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why is the idea of a standard network protocol such as the OSI reference model important ? what are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a single standard protocol ? Solution The idea of standard network protocol such as the OSI reference model is important as OSI reference model and TCP/IP are the backbone for today\'s computer systems and architecture. It allows communication between local area networks. Network protocols such as TCP/IP enable client server computing and assists in information sharing across the world. It has made the world a global village by providing an information super highway and is as important for business and commerce as roads, railways and airlines. Standard protocol allows different departments in the companies to share information and resources. Advantages of OSI reference model: Advantages of single standard protocol: Open standards are industry-wide protocol definitions that are not tied with a specific manufacturer company. With open standard protocols, we can use equipment from any vendor to build our network. As long as the equipment implements the standard protocols, it should be able to coexist on the same network. With open standard protocols, networks can consist of many different computing platforms running entirely different software. Protocols are implemented on a network in several ways. Some are integrated into the operating system. Others are device drivers, such as the driver for a particular network interface adapter supplied by its manufacturer. Disadvantages of developing a single standard protocol: 1. If there are problems in standard protocols, all the systems implementing them will be affected. 2. All companies and manufactures will need to follow the standards and it will get harder to innovate and create new standards which is orthogonal to the current standard..

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1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\" computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their equipment. 2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level Others are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet 3) Standards play an important role in networking. Without standards, manufacturers of networking products have no common ground on which to build their systems. Interconnecting products from various vendors would be difficult, if not impossible. Standardization can make or break networking products. These days many vendors are hesitant to support new technology unless there is a standardization base from which to work. Vendors want to know there will be some measure of interoperability for their hardware and software. Examples : IEEE 802.1 (LAN/MAN) IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN) 4) IEEE 802 group of standards https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802 5) File transfer protocol ( ftp) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol Solution 1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\" computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their equipment. 2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at t.

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Write a program that randomly generates a maze in java Solution import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import java.util.Random; public class MyMaze { private int dimensionX, dimensionY; // dimension of maze private int gridDimensionX, gridDimensionY; // dimension of output grid private char[][] grid; // output grid private Cell[][] cells; // 2d array of Cells private Random random = new Random(); // The random object // initialize with x and y the same public MyMaze(int aDimension) { // Initialize this(aDimension, aDimension); } // constructor public MyMaze(int xDimension, int yDimension) { dimensionX = xDimension; dimensionY = yDimension; gridDimensionX = xDimension * 4 + 1; gridDimensionY = yDimension * 2 + 1; grid = new char[gridDimensionX][gridDimensionY]; init(); generateMaze(); } private void init() { // create cells cells = new Cell[dimensionX][dimensionY]; for (int x = 0; x < dimensionX; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < dimensionY; y++) { cells[x][y] = new Cell(x, y, false); // create cell (see Cell constructor) } } } // inner class to represent a cell private class Cell { int x, y; // coordinates // cells this cell is connected to ArrayList neighbors = new ArrayList<>(); // solver: if already used boolean visited = false; // solver: the Cell before this one in the path Cell parent = null; // solver: if used in last attempt to solve path boolean inPath = false; // solver: distance travelled this far double travelled; // solver: projected distance to end double projectedDist; // impassable cell boolean wall = true; // if true, has yet to be used in generation boolean open = true; // construct Cell at x, y Cell(int x, int y) { this(x, y, true); } // construct Cell at x, y and with whether it isWall Cell(int x, int y, boolean isWall) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.wall = isWall; } // add a neighbor to this cell, and this cell as a neighbor to the other void addNeighbor(Cell other) { if (!this.neighbors.contains(other)) { // avoid duplicates this.neighbors.add(other); } if (!other.neighbors.contains(this)) { // avoid duplicates other.neighbors.add(this); } } // used in updateGrid() boolean isCellBelowNeighbor() { return this.neighbors.contains(new Cell(this.x, this.y + 1)); } // used in updateGrid() boolean isCellRightNeighbor() { return this.neighbors.contains(new Cell(this.x + 1, this.y)); } // useful Cell representation @Override public String toString() { return String.format(\"Cell(%s, %s)\", x, y); } // useful Cell equivalence @Override public boolean equals(Object other) { if (!(other instanceof Cell)) return false; Cell otherCell = (Cell) other; return (this.x == otherCell.x && this.y == otherCell.y); } // should be overridden with equals @Override public int hashCode() { // random hash code method designed to be usually unique return this.x + this.y * 256; } } // generate from upper left (In computing the y increases down often) private void generateMaze() { generateMaze(0, 0); } // gener.

