Question 1
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct odds ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated as case (yes disease) or control (no)
Case Control
Yes exposed 27 23 50
No not exposed 20 24 44
Total 47 47 94
Answer
3.4
.54
.96
1.4
Question 2
.
Which of the following statements about cumulative incidence and/or incidence density is true?
Answer
Incident density is also called the incidence rate.
Both the incidence density and the cumulative incidence use number of people at risk for disease
in the denominator, though their numerators are different.
The numerator for incidence density is calculated in person-years.
Cumulative incidence is usually larger than incidence density since the denominator is smaller.
1 points
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements about prevalence and/or incidence is true?
Answer
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the
prevalence.
Incidence is based on a sample, while prevalence is based on a population.
Prevalence is an estimate of the true incidence of disease in a population.
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the
cumulative incidence for that year.
Question 4
Using this table, which of the following is the incidence density of whooping cough in year 2 in
the population that was sampled, given that there were 190 people at risk after year 1?
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
2 1st quarter .25 .5
4 2nd quarter .50 2
3 3rd quarter .75 2.25
9 4.75
(Hint: Number left contributing 1 person year each is 190 ? 9 = 181)
Answer
.4%
4.8%
.5%
1.9%
Question 5
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct odds ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated as case (yes disease) or control (no)
Case Control
Yes exposed 34 29 63
No not exposed 31 36 67
Total 65 65 130
Answer
.8
1.4
3.8
.5
Question 6
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 2 of flu in the
population that was sampled?
Year Number at Risk New Cases
1 250 34
2 250 47
Answer
14%
19%
16%
8%
Question 7
1.
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of smoking in the population that
was sampled?
Total number respondents: 80,000
Number of respondents who smoke: 14,243
Answer
.2
.17%
17%
7%
1 points
Question 8
1.
Which of the following statements about cumulative incidence and/or incidence density is true?
Answer
You cannot calculate either incidence density or cumulative incidence using a sample; you must
use the whole population.
Incidence density can be calculated using a sample but cumulative incidence cannot.
Both incidence density and cumulative incidence can be calculated using a sample of the
population.
Both types of incidence are parameters, whereas prevalence is a statistic.
1 points
Question 9
1.
Using this 2 x 2 table, determi.
Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounterZackary Berger
Communicating risk is part of nearly every patient-provider encounter. I present some evidence-based strategies to improve patients\' and doctors\' risk perception.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounterZackary Berger
Communicating risk is part of nearly every patient-provider encounter. I present some evidence-based strategies to improve patients\' and doctors\' risk perception.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
Consider the following hypothet-ical scenario and results .docxdonnajames55
C
onsider the following hypothet-
ical scenario and results that are
formatted in evidence-based
practice (EBP) language such as those
that you might see in the Cochrane
Collaboration,1 a primary resource for
evidence-based systematic reviews.
Scenario: How effective is a daily
dose of 500 mg of vitamin C in
the prevention of ulcers on the heels of
bedridden elderly clients? Results: With
an NNT of 5, vitamin C is effective (OR,
0.10; 95% CI, 0.05-0.20).
If there are some abbreviations
or values in this situation that are un-
familiar to you, you will find explana-
tions and examples in this article that
will help you in reading, interpreting,
and understanding them as you use
evidence-based literature for your best
practices. Nurses always rise to the
occasion to learn the latest research
information that may improve patient
care and outcomes.
An obstacle to involvement in EBP
is lack of skill in understanding the
‘‘bottom line’’ of systematic reviews
and accompanying risk-related num-
bers.
2-4
Content and research experts
conduct systematic reviews using strict
criteria for inclusion of primary re-
search studies and statistical analysis.
5
The Cochrane Collaboration is a major
resource for more than 1,000 system-
atic reviews of randomized clinical
trials for the effects of healthcare inter-
ventions created through collaboration
of more than 50 worldwide review and
methods teams.6
The systematic review teams basi-
cally seek the response to 1 question:
how many people have a bad outcome
in the experimental group compared
with the control group? Bad outcomes
refer to the undesirable outcomes in a
study, such as development of a heel
ulcer. Noteworthy in EBP statistics is
the simplicity of using a head count
rather than group averages. Even when
individual study results are not statisti-
cally significant, if the experimental
group has fewer bad outcomes than the
control group, the nurse or other pro-
vider might want to apply the results
anyway. Seven terms and their abbre-
viations and formulas are common in
the reported results,7,8 as summarized
in Table 1. In this article, hypothetical
examples and their derivations de-
scribe these 7 terms. At the end, you
can derive these values for a clinical
scenario toward a better understanding
when teaching these terms to others.
Absolute Risk Reduction
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) is the
absolute arithmetic difference (abso-
lute means that one ignores plus and
minus signs) in percentages of bad
outcomes between the experimental
and control groups. Absolute risk reduc-
tion means that more people in the
control group than in the experimen-
tal group develop a bad outcome. To
calculate the ARR, you need to know
just 2 things: the experimental event
rate (EER), or the percentage of the
bad outcome in the experimental group;
and the control group event rate (CER),
or the percentage of the bad outcome in
the control group. Let us look at an ex-
ample: 13% of patients with diabetes
receiv.
Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docxrossskuddershamus
Analytic Studies
There are basically two types of studies: experimental and observational. In an experimental study, the exposure has not occurred yet. The investigator controls the exposure in the study groups and studies the impact. For example, he may immunize one group with an experimental vaccine that has been developed for a disease and compare the frequency with which the disease develops to the control group (which had no modification). In an observational study, the exposure has already occurred. The exposures and outcomes are observed and analyzed, not created experimentally. Observational studies are often more practical and continue to provide the major contribution to our understanding of diseases. There are two main types of observational studies: cohort (prospective) and case-control (retrospective) studies.
In a cohort study, a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period (cohort) are categorized based upon their exposure status. For example, individuals at a work place where an asbestos exposure occurred would be considered a cohort. Another example would be individuals attending a wedding where a foodborne illness occurred. Cohort studies have well-defined populations. Often, cohort studies involve following a cohort over time in order to determine the rate at which a disease develops in relation to the exposure.
In a cohort study, relative risk is used to determine whether an association exists between an exposure and a disease. Relative risk is defined as ratio of the incidence rate among exposed individuals to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals.
To calculate the relative risk, you would use the following formula: (a/a+b) / (c/c+d) where:
a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed.
b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed.
c = the number of individuals with a disease who were NOT exposed.
d = the number of individuals without a disease who were NOT exposed.
In a case-control study, the sample is based upon illness status, rather than exposure status. The researcher identifies a group of people who meet the case definition and a group of people who do not have the illness (controls). The objective is to determine if the two groups differ in the rate of exposure to a specific factor or factors.
In contrast to a cohort study, the total number of people exposed in a case-control study is unknown. Therefore, relative risk cannot be used. Instead, an odds ratio or risk ratio is used. An odds ratio measures the odds that an exposed individual will develop a disease in comparison to an unexposed individual. Please click the button below to learn how to calculate an odds ratio.
To calculate an odds ratio, you would use the following formula: ad/bc
where:
a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed.
b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed.
c = the number of individu.
Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CASE-CONTROL STU.docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
CASE-CONTROL STUD IES
A case-control study is an observational design that involves studying a population in which cases of disease
are identified and enrolled, and a sample of the population that produced the cases is identified and enrolled
(controls). Exposures are determined for individuals in both groups.
Let’s say that we want to test the hypothesis that pesticide exposure increases the risk of breast cancer.
Consider a hypothetical prospective cohort study of 89,949 women aged 34-59; 1,439 breast cancer cases
were identified over 8 years of follow-up. Blood was drawn on all 89,949 at beginning of follow-up and
samples were frozen. The exposure was defined as the level of pesticides (e.g. DDE) in blood, characterized as
high or low. We compare women with high or low exposures to see if they got breast cancer or not by the end
of follow-up.
Breast Cancer
Yes No Total
DDE
exposure High 360 13,276 13,636
Relative Risk = RR = (360/13,636) / (1,079/76,313) = 1.9
Low 1,079 75,234 76,313
Women with high pesticide levels in the blood have 1.9
times the risk of developing breast cancer after 8 years
than women with low levels
Total 1,439 88,510 89,949
Conducting this study presents a practical problem: quantifying pesticide levels in the blood is very expensive -
-it's not feasible to analyze all 89,949 blood samples (this would cost many thousands of dollars).
