• 4. Substance(s) used in interpositional arthroplasty of the elbow:
• D. All the above
• 5. With regards elbow joint stability and the medial collateral ligament, which of the following statements is
false:
• D. The posterior oblique fibres are the primary stabiliser of the elbow in valgus stress
3. • 6. A 35-year-old woman presents with an elbow injury which includes a coronoid fracture involving more
than 50%, a comminuted radial head fracture, and an elbow dislocation. What is the most appropriate
treatment?
• E. Radial head arthroplasty, coronoid open reduction internal fixation, and lateral collateral ligament
repair
• 7. The following statement is true regarding the Milch type I fracture of the lateral condyle of the elbow:
• C. The elbow joint is considered stable
• 8. An injury to the nutrient vessel supplying the lateral condyle of elbow during operative treatment leads to
avascular necrosis. The location of this vessel is
• B. Posterolateral
• 9. The following displacement based on Wilkin’s classification for an olecranon fracture is associated with
posterior interosseous nerve injury
• C. Type B – varus
4. • 10. Which of the following is the best diagnostic test to establish the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome:
• C. Motor nerve conduction velocity across the elbow
• 11. A 35-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle collision and reports left elbow pain. Examination of the
left arm reveals diffuse swelling and ecchymosis. His distal neurovascular status is intact. A radiograph of the
injury is shown in Figure 21. The most appropriate surgical approach should include
• D. Posterior extensile elbow approach with olecranon chevron osteotomy.
• 12. What is considered a contraindication to elbow arthroscopy?
• D. Ulnar neuropathy with prior submuscular ulnar nerve transposition
• 13. A 37-year-old man with a nondisplaced radial neck fracture has failed to respond to 8 months of
nonsurgical management. He has undergone extensive physical therapy and bracing without improvement.
Examination reveals that active and passive range of motion is limited to 50° to 85°, with full
pronosupination. He has mildly diminished sensation in the little and ring fingers. Radiographs reveal healing
of the fracture, no deformity, and no arthrosis or heterotopic bone formation. What is the most appropriate
management?
• B. Anterior and posterior capsule release, with ulnar nerve transposition
5. • 14. A 67-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis has had a 3-year history of gradually progressive right elbow pain
and limited function despite intra-articular injections and medical management. She previously underwent a
rheumatoid hand reconstruction, and has no pain or dysfunction of the ipsilateral shoulder. Radiographs are shown in
Figure 22, A and B. What is the most appropriate treatment?
• D. Total elbow arthroplasty
• 15. A 45-year-old right-hand dominant woman falls onto an outstretched left hand. Imaging shows a complex elbow
dislocation. The postreduction CT scan demonstrates a reduced joint, comminuted radial head fracture, and type I
coronoid fracture. Surgical intervention is recommended to address the involved structures. Which component of the
intervention adds the most rotational stability?
• C. Repair or reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex
• 16. A 38-year-old man sustains a terrible triad injury consisting of an elbow dislocation, comminuted and displaced
radial head fracture, and a type I coronoid fracture. Intraoperative findings after radial head replacement and lateral
collateral ligament complex repair reveal persistent instability consisting of medial opening on valgus stress and
posteromedial subluxation of the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints. What is the best next step?
• a. Medial collateral ligament repair or reconstruction
6. • 17. During the Kocher approach to repair a radial head fracture, care must be taken not to release what
posterior structure lying under the anconeus that may be inadvertently injured during this common lateral
approach to the elbow?
• D. Lateral ulnar collateral ligament
• 18. A 26-year-old male wrestler suffers the elbow injury shown in Figure A. On physical exam he is
neurologically intact and has a palpable radial pulse. He is treated with closed reduction in the emergency
room. In order to optimize his clinical outcomes, which of the following treatment and rehabilitation
protocols should be avoided?
• B. Initial splinting and immobilization for 4 weeks followed by physical therapy
• 19. A fracture of what portion of the coronoid is most often associated with a terrible triad injury?
• A. Tip
• 20. In elbow arthroscopy:
• D. Proximal postero-lateral portal has highest risk of damage to neurovascular structures
7. • Figure 6 is the pelvic radiograph from a 33 year old man involved in a high speed automobile crash.
Examination reveals a blood pressure of 90/50 mm hg and a pulse rate of 120/min. radiographs of the
chest and lateral cervical spine are normal. A CT scan of the abdomen does not reveal any intra
abdominal bleeding. What is the most appropriate management fo the pelvic fracture?
• Application of a pelvic binder
• Fiqure 22 is the CT scan of a 43 year old woman who was involved in a motor vehicle collision and
sustained multiple injury including a pelvic fracture. The injury shown in
• Lateral compression mechanism type 3 resulting in a partially unstable left hemipelvis internal
rotation and a partially unstable right hemipelvis external rotation (open book)
• Which nerve is at risk during the ilio inguinal approach to the pelvis, and often needs to be divided?
• Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
• In judet views of the pelvis, the right obturator oblique view shows?