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bermanbeancolungak45

This week, we are going to work together as a class to assist the Lone Star Center for Disease Control. They have identified a closed population of 10, 000 individuals, where a particularly nasty strain of flu virus has started to spread. What we know about this particular virus: It spreads at a rate that is jointly proportional to both the number of infected individuals and then number of uninfected individuals. When 1, 000 individuals are infected, the rate at which individuals are becoming infected is 500 individuals per day. There are currently 200 individuals infected. The LSCDC has determined that it is critical for relief efforts that they know how long it will take, based upon available information, for 90% of the population to become infected with the virus. You are not required to solve this entire problem on your own. Post at least the equivalent of 50 words that contributes to us solving this together throughout the course of the week. Solution The performative installation \'Light, Sweet, Cold, Dark, Crude - LSCDC\' is a series of audio- visual microevents, process-oriented and informal in nature. The research and production of this work is informed by the realities of grey water in various states of composition, decompo-sition and recomposition. A specially designed software merges in real time moving image, drawing and light, accompanied by striking sounds..

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The phylogenetic species concept looks at environmental adaptations and morphology species response to adverse conditions and genetic data genetic data and environmental adaptations morphology and environmental adaptations morphology and genetic data Solution Answer: E. The phylogenetic species concept looks at morphology and genetic data. We can\'t take the data of environmental adoptation and response to adverse conditions for phylogenetic species concept..

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The percentage of high school students who drink and drive was 17.5% at the beginning of 2001 and declined linearly to 10.3% at the beginning of 2011.† (a) Find a linear function f(t) giving the percentage of high school students who drink and drive in year t, where t = 0 corresponds to the beginning of 2001 f(t)= ? (b) If the trend continues, what will the percentage of high school students who drink and drive be at the beginning of 2014? %? Solution.

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Take a position on this statement: The media represent realistic images of Arabs. Support your views with one or two reasons and / or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.) take a position on this statement: The media represent realistic images of Arabs. Support your views with one or two reasons and / or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.) Solution In my opinion, media does not represent realistic images of Arabs. Recently, the Arab American National Museum and the National Network for Arab American Communities partnered with the National Voices Project (NVP) to investigate, among other things, media bias against racial, ethnic, and religious groups. According to the survey, respondents agree that there is a “persistent negative media bias” against Muslims and Arabs/Arab Americans. Nearly 50% of adults believe there is a persistent negative media bias against Muslims and 44% believe the same of Arabs/Arab Americans. Media especially film media consistently commnicates negative image of Arabs and Muslims. In all terrorist based movies, it is shown that villain belongs to these communities and hero is either a Hindu or a Christian. Although survey respondents did feel that media bias against African Americans (40%) and Jewish people (23%) remains a problem, it is clear that Muslims and Arabs are currently in the (negative) spotlight. The history of stereotyping and media bias in the United States follows a clear trajectory: media bias increases when a specific ethnic, religious, or racial group is seen as a threat to national security (economic or otherwise). For example, Hispanics/Latinos have long been the focus of persistent negative media bias. Recent popular and political discourses on immigration portray “illegal” immigrants from Latino countries as a threat to the economy and safety of the nation..

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Relate selected early morphological developments in the ancestors of mammals to the demands of endothermic homeothermy. Solution Endothermic organisms are those organisms that maintain constant body temperature irrespective of the environmental temperature. This constant regulation of temperature (Homeothermy) is due to well developed metabolism in Mammales. Mitochondria play a crucial role in maintain Homeothermy Mammals evolved from a group of reptiles called the synapsids. A branch of the synapsids called the therapsids appeared by the middle of the Permian Period (275 to 225 million years ago). Over millions of years some of thetherapsids would evolve many features that would later be associated with mammals. The hallmarks of today\'s mammals are presence of hair, warm blood and milk-producing glands. - Some dinosaurs, such as the Stegosaurus and Dimetrodon, supported large plates or sails of skin, developed to function as solar panels, absorbing the sun\'s heat for quick mobilization. However, during the period of dinosaurs, some of the sail-backed pelycosaurs (which includes the Dimetrodon) lost their sails. It would be improbable that such an effective heating mechanism would be lost through evolution unless a more efficient method of heat control had evolved to replace it. It is therefore reasonable to supposed that the pelycosaurs and their successors, the therapsids, were to some degree endothermic. The therapsids, being only three feet long, would need some form of body insulation if it was to be effective. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that some of these creatures were covered in hair, or fur..