To be efficient, we could instead analyze blood on all breast cancer cases (N=1,439) but take only a sample of
the women who did not get breast cancer, say two times as many cases (N=2,878) (controls). This is a case-
control study! Specifically, because we sampled cases and controls from within a complete cohort, we refer to
this as a nested case-control study.
Breast Cancer
Cases Controls
DDE
exposure
High 360 432
Low 1,079 2,446
Total 1,439 2,878
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
Timing and Set Up of a Case-Control Study
Cases
When identifying cases, the criteria for the case definition should lead to accurate classification of disease.
This means the investigator must have efficient and accurate sources to identify cases, such as existing disease
registries or hospitals.
In our standard 2 x 2 table, the number of cases gives you the numerators of the rates of disease in exposed
and unexposed groups being compared.
Disease
Yes
(cases)
No
(controls)
Total
Exposure Yes a ? ? Rate of disease in exposed: a/?
No c ? ?
Rate of disease in
unexposed: c/?
Total a+c ? ?
What is missing? The denominators! If this were a cohort study, you would have the total population (if you
were calculating cumulative incidence) or total person-years (if you were calculating incidence rates) for both
the exposed and non-exposed groups, which would provide the c ...
Sex- and Age-specific Increases in Suicide Attempts by Self-Poisoning in the ...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
There was a more than twofold increase in the rate of suspected self-poisoning suicide cases between 2011 and 2018, according to a new study that looked at more than 1.6 million such cases.
Here’s what else you need to know:
•Overall trends: Cases of suicide attempts by self-poisoning doubled in those aged 10-18 between 2011 and 2018, rising from around 39,000 to more than 78,000.
•Gender: More girls than boys attempted suicide by self-poisoning. The rate of intentional attempts among girls 10-18 also steadily increased from 2011-2018.
•Outcomes: The number of serious outcomes — including death and hospitalizations — as a result of the poisoning increased 235% between 2000 and 2018, and more than 1,400 children died.
CalculationsProblem #1 Fill in the blank spaces in the c.docxRAHUL126667
Calculations
Problem #1
Fill in the blank spaces in the chart: Within this assignment, imagine that you have been hired as a new hospital infection control manager and are immediately welcomed by the chief of staff and house super who have grave issues regarding a recent state of nosocomial infections within the facility and they need some assistance determining the statistics related to the prevalence and incidence of the infections to get a better grasp of what clinical and countermeasures need to be taken at the hospital next.
(Population = 82,438,000)
Cause of Admission
Number of admits
Proportional Case Ratio (%)
Cause-specific rate per 100,000
Accidents and adverse effects
26,526
Malignant neoplasms
22,228
HIV infection
21,747
Diseases of the heart
15,822
Homicide and legal intervention
12,372
Suicide
12,281
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
4,449
Cerebrovascular diseases
3,343
Diabetes mellitus
2,211
Pneumonia and influenza
2,203
Problem #2
Calculate the Relative Risk: An uptick in attempted suicides in teen boys has interested the State Health authorities and they are looking for some information on the data the hospital has received in the past calendar year. The common exposure factor here is a history of parental abuse.
Suicide Attempt
No Suicide Attempt
History of Parental Abuse
No History of Parental Abuse
Those who reported parental abuse:
14 had attempted suicide
9 had not attempted suicide
Those who had not reported parental abuse:
49 had attempted suicide
149 had not attempted suicide
Calculate the Relative Risk
Problem #3
Calculate the prevalence: You are a physician who practices medicine in HappyVille, a community of 100,000 persons. During 2009, there were 1,000 deaths from all causes. All cases of cardiovascular disease were identified, and they totaled 300. During 2009, there were 60 deaths from cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in HappyVille in 2009 was:
Problem #4
Calculate the 10-day cumulative incidence: Influenza is spread by close contact between an infected person and an uninfected person who has not had the infection and therefore is at risk.
Imagine that there are 10 students living on your dorm floor, which is the second floor of the building. One of the students has returned on the evening of Sunday, October 3rd, from a weekend away at a friend’s wedding. On the morning of Tuesday, October 5th, he shows all the typical symptoms of influenza, including a mild fever and sore throat. By the end of the following Sunday, October 10th, four other students on the floor are showing identical symptoms. What is the cumulative incidence rate for influenza for the period October 1 through October 10 on the second floor of the dorm? Your answer should be specific.
The ten-day cumulative incidence for the second floor of the dorm is:
Problem #5
Calculate the prevalence per thousand: 125 people out of 5000 have food poisoning. Determi ...
Question 3Carlton Containers has a dividend policy whereby the fir.pdfalamshoes001
Question 3
Carlton Containers has a dividend policy whereby the firm pays a constant annual dividend of
$1.95 per share of common stock. The firm has 10,000 shares of stock outstanding. The
company
must always show a current liability of $19,500 ($1.95 x 1,000) for dividends payable.
is obligated to pay $1.95 per share each year in perpetuity.
must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
will be declared in default if it does not pay at least $1.95 per share per year on a timely basis.
has a liability that must be paid at a later date should the company miss paying an annual
dividend payment.
must always show a current liability of $19,500 ($1.95 x 1,000) for dividends payable.
is obligated to pay $1.95 per share each year in perpetuity.
must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
will be declared in default if it does not pay at least $1.95 per share per year on a timely basis.
has a liability that must be paid at a later date should the company miss paying an annual
dividend payment.
Solution
The company must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
Dividend on common stock is genearally paid only if the company is in profits. So, by default a
current liability cannot be created, because it is not certain that every year the company will
make profits.
It is only the policy of the company, it does not create an obligation that the company must pay
dividend.
Therefore, the company must declare its dividend in the Annual general meeting by means of a
resolution, only then the dividend liability will arise. Hence the correct statement is the third
statement..
QUESTION 5Which of the following words are most descriptive of cla.pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 5
Which of the following words are most descriptive of classical organization
theory?
Deconstruction, critical, decentralized
Mechanical, clockwork, rational
Informal, horizontal, pluralistic
Economic, competition, utilitarian
QUESTION 6
Which of the following is TRUE of scientific management?
Use time and motion studies to devise the one best way to accomplish tasks.
In advocating for scientific management, Taylor made his case primarily to
upper level management.
Select the best workers for each task.
All of the above are true of scientific management
3 points
QUESTION 7
The underlying form of logic that public choice theory is based upon is known as
Contingency theory.
Bounded rationality.
Organizational humanism.
Utilitarianism.
3 points
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of decentralization?
It is viewed more positively in U.S. political culture.
It results in increased organizational flexibility.
It is more responsive to the consumer.
All of the above are advantages of decentralization.
3 points
QUESTION 9
The chief objective of classical bureaucracy is to
Enhance internal control by means of structures that emphasize predictability
and accountability.
Adapt readily to changes in the environment.
Foster task and social cohesion.
None of the above.
3 points
QUESTION 10
In which type of organization is authority based more on professional norms and
standards rather than exclusively on organizational rank?
Matrix organization
Organic organization
Tall hierarchy
Professional bureaucracy
3 points
QUESTION 11
The theory that holds the assumption that people hate work and do all they can to
avoid it is called
Path goal theory.
Hierarchy of needs.
Theory X.
Theory Y.
3 points
QUESTION 12
Material and non-monetary incentives for workers such as pay, fringe benefits,
health insurance, pension, use of company vehicles, day care for children and
health club members are examples of
Intrinsic rewards.
Extrinsic rewards.
Self-esteem rewards.
Safety and security needs.
3 points
QUESTION 13
The group-decision technique designed to reduce or eliminate groupthink that
involves the use of written questionnaires and anonymity is called
The Delphi Method.
The Abilene Paradox.
Nominal Group Technique
Mixed scanning.
3 points
QUESTION 14
Which of the following is an accurate statement about cultural change in public
organizations?
People in organizations seldom enthusiastically welcome change.
Strong leadership is required in order to effect permanent change.
Changing organizations requires considerable resources to be successful.
All of the above are accurate statements about cultural change in public
organizations.
3 points
QUESTION 15
The group-decision technique designed to reduce or eliminate groupthink that
involves face-to-face meetings where participants write down solutions to a problem is called
The Delphi Method.