• Posterior wall and anterior column of the right acetabulum
• Which type pelvic injury is most likely to result in urethral/balder injury?
• In wardly displaced parasymphyseal fracture >1cm
• injury to which artery is most likely to cause uncontrollable bleeding during the posterior approach to
the hip
• inferior gluteal
8. • The incision of Boyd’s approach:
• Lateral border of triceps
• The incision of Kocher’s approach:
• Between ECU and anconeus
• The incision of Kaplan’s approach:
• Between ECRB and EDC
• The risk of nerve injury using lateral approaches can be reduced by following procedure :
• Forearm pronation
• The danger of lateral approaches is injury to :
• Posterior interosseus nerve
• The recommended approach of total elbow arthroplasty is campbell technique, which is the
triceps muscle is :
• Split
• The following statements are true about Henry approaches of the elbow, except:
• The surgeon makes an incision that is handbreath proximal to antecubital flexion crease
and a fingerbreadth medial to biceps
9. • Modification approach of Boyd approach that preserve the vascularity
of proximal ulnar fragment in Monteggia fracture-dislocation is:
• Gordon
• The following statements are correct about Chevron osteotomy,
except:
• Triceps muscle need to split
• The following statements are correct about anteromedial approach of
elbow, except:
• Triceps muscle need to split
• The following statements are correct about anteromedial approach of
elbow, except:
• Division of medial collateral ligament will result in varus instability
of the elbow
10. • Statement about spreading TB in vertebrae, except:
• Atypical type common in anterior column of the spine
• Common clinical feature that find in active phase of Spinal tuberculous:
• Febrile condition with malaise all day along
• Neurological problems are common in TB spine, mechanical one of usual cause
that made complication. What are a can be done based on mechanical problems
for prevent complication?
• TB debris can be rid by removal and decompression
• What is Magnetic resonance imaging finding in tuberculous spondylitis patient?
• Well defined post contrast paraspinal abnormal signal margin
• In TB treatment there are medical therapy or radical surgery, what is Indication
for medical treatment in TB?:
• Instability
11. • Mc Afee classification consist compression, stable burst, unstable burst, flexion
distraction, chance and translation Type, what is instability criteria in Mc Afee
classification?
• Facet joint subluxation
• Patient with sensory but no motor function preserved below the neurological
level and includes sacral segment S4-S5 are in ASIA impairment scale of?
• Incomplete B
• Statement of Thoracolumbal Injury Classification is true, except:
• Patients in morphology compression, intact of PLC with neurological deficit of
root level are considered for surgery
• What is goal for non operative treatment in Thoracolumbar fracture?
• Restore spinal stability
• Radiological evaluation of patients with thoracolumbar trauma is true, except:
• Marrow edema in adjacent bones can see in CT
12. • The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the:
• lateral cord of the brachial plexus
• The ulnar nerve:
• all of the above
• Entrapment of the median nerve:
• a and c
1. The acromioclavicular joint is formed by the:
a. distal end of the clavicle and the anterior and media aspect of the acromion
• The biceps muscle:
• all of the above
• The elbow joint is composed of the following bones:
• all of the above
• The radial nerve at the elbow lies between the:
a. lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the musculospiral groove
13. • The cubital tunnel:
a. is made up of the olecranon process and medial epicondyle
• of the humerus
• The triangular fibroelastic cartilage:
• all of the above
• The carpometacarpal joint:
• a and c
• 11. The best method for testing the integrity of the anterior oblique band of the medial collateral ligament is:
• E. Valgus stress in 30° of flexion and full pronation
• 12. At the elbow, the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament inserts at which site?
• C. Anteromedial process of the coronoid
• 13. The ideal candidate for interpositional arthroplasty of the elbow joint is:
• A. Incapacitating pain in a 27-year-old non manual worker with rheumatoid arthritis
• 14. Substance(s) used in interpositional arthroplasty of the elbow:
• D. All the above
14. • 15. With regards elbow joint stability and the medial collateral ligament, which of the following
statements is false:
• D. The posterior oblique fibres are the primary stabiliser of the elbow in valgus stress
• 16. A 35-year-old woman presents with an elbow injury which includes a coronoid fracture involving
more than 50%, a comminuted radial head fracture, and an elbow dislocation. What is the most
appropriate treatment?
• E. Radial head arthroplasty, coronoid open reduction internal fixation, and lateral collateral ligament
repair
• 17. The following statement is true regarding the Milch type I fracture of the lateral condyle of the
elbow:
• C. The elbow joint is considered stable
• 18. An injury to the nutrient vessel supplying the lateral condyle of elbow during operative treatment
leads to avascular necrosis. The location of this vessel is
• B. Posterolateral
• 19. The following displacement based on Wilkin’s classification for an olecranon fracture is associated
with posterior interosseous nerve injury
• C. Type B – varus
• 20. Which of the following is the best diagnostic test to establish the diagnosis of cubital tunnel
syndrome:
• C. Motor nerve conduction velocity across the elbow