SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 73, 3628-3632, 1976) showing that a V gene and a C gene are miles apart in germline DNA
(from mouse embryos), but next to each other in antibody-coding DNA (from a myeloma tumor).
Subsequent experiments have demonstrated unequivocally that the immune system generates the
antibody diversity by shuffling a few hundred genes to create countless permutations, in a
process called V(D)J recombination. In this process, RAG enzymes work as a multi-subunit
complex to induce cleavage of a double-stranded DNA molecule between the antigen receptor
coding segment and a flanking recombination signal sequence (RSS). They do this in two steps.
They initially introduce a ‘nick’ in the 5' (upstream) end of the RSS heptamer (a conserved
region of 7 nucleotides) that is adjacent to the coding sequence, leaving behind a 3'-hydroxyl
group at the coding end and a 5'-phosphate group at the RSS end. The next step couples these
chemical groups, binding the OH-group (on the coding end) to the PO4group (that is sitting
between the RSS and the gene segment on the opposite strand). [Assess each subsequent
statement (64-71) as either factually correct (= “true”) or incorrect (= “false”)]:
64. This is an important enzymatic step in a process known as somatic recombination, which is
limited to macrophages.
65. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the early stages of Ig and
TCRs production.
66. This produces a 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently closed
hairpin at the coding end.
67. This produces a 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently
closed hairpin at the coding end.
68. This produces a 5'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently-closed
hairpin at the coding end.
69. This produces a 5'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently
closed hairpin at the coding end.
70. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the late stages of
immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) production.
71. The V(D)J recombination events are involved in somatic hypermutations of the TCR and the
binding of the OH-group (on the coding DNA end) to the PO4-group (that is sitting between the
RSS and the gene segment on the opposite DNA strand) plays an important role in these
hypermutations, which contribute to generating TCR diversity.
Solution
64. False
This process is not limited to macrophages and occurs in the B cells and T cells.
65. True
This occurs in early stages of production of T cell receptors as well as immunoglobulins.
66. False
No 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced
67. False
No 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced
68. True
Yes, 5'-phosphorylated break is produced at the RSS as well as on the coding end a covalently
closed- hairpin is formed.
69. False
Non- covalently closed hairpin is not formed. Instead a covalently closed hairpin is formed.
70. False
This occurs in early stages and not in late stages.

More Related Content

Similar to Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper.pdf

Aminoacidos cod binarios
Aminoacidos cod binariosAminoacidos cod binarios
Aminoacidos cod binarios
Rama Shakti
 
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
Monica Pava-Ripoll
 
Wagner chapter 4
Wagner chapter 4Wagner chapter 4
Wagner chapter 4
Giovanni Marco Dall'Olio
 
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversityMechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
Kayeen Vadakkan
 
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophagesMSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
ChitrarpitaDas2
 
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNAPathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
Christina Valadez
 
Genomics
GenomicsGenomics
Genomics
Ashfaq Ahmad
 
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
 
Viroids and the RNA World
Viroids and the RNA WorldViroids and the RNA World
Viroids and the RNA World
Fabrice Leclerc
 
Nikola_Ivica_Thesis
Nikola_Ivica_ThesisNikola_Ivica_Thesis
Nikola_Ivica_Thesis
Nikola Ivica
 
Structure and forms of dna&rna
Structure and forms of dna&rnaStructure and forms of dna&rna
Structure and forms of dna&rna
Rachana Eshwaran
 
M Sc Molecular Biology Final- project SV.pptx
M Sc Molecular Biology Final-  project SV.pptxM Sc Molecular Biology Final-  project SV.pptx
M Sc Molecular Biology Final- project SV.pptx
Omekhan1
 
genitics of antibody diversity
genitics of antibody  diversitygenitics of antibody  diversity
genitics of antibody diversity
LaviBharti1
 
Immunoglobulin Gene Structure
Immunoglobulin Gene StructureImmunoglobulin Gene Structure
Immunoglobulin Gene Structure
Dr. Dinesh C. Sharma
 