The Abilene Paradox.
Nominal Group Technique.
Mixed scanning.
3 points
QUESTION 16
Which of the following is T.
More Related Content
Similar to Question 1Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following.pdf
Consider the following hypothet-ical scenario and results .docxdonnajames55
C
onsider the following hypothet-
ical scenario and results that are
formatted in evidence-based
practice (EBP) language such as those
that you might see in the Cochrane
Collaboration,1 a primary resource for
evidence-based systematic reviews.
Scenario: How effective is a daily
dose of 500 mg of vitamin C in
the prevention of ulcers on the heels of
bedridden elderly clients? Results: With
an NNT of 5, vitamin C is effective (OR,
0.10; 95% CI, 0.05-0.20).
If there are some abbreviations
or values in this situation that are un-
familiar to you, you will find explana-
tions and examples in this article that
will help you in reading, interpreting,
and understanding them as you use
evidence-based literature for your best
practices. Nurses always rise to the
occasion to learn the latest research
information that may improve patient
care and outcomes.
An obstacle to involvement in EBP
is lack of skill in understanding the
‘‘bottom line’’ of systematic reviews
and accompanying risk-related num-
bers.
2-4
Content and research experts
conduct systematic reviews using strict
criteria for inclusion of primary re-
search studies and statistical analysis.
5
The Cochrane Collaboration is a major
resource for more than 1,000 system-
atic reviews of randomized clinical
trials for the effects of healthcare inter-
ventions created through collaboration
of more than 50 worldwide review and
methods teams.6
The systematic review teams basi-
cally seek the response to 1 question:
how many people have a bad outcome
in the experimental group compared
with the control group? Bad outcomes
refer to the undesirable outcomes in a
study, such as development of a heel
ulcer. Noteworthy in EBP statistics is
the simplicity of using a head count
rather than group averages. Even when
individual study results are not statisti-
cally significant, if the experimental
group has fewer bad outcomes than the
control group, the nurse or other pro-
vider might want to apply the results
anyway. Seven terms and their abbre-
viations and formulas are common in
the reported results,7,8 as summarized
in Table 1. In this article, hypothetical
examples and their derivations de-
scribe these 7 terms. At the end, you
can derive these values for a clinical
scenario toward a better understanding
when teaching these terms to others.
Absolute Risk Reduction
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) is the
absolute arithmetic difference (abso-
lute means that one ignores plus and
minus signs) in percentages of bad
outcomes between the experimental
and control groups. Absolute risk reduc-
tion means that more people in the
control group than in the experimen-
tal group develop a bad outcome. To
calculate the ARR, you need to know
just 2 things: the experimental event
rate (EER), or the percentage of the
bad outcome in the experimental group;
and the control group event rate (CER),
or the percentage of the bad outcome in
the control group. Let us look at an ex-
ample: 13% of patients with diabetes
receiv.
Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docxrossskuddershamus
Analytic Studies
There are basically two types of studies: experimental and observational. In an experimental study, the exposure has not occurred yet. The investigator controls the exposure in the study groups and studies the impact. For example, he may immunize one group with an experimental vaccine that has been developed for a disease and compare the frequency with which the disease develops to the control group (which had no modification). In an observational study, the exposure has already occurred. The exposures and outcomes are observed and analyzed, not created experimentally. Observational studies are often more practical and continue to provide the major contribution to our understanding of diseases. There are two main types of observational studies: cohort (prospective) and case-control (retrospective) studies.
In a cohort study, a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period (cohort) are categorized based upon their exposure status. For example, individuals at a work place where an asbestos exposure occurred would be considered a cohort. Another example would be individuals attending a wedding where a foodborne illness occurred. Cohort studies have well-defined populations. Often, cohort studies involve following a cohort over time in order to determine the rate at which a disease develops in relation to the exposure.
In a cohort study, relative risk is used to determine whether an association exists between an exposure and a disease. Relative risk is defined as ratio of the incidence rate among exposed individuals to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals.
To calculate the relative risk, you would use the following formula: (a/a+b) / (c/c+d) where:
a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed.
b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed.
c = the number of individuals with a disease who were NOT exposed.
d = the number of individuals without a disease who were NOT exposed.
In a case-control study, the sample is based upon illness status, rather than exposure status. The researcher identifies a group of people who meet the case definition and a group of people who do not have the illness (controls). The objective is to determine if the two groups differ in the rate of exposure to a specific factor or factors.
In contrast to a cohort study, the total number of people exposed in a case-control study is unknown. Therefore, relative risk cannot be used. Instead, an odds ratio or risk ratio is used. An odds ratio measures the odds that an exposed individual will develop a disease in comparison to an unexposed individual. Please click the button below to learn how to calculate an odds ratio.
To calculate an odds ratio, you would use the following formula: ad/bc
where:
a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed.
b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed.
c = the number of individu.
Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CASE-CONTROL STU.docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
CASE-CONTROL STUD IES
A case-control study is an observational design that involves studying a population in which cases of disease
are identified and enrolled, and a sample of the population that produced the cases is identified and enrolled
(controls). Exposures are determined for individuals in both groups.
Let’s say that we want to test the hypothesis that pesticide exposure increases the risk of breast cancer.
Consider a hypothetical prospective cohort study of 89,949 women aged 34-59; 1,439 breast cancer cases
were identified over 8 years of follow-up. Blood was drawn on all 89,949 at beginning of follow-up and
samples were frozen. The exposure was defined as the level of pesticides (e.g. DDE) in blood, characterized as
high or low. We compare women with high or low exposures to see if they got breast cancer or not by the end
of follow-up.
Breast Cancer
Yes No Total
DDE
exposure High 360 13,276 13,636
Relative Risk = RR = (360/13,636) / (1,079/76,313) = 1.9
Low 1,079 75,234 76,313
Women with high pesticide levels in the blood have 1.9
times the risk of developing breast cancer after 8 years
than women with low levels
Total 1,439 88,510 89,949
Conducting this study presents a practical problem: quantifying pesticide levels in the blood is very expensive -
-it's not feasible to analyze all 89,949 blood samples (this would cost many thousands of dollars).
To be efficient, we could instead analyze blood on all breast cancer cases (N=1,439) but take only a sample of
the women who did not get breast cancer, say two times as many cases (N=2,878) (controls). This is a case-
control study! Specifically, because we sampled cases and controls from within a complete cohort, we refer to
this as a nested case-control study.
Breast Cancer
Cases Controls
DDE
exposure
High 360 432
Low 1,079 2,446
Total 1,439 2,878
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
Timing and Set Up of a Case-Control Study
Cases
When identifying cases, the criteria for the case definition should lead to accurate classification of disease.
This means the investigator must have efficient and accurate sources to identify cases, such as existing disease
registries or hospitals.
In our standard 2 x 2 table, the number of cases gives you the numerators of the rates of disease in exposed
and unexposed groups being compared.
Disease
Yes
(cases)
No
(controls)
Total
Exposure Yes a ? ? Rate of disease in exposed: a/?
No c ? ?
Rate of disease in
unexposed: c/?
Total a+c ? ?
What is missing? The denominators! If this were a cohort study, you would have the total population (if you
were calculating cumulative incidence) or total person-years (if you were calculating incidence rates) for both
the exposed and non-exposed groups, which would provide the c ...
Sex- and Age-specific Increases in Suicide Attempts by Self-Poisoning in the ...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
There was a more than twofold increase in the rate of suspected self-poisoning suicide cases between 2011 and 2018, according to a new study that looked at more than 1.6 million such cases.
Here’s what else you need to know:
•Overall trends: Cases of suicide attempts by self-poisoning doubled in those aged 10-18 between 2011 and 2018, rising from around 39,000 to more than 78,000.
•Gender: More girls than boys attempted suicide by self-poisoning. The rate of intentional attempts among girls 10-18 also steadily increased from 2011-2018.
•Outcomes: The number of serious outcomes — including death and hospitalizations — as a result of the poisoning increased 235% between 2000 and 2018, and more than 1,400 children died.
CalculationsProblem #1 Fill in the blank spaces in the c.docxRAHUL126667
Calculations
Problem #1
Fill in the blank spaces in the chart: Within this assignment, imagine that you have been hired as a new hospital infection control manager and are immediately welcomed by the chief of staff and house super who have grave issues regarding a recent state of nosocomial infections within the facility and they need some assistance determining the statistics related to the prevalence and incidence of the infections to get a better grasp of what clinical and countermeasures need to be taken at the hospital next.