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Question VI. In 1976, Hozumi and Tonegawa published an elegant paper (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3628-3632, 1976) showing that a V gene and a C gene are miles apart in germline DNA (from mouse embryos), but next to each other in antibody-coding DNA (from a myeloma tumor). Subsequent experiments have demonstrated unequivocally that the immune system generates the antibody diversity by shuffling a few hundred genes to create countless permutations, in a process called V(D)J recombination. In this process, RAG enzymes work as a multi-subunit complex to induce cleavage of a double-stranded DNA molecule between the antigen receptor coding segment and a flanking recombination signal sequence (RSS). They do this in two steps. They initially introduce a ‘nick’ in the 5\' (upstream) end of the RSS heptamer (a conserved region of 7 nucleotides) that is adjacent to the coding sequence, leaving behind a 3\'-hydroxyl group at the coding end and a 5\'-phosphate group at the RSS end. The next step couples these chemical groups, binding the OH-group (on the coding end) to the PO4group (that is sitting between the RSS and the gene segment on the opposite strand). [Assess each subsequent statement (64-71) as either factually correct (= “true”) or incorrect (= “false”)]: 64. This is an important enzymatic step in a process known as somatic recombination, which is limited to macrophages. 65. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the early stages of Ig and TCRs production. 66. This produces a 3\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 67. This produces a 3\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 68. This produces a 5\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a covalently-closed hairpin at the coding end. 69. This produces a 5\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break at the RSS and a non-covalently closed hairpin at the coding end. 70. This is an event of the mechanism of genetic recombination in the late stages of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) production. 71. The V(D)J recombination events are involved in somatic hypermutations of the TCR and the binding of the OH-group (on the coding DNA end) to the PO4-group (that is sitting between the RSS and the gene segment on the opposite DNA strand) plays an important role in these hypermutations, which contribute to generating TCR diversity. Solution 64. False This process is not limited to macrophages and occurs in the B cells and T cells. 65. True This occurs in early stages of production of T cell receptors as well as immunoglobulins. 66. False No 3\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced 67. False No 3\'-phosphorylated double-stranded break is produced 68. True Yes, 5\'-phosphorylated break is produced at the RSS as well as on the coding end a covalently closed- hairpin is formed. 69. False Non- covalently closed hairpin is not .

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question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of recreating dinosaurs based on knowing the sequence of dinosaur genomes. We now have the sequence of a Neanderthal (ancient hominid species that went extinct approximately 40,000 years ago) genome that is as accurate as the genome of a modern human. Therefore we may have the potential to recreate a Neanderthal – would you be interested in trying to recreate extinct species from genome sequences? question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of recreating dinosaurs based on knowing the sequence of dinosaur genomes. We now have the sequence of a Neanderthal (ancient hominid species that went extinct approximately 40,000 years ago) genome that is as accurate as the genome of a modern human. Therefore we may have the potential to recreate a Neanderthal – would you be interested in trying to recreate extinct species from genome sequences? Solution The book and the movie Jurassic Park presented a masterpiece in sci-fi which ignited young minds with the spark of innovation and engineering in the field of genetic manipulation of organisms. The below are the points in response to the given question. (1) In my knowledge of science philosophy, creating and innovating in science is not (rather should not be) ONLY limited by theoretical or practical feasibilities but rather by ethics. Human is a social animal and is bound and institutionalized within its filial and geographical boundaries. Creating extinct races of humans, such as Neanderthals, will certainly pose complexities of maternal and paternal relations. Such an individual will face issues of emotional, psychological and cultural development. (2) Another aspect of looking at the given question would be related to the individual\'s acclimatization in the present earth environs. The Neanderthals used to inhabit the earth about 40000 ybp. Given the present time\'s phenomenon of global climate change and warming one might believe that the set of climatic parameters 40000 ybp were certainly and completely different that those of the present. Creating and bringing an individual of 40000 years before time would certainly be an act of pure science experiment without social and human perspectives kept in mind. Thirdly, the important aspect would be the place of the individual in the global food chain. The species in nature develop so as to fit in a crucial and defined role and place in energy transfer in ecological food web. In a nutshell, such created Neanderthals would be out of place and time in the current world scenarios. They will face climatic, cultural and ecological shock. Such individuals will be only a retrogressive science experiment with perhaps no contribution in research and development..

question - Jurassic Park (book and movie) proposed the concept of.pdf

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Python programming question : Assume that a file containing a series of integers is named numbers.txt. Write a program that calculates the average of all the numbers stored in the file. 49.6 expexted result : 349.2 Solution numbers = [] with open(\"numbers.txt\", \"r\") as ins: for line in ins: numbers.append(line) sum = 0 for i in range(0, len(numbers)): sum = sum + int(numbers[i]) average = sum/float(len(numbers)) print \"Average is \", average OUtput: sh-4.3$ python main.py Average is 5.5 numbers.txt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.