Statement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
Statement Of Purpose For Organic ChemistryStatement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
Statement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
Heather Dionne
 
Characteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
Characteristics Of Monoclonal AntibodiessCharacteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
Characteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
Stephanie Williams
 
Imp replication in prokaryotes
Imp replication in prokaryotesImp replication in prokaryotes
Imp replication in prokaryotes
Asvene Sharma
 
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptxcytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
PABOLU TEJASREE
 
Presentation final
Presentation finalPresentation final
Presentation final
splashythewhale
 
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotypingBasic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
Aamir Sharif
 

Similar to Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper.pdf (20)

Aminoacidos cod binarios
Aminoacidos cod binariosAminoacidos cod binarios
Aminoacidos cod binarios
 
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
 
Wagner chapter 4
Wagner chapter 4Wagner chapter 4
Wagner chapter 4
 
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversityMechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
 
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophagesMSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
MSc mic gen plasmids bacteriophages
 
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNAPathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNA
 
Genomics
GenomicsGenomics
Genomics
 
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
Virus -Replication, Lytic & Lysogeny with special reference to TMV & Bacterio...
 
Viroids and the RNA World
Viroids and the RNA WorldViroids and the RNA World
Viroids and the RNA World
 
Nikola_Ivica_Thesis
Nikola_Ivica_ThesisNikola_Ivica_Thesis
Nikola_Ivica_Thesis
 
Structure and forms of dna&rna
Structure and forms of dna&rnaStructure and forms of dna&rna
Structure and forms of dna&rna
 
M Sc Molecular Biology Final- project SV.pptx
M Sc Molecular Biology Final-  project SV.pptxM Sc Molecular Biology Final-  project SV.pptx
M Sc Molecular Biology Final- project SV.pptx
 
genitics of antibody diversity
genitics of antibody  diversitygenitics of antibody  diversity
genitics of antibody diversity
 
Immunoglobulin Gene Structure
Immunoglobulin Gene StructureImmunoglobulin Gene Structure
Immunoglobulin Gene Structure
 
Statement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
Statement Of Purpose For Organic ChemistryStatement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
Statement Of Purpose For Organic Chemistry
 
Characteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
Characteristics Of Monoclonal AntibodiessCharacteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
Characteristics Of Monoclonal Antibodiess
 
Imp replication in prokaryotes
Imp replication in prokaryotesImp replication in prokaryotes
Imp replication in prokaryotes
 
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptxcytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
cytogenomics tools and techniques and chromosome sorting.pptx
 
Presentation final
Presentation finalPresentation final
Presentation final
 
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotypingBasic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotyping
 

More from bermanbeancolungak45

Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdfWrite a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdfwhy is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdfWhich of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Which of the following is true of mutations They are very common T.pdf
Which of the following is true of mutations  They are very common  T.pdfWhich of the following is true of mutations  They are very common  T.pdf
Which of the following is true of mutations They are very common T.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdfWhat type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdfWhat is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdfwhat is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdfWhat factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdfWhat aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdfThis week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdfThe phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdfThe percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdfTake a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdfSuppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdfRelate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdfquestion - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdfPython programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdfPrior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdfPlease this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdfPlease by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
bermanbeancolungak45
 

More from bermanbeancolungak45 (20)

Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdfWrite a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
Write a program that randomly generates a maze in javaSolution.pdf
 
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdfwhy is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI refer.pdf
 
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdfWhich of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
Which of the following potential problems need not be considered whe.pdf
 
Which of the following is true of mutations They are very common T.pdf
Which of the following is true of mutations  They are very common  T.pdfWhich of the following is true of mutations  They are very common  T.pdf
Which of the following is true of mutations They are very common T.pdf
 
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdfWhat type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
What type of security vulnerability are developers most likely to in.pdf
 
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdfWhat is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
What is the purpose of database administration2. What is the purp.pdf
 