(Population = 82,438,000)
Cause of Admission
Number of admits
Proportional Case Ratio (%)
Cause-specific rate per 100,000
Accidents and adverse effects
26,526
Malignant neoplasms
22,228
HIV infection
21,747
Diseases of the heart
15,822
Homicide and legal intervention
12,372
Suicide
12,281
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
4,449
Cerebrovascular diseases
3,343
Diabetes mellitus
2,211
Pneumonia and influenza
2,203
Problem #2
Calculate the Relative Risk: An uptick in attempted suicides in teen boys has interested the State Health authorities and they are looking for some information on the data the hospital has received in the past calendar year. The common exposure factor here is a history of parental abuse.
Suicide Attempt
No Suicide Attempt
History of Parental Abuse
No History of Parental Abuse
Those who reported parental abuse:
14 had attempted suicide
9 had not attempted suicide
Those who had not reported parental abuse:
49 had attempted suicide
149 had not attempted suicide
Calculate the Relative Risk
Problem #3
Calculate the prevalence: You are a physician who practices medicine in HappyVille, a community of 100,000 persons. During 2009, there were 1,000 deaths from all causes. All cases of cardiovascular disease were identified, and they totaled 300. During 2009, there were 60 deaths from cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in HappyVille in 2009 was:
Problem #4
Calculate the 10-day cumulative incidence: Influenza is spread by close contact between an infected person and an uninfected person who has not had the infection and therefore is at risk.
Imagine that there are 10 students living on your dorm floor, which is the second floor of the building. One of the students has returned on the evening of Sunday, October 3rd, from a weekend away at a friend’s wedding. On the morning of Tuesday, October 5th, he shows all the typical symptoms of influenza, including a mild fever and sore throat. By the end of the following Sunday, October 10th, four other students on the floor are showing identical symptoms. What is the cumulative incidence rate for influenza for the period October 1 through October 10 on the second floor of the dorm? Your answer should be specific.
The ten-day cumulative incidence for the second floor of the dorm is:
Problem #5
Calculate the prevalence per thousand: 125 people out of 5000 have food poisoning. Determi ...
Question 3Carlton Containers has a dividend policy whereby the fir.pdfalamshoes001
Question 3
Carlton Containers has a dividend policy whereby the firm pays a constant annual dividend of
$1.95 per share of common stock. The firm has 10,000 shares of stock outstanding. The
company
must always show a current liability of $19,500 ($1.95 x 1,000) for dividends payable.
is obligated to pay $1.95 per share each year in perpetuity.
must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
will be declared in default if it does not pay at least $1.95 per share per year on a timely basis.
has a liability that must be paid at a later date should the company miss paying an annual
dividend payment.
must always show a current liability of $19,500 ($1.95 x 1,000) for dividends payable.
is obligated to pay $1.95 per share each year in perpetuity.
must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
will be declared in default if it does not pay at least $1.95 per share per year on a timely basis.
has a liability that must be paid at a later date should the company miss paying an annual
dividend payment.
Solution
The company must still declare each dividend before it becomes an actual company liability.
Dividend on common stock is genearally paid only if the company is in profits. So, by default a
current liability cannot be created, because it is not certain that every year the company will
make profits.
It is only the policy of the company, it does not create an obligation that the company must pay
dividend.
Therefore, the company must declare its dividend in the Annual general meeting by means of a
resolution, only then the dividend liability will arise. Hence the correct statement is the third
statement..
QUESTION 5Which of the following words are most descriptive of cla.pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 5
Which of the following words are most descriptive of classical organization
theory?
Deconstruction, critical, decentralized
Mechanical, clockwork, rational
Informal, horizontal, pluralistic
Economic, competition, utilitarian
QUESTION 6
Which of the following is TRUE of scientific management?
Use time and motion studies to devise the one best way to accomplish tasks.
In advocating for scientific management, Taylor made his case primarily to
upper level management.
Select the best workers for each task.
All of the above are true of scientific management
3 points
QUESTION 7
The underlying form of logic that public choice theory is based upon is known as
Contingency theory.
Bounded rationality.
Organizational humanism.
Utilitarianism.
3 points
QUESTION 8
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of decentralization?
It is viewed more positively in U.S. political culture.
It results in increased organizational flexibility.
It is more responsive to the consumer.
All of the above are advantages of decentralization.
3 points
QUESTION 9
The chief objective of classical bureaucracy is to
Enhance internal control by means of structures that emphasize predictability
and accountability.
Adapt readily to changes in the environment.
Foster task and social cohesion.
None of the above.
3 points
QUESTION 10
In which type of organization is authority based more on professional norms and
standards rather than exclusively on organizational rank?
Matrix organization
Organic organization
Tall hierarchy
Professional bureaucracy
3 points
QUESTION 11
The theory that holds the assumption that people hate work and do all they can to
avoid it is called
Path goal theory.
Hierarchy of needs.
Theory X.
Theory Y.
3 points
QUESTION 12
Material and non-monetary incentives for workers such as pay, fringe benefits,
health insurance, pension, use of company vehicles, day care for children and
health club members are examples of
Intrinsic rewards.
Extrinsic rewards.
Self-esteem rewards.
Safety and security needs.
3 points
QUESTION 13
The group-decision technique designed to reduce or eliminate groupthink that
involves the use of written questionnaires and anonymity is called
The Delphi Method.
The Abilene Paradox.
Nominal Group Technique
Mixed scanning.
3 points
QUESTION 14
Which of the following is an accurate statement about cultural change in public
organizations?
People in organizations seldom enthusiastically welcome change.
Strong leadership is required in order to effect permanent change.
Changing organizations requires considerable resources to be successful.
All of the above are accurate statements about cultural change in public
organizations.
3 points
QUESTION 15
The group-decision technique designed to reduce or eliminate groupthink that
involves face-to-face meetings where participants write down solutions to a problem is called
The Delphi Method.
The Abilene Paradox.
Nominal Group Technique.
Mixed scanning.
3 points
QUESTION 16
Which of the following is T.
Question 6 Project Communications ManagementPart A) A project man.pdfalamshoes001
Question 6 Project Communications Management:
Part A) A project manager (PM) should focus on actively managing stakeholders’ expectations.
This includes addressing concerns that have not yet become issues and clarifying issues that have
been identified. In order to be successful at these tasks, the PM needs to develop interpersonal
and management skills. Several important interpersonal skills for a PM are the ability to build
trust, resolve conflicts, and overcome resistance to change. Management skills include
presentation/public speaking, negotiating, and writing. Pick one of these critical interpersonal or
management skills and discuss your personal experience(s) with this skill. Then explain this skill
to the class as if you were trying to assist a colleague in better developing that skill.
Part B) Reporting performance is an essential part of project communications management.
Project managers spend a significant amount of time creating various types of reports. The most
obvious forms of reporting are reporting on status, current performance, work to be completed,
and approved changes. Based on your experience or cases in the literature, characterize the types
of reporting that are required of project managers, the content of such reports, and the frequency
of the reports.
Solution
Part A) Let us Pick Negotiating skill from Management skills. Let us know briefly about
negotiation before knowing further.
Negotiation is a strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find
acceptable. In a negotiation, each party tries to persuade the other to agree with his or her point
of view. Negotiation is essential to healthy professional relationships. Learning how to merge the
wants and needs of the group and build mutually viable solutions is key to a healthy, happy work
life.
Personal experience with Negotiation skills:
1) Preparing for the negotiation: Before you actually start any negotiation take a few moments or
a few weeks, depending on the importance and complexity of the negotiation, to prepare for the
negotiation session.
a. Separate facts from assumptions. I usuall try to Understand about the situation and what I
assume to be true.
b. Validate facts. Sometimes facts change. I will make sure information is current. If I can\'t do
this, I will consider the unverified facts to be assumptions
c. Validate assumptions. Assumptions should be validated by third party confirmation or simply
asking the other person if they are valid.
d. Test assumptions. Assumptions that can\'t be validated need to be tested or discarded.