Python programming question Assume that a file containing a serie.pdf

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Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected patients with AIDS developed a high frequency of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Why? a. Compromised Immune surveillance promotes the spontaneous appearance of Kaposi’s sarcoma. b. High levels of HIV replication in AIDS patients cause Kaposi’s sarcoma. c. Latent EBV is reactivated and causes Kaposi’s sarcoma. d. Latent HHV-8 is reactivated and causes Kaposi’s sarcoma. Solution Kaposi\'s sarcoma (KS) is a tmors with tiny new blood vessels grow under the the skin and in membranes of your mouth, nostril, eyes, and anus. It can spread in lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and lymph nodes, which are glands that help fight contamination. The failure of a tumor to develop as it does within the immunosuppressive host might be not due to a loss of tumor-cell killing within the suppressed host. Instead, the better degree of immune response , even to tumor-inhibitory ranges, probably offers less fine guide to tumor increase. Because humans with HIV have weakened immune systems, they may be much more likely to expand KS. Most severe instances happen when a person has AIDS, the HIV contamination, however skin lesions can also show up in advance. They\'re a signal for high immune system Both EBV and KSHV are latent residents in B lymphocytes and display sporadic reactivation in lymphoepithelial tissues including tonsils .Lytic reactivation of EBV or KSHV in epithelial cells of the nasopharynx is strongly inspired by the differentiation. In addition, XBP-1s, a made from the gene accountable for B cellular differentiation, turned into currently suggested to be one of the physiological stimuli that trigger the lytic switch of EBV and KSHV in latently infected B cells.With the aid of infection with human herpesvirus eight (HHV8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV) or KS agent.

Prior to the development of anti-retroviral drugs, HIV infected pati.pdf

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Please this is my second time posting. I really need the right answe.pdf

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Please by using Computer! Each of you were assigned a country on Wednesday for analysis. Alex & Sam--you were assigned Nicaragua. The last slide on the Human Rights power point includes four questions that should guide your research and report. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are the two leading human rights organizations in the world today. Excellent Web pages. The U.S. State Department publishes periodic country reports on human rights. Google. Your written report should run approximately 750 + words. This does not need to be an essay-- intro, body, conclusion. Rather we are looking for lots of information. Please by using Computer! Each of you were assigned a country on Wednesday for analysis. Alex & Sam--you were assigned Nicaragua. The last slide on the Human Rights power point includes four questions that should guide your research and report. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are the two leading human rights organizations in the world today. Excellent Web pages. The U.S. State Department publishes periodic country reports on human rights. Google. Your written report should run approximately 750 + words. This does not need to be an essay-- intro, body, conclusion. Rather we are looking for lots of information. Please by using Computer! Each of you were assigned a country on Wednesday for analysis. Alex & Sam--you were assigned Nicaragua. The last slide on the Human Rights power point includes four questions that should guide your research and report. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are the two leading human rights organizations in the world today. Excellent Web pages. The U.S. State Department publishes periodic country reports on human rights. Google. Your written report should run approximately 750 + words. This does not need to be an essay-- intro, body, conclusion. Rather we are looking for lots of information. Solution Amnesty international was know as Amnesty and AI. It is a non governmental organisation deals with human rights with 7 million members in the world. History: It was founded in London in July 1961 by English labour lawyer Peter Benenson. In 1967 Peter Benenson resigned after an independent inquiry did not support his claims that AI had been infiltrated by British agents. Later he claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had become involved in Amnesty. In 1970 it was led by Seán MacBride and Martin Ennals. In 1980 Amnesty International was drawing more criticism from governments. The USSR alleged that Amnesty International conducted espionage, the Moroccan government denounced it as a defender of lawbreakers, and the Argentinian government banned Amnesty International\'s 1983 annual report. Throughout the 1990s, Amnesty International continued to grow, to a membership of over 7 million in over 150 countries and territories,[2]led by Senegalese Secretary General Pierre Sané. After 2000, Amnesty International\'s agenda turned to the challenges arising from globalisation and the re.

Please by using Computer!Each of you were assigned a count.pdf

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