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdfwhat is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
what is code to draw sun and earth and the moon in java OpenGLS.pdf
 
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdfWhat factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
What factors do you think make them excellent project reports write.pdf
 
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdfWhat aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
What aspects of todays information economy have influenced the imp.pdf
 
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdfThis week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lon.pdf
 
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdfThe phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations a.pdf
 
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdfThe percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5.pdf
 
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdfTake a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
Take a position on this statement The media represent realistic ima.pdf
 
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdfSuppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
Suppose 60 different survey organizations visit eastern Tennessee to.pdf
 
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdfRelate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of.pdf
 
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdfquestion - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf
 
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdfPython programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf
 
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdfPrior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf
 
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdfPlease this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf
 
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdfPlease by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf
 

Recently uploaded

World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
ak6969907
 
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental DesignDigital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
amberjdewit93
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
TechSoup
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
Nicholas Montgomery
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
GeorgeMilliken2
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
eBook.com.bd (প্রয়োজনীয় বাংলা বই)
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
adhitya5119
 
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School DistrictPride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
David Douglas School District
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
Celine George
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
Dr. Shivangi Singh Parihar
 
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodHow to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Celine George
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
PECB
 
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICTSmart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
simonomuemu
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Katrina Pritchard
 
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
RitikBhardwaj56
 
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptxS1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
tarandeep35
 
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
 

Recently uploaded (20)

World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
World environment day ppt For 5 June 2024
 
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental DesignDigital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
 
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the moviewriting about opinions about Australia the movie
writing about opinions about Australia the movie
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
 
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School DistrictPride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
 
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 6pptx.pptx
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
 
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodHow to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
 
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICTSmart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
Smart-Money for SMC traders good time and ICT
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
 
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
 
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptxS1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
S1-Introduction-Biopesticides in ICM.pptx
 
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
 

Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper.pdf

  • 1. Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3628-3632, 1976) showing that a V gene and a C gene are miles apart in germline DNA (from mouse embryos), but next to each other in antibody-coding DNA (from a myeloma tumor). Subsequent experiments have demonstrated unequivocally that the immune system generates the antibody diversity by shuffling a few hundred genes to create countless permutations, in a process called V(D)J recombination. In this process, RAG enzymes work as a multi-subunit complex to induce cleavage of a double-stranded DNA molecule between the antigen receptor coding segment and a flanking recombination signal sequence (RSS). They do this in two steps. They initially introduce a ‘nick’ in the 5' (upstream) end of the RSS heptamer (a conserved region of 7 nucleotides) that is adjacent to the coding sequence, leaving behind a 3'-hydroxyl group at the coding end and a 5'-phosphate group at the RSS end. The next step couples these chemical groups, binding the OH-group (on the coding end) to the PO4group (that is sitting between the RSS and the gene segment on the opposite strand). [Assess each subsequent statement (64-71) as either factually correct (= “true”) or incorrect (= “false”)]: 64. This is an important enzymatic step in a process known as somatic recombination, which is limited to macrophages. 65. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the early stages of Ig and TCRs production. 66. This produces a 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 67. This produces a 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 68. This produces a 5'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently-closed hairpin at the coding end. 69. This produces a 5'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 70. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the late stages of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) production. 71. The V(D)J recombination events are involved in somatic hypermutations of the TCR and the binding of the OH-group (on the coding DNA end) to the PO4-group (that is sitting between the RSS and the gene segment on the opposite DNA strand) plays an important role in these hypermutations, which contribute to generating TCR diversity. Solution
  • 2. 64. False This process is not limited to macrophages and occurs in the B cells and T cells. 65. True This occurs in early stages of production of T cell receptors as well as immunoglobulins. 66. False No 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced 67. False No 3'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced 68. True Yes, 5'-phosphorylated break is produced at the RSS as well as on the coding end a covalently closed- hairpin is formed. 69. False Non- covalently closed hairpin is not formed. Instead a covalently closed hairpin is formed. 70. False This occurs in early stages and not in late stages.