Erroneous assumptions can impair an otherwise sound negotiating strategy. I will not set myself
up for failure relying on an invalidated assumption because I like it or it helps my case.
e. Adjust your strategies. Using the newly acquired information, I will make sure initial
strategies, objectives and goals are still appropriate. The new information can often change
strategies and on occasion can obviate .
Question 5The following stockholders’ equity accounts, arranged al.pdfalamshoes001
Question 5
The following stockholders’ equity accounts, arranged alphabetically, are in the ledger of
Eudaley Corporation at December 31, 2014.
Prepare the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet at December 31, 2014. (Enter the
account name only and do not provide the descriptive information provided in the
question.)Common Stock ($5 stated value)$1,693,500Paid-in Capital in Excess of
Par—Preferred Stock283,200Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common
Stock892,800Preferred Stock (8%, $103 par, noncumulative)473,800Retained
Earnings1,113,700Treasury Stock (11,500 common shares)138,000
Solution
Stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet at December 31, 2014Account NameAmount in
$Retained Earnings1,113,700Common Stock1,693,500Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated
Value—Common Stock892,800Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred
Stock283,200Preferred Stock473,800Treasury Stock-138,000Total Stockholder\'s
equity4,319,000.
Question 6 Based on data from the National Center for Health Statis.pdfalamshoes001
Question 6: Based on data from the National Center for Health Statistics, N. Wetzel used
the Normal distribution to model the length of gestation for pregnant U.S. women (Chance,
2001). Gestation has a mean length of 280 days with a standard deviation of 20 days.
2
(a) Find the probability that the length of gestation is between 275.5 and 276.5 days.
(This estimate is the probability that a woman has her baby four days earlier than the
Solution
(a) P(275.5.
QUESTION 51. This bull reincarnation increased in popularity .pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 5
1. This bull reincarnation increased in popularity during the Late and Ptolemaic Periods. Who
does it represent, how is its divinity signified, and what are traditional markings on this type of
statue?
See image
https://content.grantham.edu/at/AR310/ar310-quiz-8-q-5.png
Solution
Ceremonial burials of bulls indicate that ritual sacrifice was part of the worship of the early cow
deities and a bull might represent a king who became a deity after death.
It represents \"the renewal of the life\" of the Memphite god Ptah: but after death he became
Osorapis, i.e. the Osiris Apis, just as dead humans were assimilated to Osiris, the king of the
underworld. This Osorapis was identified with the Hellenistic Serapis, and may well be identical
with him. Greek writers make the Apis an incarnation of Osiris, ignoring the connection with
Ptah.
Apis was the most important of all the sacred animals in Egypt, and, as with the others, its
importance increased as time went on. Greek and Roman authors have much to say about Apis,
the marks by which the black bull-calf was recognized, the manner of his conception by a ray
from heaven, his house at Memphis with court for disporting himself, the mode of
prognostication from his actions, the mourning at his death, his costly burial, and the rejoicings
throughout the country when a new Apis was found. Auguste Mariette\'s excavation of the
Serapeum at Memphis revealed the tombs of over sixty animals, ranging from the time of
Amenophis III to that of Ptolemy Alexander. At first each animal was buried in a separate tomb
with a chapel built above it.
The bovines in the region in which Ptah was worshipped exhibited white patterning on their
mainly black bodies, and so a belief grew up that the Apis bull had to have a certain set of
markings suitable to its role. It was required to have a white triangle upon its forehead, a white
vulture wing outline on its back, a scarab mark under its tongue, a white crescent moon shape on
its right flank, and double hairs on its tail..
Question 4The news provided by the military to soldiers serving in.pdfalamshoes001
Question 4
The news provided by the military to soldiers serving in Vietnam was sometimes censored.
Thirsting for uncensored news and music, ambitious GIs put to use the abundance of available
communications equipment and became Vietnam\'s underground radio pirates. The pirate
stations used military communications equipment instead of commercial broadcast equipment to
pass along advice, information, and support not communicated by upper echelon military
personnel. Soldiers in the field could hear the broadcasts on their field radios. This would be an
example of a(n) ____ communication channel.
downward
upward
horizontal
formal
informala.
downwardb.
upwardc.
horizontald.
formale.
informal
Solution
e. Informal
As the cpmmunication channel used is the military communication equipment instead of
commercial broadcast equipment to pass along advice, information, and support not
communicated by upper echelon military personnel. Soldiers in the field could hear the
broadcasts on their field radios..
Question 1Not yet answeredMarked out of 1Flag question.pdfalamshoes001
Question 1
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Solve the system x + 4y = 4, 3x - 5y = -5 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Question 2
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
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Question text
Solve the system 3x + y = 13, 2x + 9y = -8 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
Question 3
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Question text
Solve the system of equations x - y + z = 2, x + y + z = 0, x + y - z = -6.
Select one:
A. (3, -2, -1)
B. (-1, 3, -2)
C. (-2, 3, -1)
D. (-2, -1, 3)
E. (0, -1, 1)
Question 4
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Question text
You invest a total of $200,000 for one year, part at 9% interest and part at 8% interest. The total
annual interest is $17,200. How much was invested at each interest rate?
Select one:
A. $80,000 at 9% and 120,000 at 8%
B. $100,000 at 9% and $100,000 at 8%
C. $120,000 at 9% and $80,000 at 8%
D. $90,000 at 9% and $110,000 at 8%
E. $115,000 at 9% and $85,000 at 8%
Question 1
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Solve the system x + 4y = 4, 3x - 5y = -5 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Question 1
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Solve the system x + 4y = 4, 3x - 5y = -5 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Question 1
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Solve the system x + 4y = 4, 3x - 5y = -5 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Solve the system x + 4y = 4, 3x - 5y = -5 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Select one:
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
A. (1, 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (0, 0)
D. (0, 1)
E. (4, 0)
Question 2
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Question text
Solve the system 3x + y = 13, 2x + 9y = -8 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
Question 2
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Not yet answered
Marked out of 1
Flag question
Question text
Solve the system 3x + y = 13, 2x + 9y = -8 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
Question text
Solve the system 3x + y = 13, 2x + 9y = -8 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
Solve the system 3x + y = 13, 2x + 9y = -8 by the substitution method or addition method.
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
Select one:
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1, 10)
A. (5, -2)
B. (5, 2)
C. (-5, -2)
D. (-5, 2)
E. (1,.
QUESTION 41. At Edfu, the main cult center of the god _______.pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 4
1. At Edfu, the main cult center of the god __________________, a living falcon was chosen
was the reincarnation and was the main statue of decoration.
Solution
Ans: Anubis
Anubis , the god associated with mummification and afterlife is the son of Set. He is portrayed as
a half human and half jackal.The most important presence of Anubis is during the weighing of
the heart of the departed, where the fate of souls is decided by weighing their heart against an
ostrich feather..
Question 4-10c) If an employer provides a scholarship to an employee.pdfalamshoes001
Question 4-10c) If an employer provides a scholarship to an employee who is on leave of
absence, is that scholarship taxable?
Solution
They are non taxable if scholarship paid to a student at an institute for the purpose of study and
the amount received is used for to pay for tuition and fees required for enrollment or attendance
at the educational institution, or for fees, books, supplies, and equipment required for courses at
the educational institution.
if scholarship is paid by an employer to an employee it will be included in the gross total income
and will be taxable.
Question 4 Please match the concept on the left with most appropri.pdfalamshoes001
Question 4
Please match the concept on the left with most appropriate term on the right
The flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from production to
consumption.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Electronic exchange of information between customers and suppliers instead of paper
transactions.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
A statement of the time required on each resource needed to produce a product.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Applied to any business situation, this answers two basic questions-when to order and how
many to order. In the supply chain, the question of \"where\" must also be answered.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Inventory that consists of items consumed in the day-to-day activities of a business.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Holding inventory received from suppliers in warehouses until it is needed by retailers.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
How often you must produce in order to meet demand.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Anything that inhibits a system\'s progress toward its goals.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
The quantity produced at a work center before changing over to produce something else.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
A buffer of inventory that will keep a resource busy for a specified amount of time.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
The per cent of orders satisfied from existing inventory.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Utilizes a combination whatever modes are best to move goods from origin to destination.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
An aggregate planning approach that uses inventory stored from period to period to reduce the
need to change the output rate as demand changes.
Read Answer Items for Question 4
Answer
A. Level production
B. Takt time
C. Electronic data interchange (EDI)
D. Consolidation warehousing
E. Inventory management
F. Constraint
G. Production batch
H. Integrated transport carrier
I. Logistics
J. Service level
K. Time buffer
L. Maintenance, repair, & operating inventory (MRO)
M. Bill of capacity
Solution
The flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from production to
consumption.- Logistics
Logistics is the management of flow of goods, services etc from the origin to the destinations.
Electronic exchange of information between customers and suppliers instead of paper
transactions.- Electronic Data Interchange
Electronic data exchange is defined as exchange of informations electronically.
A statement of the time required on each resource needed to produce a product.- Inventory
Statement
It is statement required everytime when the resource is needed to produce a product.
Applied to any business situation, this answers two basic questions-when to order and how
many to order. In the supply chain, the question of \"where\" must also be answered.-Production
Batch
Inventory that consists of items consumed in the day-to-day activities of a business-.Inventory
Management
Maintenance, Repair & Operating Inventory is the details of t.
Question 31Which statement does NOT provide an accurate characteri.pdfalamshoes001
Question 31
Which statement does NOT provide an accurate characterization of committees?
Managers are often assigned to numerous committees to improve coordination across
departments.
Committees can help managers whose units must work together to adjust schedules, workloads,
and work assignments in order to increase productivity.
Committees can be effective in communicating complex qualitative information.
Committees can become an effective personal mechanism for mutual adjustment across unit
heads.
Committees are generally inexpensive and have a very good reputation.
3 points
Question 32
A(n) _______ design the process of choosing and implementing a structural configuration for an
organization.
organic
simple
organizational
structural
complex
3 points
Question 33
__________ is the degree to which the authority to make decisions is delegated to lower levels in
an organization\'s hierarchy.
Span of control
Distribution
Decentralization
Centralization
Bureaucracy
3 points
Question 34
__________ deals with questions such as: What is the real mission? How do we contribute?
What are our goals? How do we reach our goals? What external forces are important? How do
we measure results? What do we do if specific targets are not met? How do we tell others how
good we are? When do we quit?
Systematic integration
External adaptation
Structural adaptation
Internal integration
Institutional adaptation
3 points
Question 35
__________ units are work groups that conduct the major business of the organization.
Boundary-spanning
Line
Specialty
Staff
Facilitator
3 points
Question 36
__________ set the tone for a culture and for cultural change.
Shareholders
Middle level managers
Competitors
Top managers
First-line supervisors
3 points
Question 37
Followers contribute to the leadership process by 1) granting claims to leaders and 2)
claiming their own roles as followers.
motivating their leaders.
acting on a leader\'s instructions.
getting to know their leaders.
granting leaders permission to lead.
3 points
Question 38
Jason is appointed to position of formal authority in his organization. Of the following, which is
expected to be exerted by Jason?
Followership
Formal leadership
Romance of leadership
Equivalence
Informal leadership
3 points
Question 39
The three technology classifications that were described by James D. Thompson are
__________.
straightforward, continuous, and high-intensity
intensive, continuous, and complex
intensive, mediating, and long-linked
sporadic, continuous, and high-intensity
small-batch, mass production, and continuous-process
3 points
Question 40
Which type of leadership occurs when leadership is divided so that no one person has unilateral
power to lead?
Formal leadership
Informal leadership
Co-leadership
Distributive leadership
Social leadership
3 points
Question 41
A dynamic, interactive influence process among team members working to achieve goals is
called:
Informal leadership
Co-leadership
Distributive leadership
Shared leadersh.
Question 2Marathon runner Mariah Li noticed the San Diego Zoo was .pdfalamshoes001
Question 2
Marathon runner Mariah Li noticed the San Diego Zoo was prohibiting people in motorized
wheelchairs from viewing the zoo\'s baby panda and saw nothing wrong with this policy. Tully
Smythe, who is wheelchair-bound, saw the notice and felt he was being discriminated against
because he could not use his wheelchair to access the panda site. This is an example of:
selective perception
kinesics
faulty closure
selective retention
defensive biasesa.
selective perceptionb.
kinesicsc.
faulty closured.
selective retentione.
defensive biases
Solution
a. Selective perception
The reason behind the same is the difference in perception between Marathon runner Mariah and
Tully Smythe. The former saw nothing wrong in the policy and the later found it as a
discrimination..
question 29E on chapter 2.6. Finding the vecolicy of the car. dont u.pdfalamshoes001
question 29E on chapter 2.6. Finding the vecolicy of the car. dont understand the first steps and
how they are getting their numbers. I just need it to be explained in a little bit more detail.
email: rmetz028@yahoo.com
Solution
You should post the actual question, we don\'t all have access to your textbook!.
Question 13 of 251.0 PointsAccepted characters numbers, decimal p.pdfalamshoes001
Question 13 of 251.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-),
spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), \"E\" or \"e\" (used in scientific notation). NOTE:
For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where \"a\" and \"b\" need to have explicitly
stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
A statistics professor has just given a final examination in his statistical inference course. He is
particularly interested in learning how his class of 40 students performed on this exam. The
scores are shown below.
77 81 74 77 79 73 80 85 86 73
83 84 81 73 75 91 76 77 95 76
90 85 92 84 81 64 75 90 78 7882 78 86 86
82 70 76 78 72 93
What is the mean score on this exam? Place your answer, rounded to two decimal places in the
blank. For example, 65.78 would be a legitimate entry.
Question 14 of 251.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-),
spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), \"E\" or \"e\" (used in scientific notation). NOTE:
For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where \"a\" and \"b\" need to have explicitly
stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
In February 2002 the Argentine peso lost 70% of its value compared to the United States dollar.
This devaluation drastically raised the price of imported products. According to a survey
conducted by AC Nielsen in April 2002, 68% of the consumers in Argentina were buying fewer
products than before the devaluation, 24% were buying the same number of products, and 8%
were buying more products. Furthermore, in a trend toward purchasing less-expensive brands,
88% indicated that they had changed the brands they purchased. Suppose the following complete
set of results were reported. Use the following data to answer this question.
Number of Products Purchased
Brands Purchased
Fewer
Same
More
Total
Same
10
14
24
48
Changed
262
82
8
352
Total
272
96
32
400
What is the probability that a consumer selected at random purchased fewer products than before
and changed brands? Place your answer, rounded to 4 decimal places, in the blank.
Question 15 of 251.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-),
spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), \"E\" or \"e\" (used in scientific notation). NOTE:
For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where \"a\" and \"b\" need to have explicitly
stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
A school determines that the number of children X in the families who attend the school follows
the distri.
QUESTION 1The financial manager is responsible for making decision.pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 1
The financial manager is responsible for making decisions that are in the best interests of the
firm\'s owners.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 2
The external auditors of the firm report their findings directly to the CFO of the firm.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 3
The role of the financial system is to gather money from people, businesses and government that
have funds to invest and to channel that money to those who need it.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 4
Brokers are market specialists who do not bear risk of ownership of securities.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 5
Generally accepted accounting principles determine the rules for how a company can issue
stocks to raise money.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 6
Cash flows from operating activities involve buying and selling of long-term assets.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 7
Financial statement analysis can help us determine why a firm\'s cash flows are increasing or
decreasing.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 8
Total asset turnover is more relevant for service-industry firms, while the fixed asset turnover
ratio is more relevant for manufacturing industry firms.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 9
The value of a dollar invested at a positive interest rate grows over time but at a slower rate
further into the future.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 10
Compounding is the process by which interest earned on an investment is reinvested so that in
future periods, interest is earned on the interest previously earned as well as the original
principal.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 11
Calculating the present and future values of multiple cash flows is relevant only for individual
investors.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 12
In an annuity due, cash flows occur at the beginning of each period.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 13
The capital appreciation component of a stock\'s return considers the change in price of a stock
divided by the initial price of the stock.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 14
The best measure of assessing a risk within an investment is its variance.
True
False
3 points
QUESTION 15
The cash remaining with the firm after paying its operating expenses, making payments to
creditors, and taxes is called:
earnings per share.
capital contributed in excess of par.
residual cash flows.
assets.
3 points
QUESTION 16
Which of the following organizational forms is subject to the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) regulations?
Sole proprietorship
Partnership
Private corporation
Public corporation
3 points
QUESTION 17
Which of the following is primarily responsible for managing all aspects of a firm’s financial
side?
CFO
CEO
Board of directors
Audit committee
3 points
QUESTION 18
When analysts and investors determine the value of a firm\'s stock, they should consider:
the size of the expected cash flows associated with owning the stock.
the timing of the cash flows.
the riskiness of the cash flows.
all of the above.
3 points
QUESTION 19
Which of the following unconditional powers does the audit committe.
QUESTION 1The Fed has the most control overA. money mark.pdfalamshoes001
QUESTION 1
The Fed has the most control over
A. money market mutual funds.
B. the monetary base.
C. M2.
D. M1.
QUESTION 2
When banks borrow directly from the Fed, the interest rate on those loans is the
A. prime rate.
B. Federal Funds rate.
C. required reserve rate.
D. discount rate.
QUESTION 3
Moral hazard occurs when
A. financial institutions become insolvent because they issued too many loans.
B. there are more short-term liabilities than short-term assets.
C. financial institutions take on too much risk because they are insured.
D. the failure of one financial institution can bring down other institutions as well.
QUESTION 4
An increase in money growth will cause inflation to increase in
A. neither the short run nor the long run.
B. the short run only.
C. both the short run and the long run.
D. the long run only.
QUESTION 5
What is the purpose of the Fed\'s structure?
A. to make sure all states are given equal access to monetary policy decisions
B. to keep the power of the Fed dispersed
C. to keep the private sector out of the monetary policy making arena
D. to give the President of the United States as many tools as possible to regulate the economy
QUESTION 1
The Fed has the most control over
A. money market mutual funds.
B. the monetary base.
C. M2.
D. M1.
QUESTION 2
When banks borrow directly from the Fed, the interest rate on those loans is the
A. prime rate.
B. Federal Funds rate.
C. required reserve rate.
D. discount rate.
QUESTION 3
Moral hazard occurs when
A. financial institutions become insolvent because they issued too many loans.
B. there are more short-term liabilities than short-term assets.
C. financial institutions take on too much risk because they are insured.
D. the failure of one financial institution can bring down other institutions as well.
QUESTION 4
An increase in money growth will cause inflation to increase in
A. neither the short run nor the long run.
B. the short run only.
C. both the short run and the long run.
D. the long run only.
QUESTION 5
What is the purpose of the Fed\'s structure?
A. to make sure all states are given equal access to monetary policy decisions
B. to keep the power of the Fed dispersed
C. to keep the private sector out of the monetary policy making arena
D. to give the President of the United States as many tools as possible to regulate the economy
QUESTION 1
The Fed has the most control over
A. money market mutual funds.
B. the monetary base.
C. M2.
D. M1.
QUESTION 2
When banks borrow directly from the Fed, the interest rate on those loans is the
A. prime rate.
B. Federal Funds rate.
C. required reserve rate.
D. discount rate.
QUESTION 2
When banks borrow directly from the Fed, the interest rate on those loans is the
A. prime rate.
B. Federal Funds rate.
C. required reserve rate.
D. discount rate.
QUESTION 3
Moral hazard occurs when
A. financial institutions become insolvent because they issued too many loans.
B. there are more short-term liabilities than short-term assets.
C. financial .
Question 1Table Statistics for a Small EconomySTATISTICS .pdfalamshoes001
Question 1
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy
STATISTICS FOR A SMALL ECONOMY
Item
Value in dollars ($)
Cash held by public -7 million
Small-time deposits -30 million
Money market mutual funds -18 million
Checkable deposits -36 million
Currency & total reserves at the Fed -12 million
Large-time deposits -20 million
Demand deposits -14 million
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy) The table shows some statistics for a small economy.
Using only the information provided, M1 in this country amounts to
A. $43 million.
B. $48 million.
Question 2
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy
STATISTICS FOR A SMALL ECONOMY
Item
Value in dollars ($)
Cash held by public -7 million
Small-time deposits -30 million
Money market mutual funds -18 million
Checkable deposits -36 million
Currency & total reserves at the Fed -12 million
Large-time deposits -20 million
Demand deposits-14 million
(Table: Statistics for a Small Economy) The table shows some statistics for a small economy.
Using only the information provided, M2 in this country amounts to
A. $105 million.
B. $129 million.
Question 3
The Fed has the most control over
A. M2.
B. money market mutual funds.
C. the monetary base.
Question 4
What is the purpose of the Fed\'s structure?
A. to keep the private sector out of the monetary policy making arena
B. to keep the power of the Fed dispersed
Question 1
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy
STATISTICS FOR A SMALL ECONOMY
Item
Value in dollars ($)
Cash held by public -7 million
Small-time deposits -30 million
Money market mutual funds -18 million
Checkable deposits -36 million
Currency & total reserves at the Fed -12 million
Large-time deposits -20 million
Demand deposits -14 million
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy) The table shows some statistics for a small economy.
Using only the information provided, M1 in this country amounts to
A. $43 million.
B. $48 million.
Question 2
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy
STATISTICS FOR A SMALL ECONOMY
Item
Value in dollars ($)
Cash held by public -7 million
Small-time deposits -30 million
Money market mutual funds -18 million
Checkable deposits -36 million
Currency & total reserves at the Fed -12 million
Large-time deposits -20 million
Demand deposits-14 million
(Table: Statistics for a Small Economy) The table shows some statistics for a small economy.
Using only the information provided, M2 in this country amounts to
A. $105 million.
B. $129 million.
Question 3
The Fed has the most control over
A. M2.
B. money market mutual funds.
C. the monetary base.
Question 4
What is the purpose of the Fed\'s structure?
A. to keep the private sector out of the monetary policy making arena
B. to keep the power of the Fed dispersed
Question 1
Table: Statistics for a Small Economy
STATISTICS FOR A SMALL ECONOMY
Item
Value in dollars ($)
Cash held by public -7 million
Small-time deposits -30 million
Money market mutual funds -18 million
Checkable deposits -36 million
Currency & total reserves at the Fed -12 million
Large-tim.
Question 1Given the financial statements below for Firefly Enterpr.pdfalamshoes001
Question 1
Given the financial statements below for Firefly Enterprises, what is the external financing need
for a pro forma increase in sales of 16%? Enter your answer as the nearest whole (e.g., 123), but
do not include the $ sign.
Firefly Enterprises
Income Statement ($ Million)
2011
Sales
740
Cost of Goods Sold
452
Selling, General, & Admin Exp.
124
Depreciation
40
Earnings Before Interest & Taxes
124
Interest Expense
24
Taxable Income
100
Taxes at 40%
40
Net Income
60
Dividends
18
Addition to Retained Earnings
42
Balance Sheets as of 12-31
Assets
2010
2011
Cash
20
20
Account Receivable
102
110
Inventory
76
80
Total Current Assets
198
210
Net Fixed Assets
352
410
Total Assets
550
620
Liabilities and Owners Equity
2010
2011
Accounts Payable
62
70
Notes Payable
0
0
Total Current Liabilities
62
70
Long-Term Debt
280
300
Common Stock
34
34
Retained Earnings
174
216
Total Liab. and Owners Equity
550
620
Firefly Enterprises
Income Statement ($ Million)
2011
Sales
740
Cost of Goods Sold
452
Selling, General, & Admin Exp.
124
Depreciation
40
Earnings Before Interest & Taxes
124
Interest Expense
24
Taxable Income
100
Taxes at 40%
40
Net Income
60
Dividends
18
Addition to Retained Earnings
42
Balance Sheets as of 12-31
Assets
2010
2011
Cash
20
20
Account Receivable
102
110
Inventory
76
80
Total Current Assets
198
210
Net Fixed Assets
352
410
Total Assets
550
620
Liabilities and Owners Equity
2010
2011
Accounts Payable
62
70
Notes Payable
0
0
Total Current Liabilities
62
70
Long-Term Debt
280
300
Common Stock
34
34
Retained Earnings
174
216
Total Liab. and Owners Equity
550
620
Solution
Sales
858.40
Cost of goods sold
524.32
Selling, General, & Admin Exp.
143.84
Depreciation
40
EBIT
294.08
Interest expense
24
Taxable income
270.08
Taxes at 40%
108.032
Net income
162.048
Dividends
18
Addition to retained earnings
144.048
External finance required = total assets – liabilities- owners equity
Assets
Cash
23.2
Account receivable
118.32
Inventory
88.16
Total current assets
229.68
Net fixed assets
352
Total assets
581.68
Liabilities and owners equity
Account payable
71.92
Notes payable
0
Total current liabilities
71.92
Long term debt
280
Common stock
34
Retained earnings
144.048
External finance required
=581.68 – 529.968
=51.712
Assumption
Sales
858.40
Cost of goods sold
524.32
Selling, General, & Admin Exp.
143.84
Depreciation
40
EBIT
294.08
Interest expense
24
Taxable income
270.08
Taxes at 40%
108.032
Net income
162.048
Dividends
18
Addition to retained earnings
144.048
External finance required = total assets – liabilities- owners equity
Assets
Cash
23.2
Account receivable
118.32
Inventory
88.16
Total current assets
229.68
Net fixed assets
352
Total assets
581.68
Liabilities and owners equity
Account payable
71.92
Notes payable
0
Total current liabilities
71.92
Long term debt
280
Common stock
34
Retained earnings
144.048
External finance required
=581.68 – 529.968
=51.712.
Question 1A narrowly diverse culture is always desirable in organi.pdfalamshoes001
Question 1
A narrowly diverse culture is always desirable in organizations.
True
False
3 points
Question 2
The chain of command outlines the planned configuration of positions, job duties, and the lines
of authority among different parts of the organization.
True
False
3 points
Question 3
Implicit leadership theories describe how relationships initiate and develop through processes of
exchange and reciprocity.
True
False
3 points
Question 4
Rites are standardized and recurring activities used at special times to influence the behaviors
and understanding of organizational members; rituals are systems of rites.
True
False
3 points
Question 5
A socialized charismatic power orientation is a focus on power for collective (e.g., societal)
rather than personal benefit.
True
False
3 points
Question 6
Decentralization increases when the discretion to spend money, to hire people, and to make
similar decisions is moved farther up the hierarchy of authority.
True
False
3 points
Question 7
An adhocracy is characterized by few rules, policies, and procedures; substantial
decentralization; shared decision making among members; extreme horizontal specialization;
few levels of management; and virtually no formal controls.
True
False
3 points
Question 8
The strengths of the simple design are simplicity, flexibility, and responsiveness to the desires of
a central manager.
True
False
3 points
Question 9
Task-oriented behavior involves concern for relationships and socioemotional support.
True
False
3 points
Question 10
By linking values and actions, the organization taps into some of the strongest and deepest
realms of the individual.
True
False
Solution.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Question 1Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following.pdf
1. Question 1
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct odds ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated as case (yes disease) or control (no)
Case Control
Yes exposed 27 23 50
No not exposed 20 24 44
Total 47 47 94
Answer
3.4
.54
.96
1.4
Question 2
.
Which of the following statements about cumulative incidence and/or incidence density is true?
Answer
Incident density is also called the incidence rate.
Both the incidence density and the cumulative incidence use number of people at risk for disease
in the denominator, though their numerators are different.
The numerator for incidence density is calculated in person-years.
Cumulative incidence is usually larger than incidence density since the denominator is smaller.
1 points
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements about prevalence and/or incidence is true?
Answer
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the
prevalence.
Incidence is based on a sample, while prevalence is based on a population.
Prevalence is an estimate of the true incidence of disease in a population.
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the
cumulative incidence for that year.
Question 4
2. Using this table, which of the following is the incidence density of whooping cough in year 2 in
the population that was sampled, given that there were 190 people at risk after year 1?
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
2 1st quarter .25 .5
4 2nd quarter .50 2
3 3rd quarter .75 2.25
9 4.75
(Hint: Number left contributing 1 person year each is 190 ? 9 = 181)
Answer
.4%
4.8%
.5%
1.9%
Question 5
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct odds ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated as case (yes disease) or control (no)
Case Control
Yes exposed 34 29 63
No not exposed 31 36 67
Total 65 65 130
Answer
.8
1.4
3.8
.5
Question 6
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 2 of flu in the
population that was sampled?
Year Number at Risk New Cases
1 250 34
2 250 47
3. Answer
14%
19%
16%
8%
Question 7
1.
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of smoking in the population that
was sampled?
Total number respondents: 80,000
Number of respondents who smoke: 14,243
Answer
.2
.17%
17%
7%
1 points
Question 8
1.
Which of the following statements about cumulative incidence and/or incidence density is true?
Answer
You cannot calculate either incidence density or cumulative incidence using a sample; you must
use the whole population.
Incidence density can be calculated using a sample but cumulative incidence cannot.
Both incidence density and cumulative incidence can be calculated using a sample of the
population.
Both types of incidence are parameters, whereas prevalence is a statistic.
1 points
Question 9
1.
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct risk ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated (yes disease) or (no disease)
Yes No
Yes exposed 52 14 66
4. No not exposed 12 82 94
Total 64 96 160
Answer
6
5.6
.8
3
Question 10
Which of the following statements about prevalence and/or incidence is true?
Answer
The numerator for incidence and prevalence is the number of people with the disease at the end
of the year.
The numerators for both incidence and prevalence are the same, only the denominators are
different.
The numerator for incidence is the number of new cases diagnosed in a given period of time.
The numerator for incidence is always the number of new cases diagnosed in a year.
Question 11
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of diabetes in the population that
was sampled?
Total number respondents: 245,000
Number of respondents diagnosed with diabetes: 27,346
Answer
11%
1.1%
1.2%
.11%
Question 12
Which of the following statements about prevalence and/or incidence is true?
Answer
Incidence is an estimate and prevalence is a parameter.
5. Incidence is based on new cases.
Incidence is an estimate of the prevalence of disease.
None are true.
Question 13
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a prevalence of 5%?
Answer
There were 5 new cases diagnosed in the past year.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people at risk.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 14
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of an incident density of 5%?
Answer
There were 5 new cases diagnosed in the past year.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 person-time years of people at risk.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 15
1.
Using these numbers, complete the following table. What is the value for "a" in the table:
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
6 1st quarter .25
4 2nd quarter .50
8 3rd quarter .75
18 "a"
Answer
18
9.5
6
6. 1.5
Question 16
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a cumulative incidence of 5%?
Answer
None are true.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 person-time years.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people at risk.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 17
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 2 of lung cancer
in the population that was sampled?
Year Number Sampled Total Cases at end of the year
1 50 4
2 50 8
Answer
8%
16%
.8%
1.6%
Question 18
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of an odds ratio of 2.9?
Answer
The odds of a disease given a specific exposure are 2.9 times the odds of disease without that
exposure.
There are 2.9 people per year diagnosed with a given disease.
If 100 people are exposed to a risk factor for a disease, 2.9 people will get the disease in 1 year.
The odds of a disease given no exposure to risk are 2.9 times the odds of disease given exposure
to risk.
Question 19
Which of the following is true about the difference between an odds ratio and a risk ratio?
Answer
The odds ratio requires you to know the true prevalence of a disease.
7. The risk ratio is the best formula to use with Case-Control studies.
The odds ratio works best with Case-Control studies.
You can use either the odds ratio or the risk ratio with Case-Control studies, as the result will be
the same with both.
Question 20
Which of the following is true about the difference between an odds ratio and a risk ratio?
Answer
The odds ratio is always higher than the risk ratio.
It is always best to use the odds ratio, if possible.
The odds ratio is a good estimate of the risk ratio when the risk ratio is less than 10.
The odds ratio is a good estimate of the risk ratio when the disease being studied is rare.
Solution
1 3.4
2 Both the incidence density and the cumulative incidence use number of people at risk for
disease in the denominator, though their numerators are different.
3 Incidence is based on a sample, while prevalence is based on a population.
4 4.8%
5 1.4
8. 6 19%
7 17%
8 Incidence density can be calculated using a sample but cumulative incidence cannot.
9 5.6
10 The numerators for both incidence and prevalence are the same, only the denominators are
different.
11 1.2%
12 Incidence is an estimate of the prevalence of disease.
13 There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
14 There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
9. 15 9.5
16 There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 person-time years.
17 16%
18 There are 2.9 people per year diagnosed with a given disease.
19 The odds ratio works best with Case-Control studies.
20 The odds ratio is a good estimate of the risk ratio when the disease being studied is rare.