1. The document discusses the development of temperament traits in early childhood, specifically the separation of behavioral approach and inhibition systems. 2. Studies found that approach tendencies are present at birth while inhibition develops between 6-12 months of age. Cluster analysis also revealed distinct groups exhibiting different patterns of approach and inhibition. 3. Both approach/inhibition traits and effortful control/emotional regulation contribute to behavior problems, with exuberance relating to externalizing problems and low emotional control relating to internalizing problems. The effect of exuberance on problems is moderated by emotional control.

1. Approach, Inhibition, and Self-Regulation in relation to Behavior Problems in Early Childhood Samuel P. Putnam Bowdoin College

7. Continuity of parent ratings from infancy (3-12 m) through toddlerhood (18-36m) to childhood (5-7y) N = 246 for IBQ-R to ECBQ, 186 for ECBQ to CBQ, and 141 for IBQ-R to CBQ. SUR = Surgency. NEG = Negative Affectivity. ORC = Orienting/Regulatory Capacity. EFF = Effortful Control . IBQ-R Sur IBQ-R Sur IBQ-R Neg CBQ Eff ECBQ Eff IBQ-R Orc CBQ Sur ECBQ Sur ECBQ Neg CBQ Neg e e e e e e e e e .56** .53** -.37** -.29** .61** .54** .31** .28** -.13* -.14* .35** .45** .17* .21* .36** .42** .58** .58** .48** .48** -.18** -.19** -.28** -.36**

24. Relative Stability of Individual Differences in Approach and Inhibition # = p < .10, * = p < .05, ** = p < .01 (no prediction from 6 months) BEH Neg Pos BEH Neg Pos -.26** .21* -.17# -.33** .20* -.16# 12m High-intensity -.17# .00 .02 -.20* .10 .03 12m Low-intensity 2-yr High-intensity 2-yr Low-intensity

25. Cluster analysis reveal patterns indicating 2 separate systems

32. 10 20 30 40 50 -1 -.5 0 .5 Emotion Regulation during Disappointment Inhibited Low Reactive Exuberant Total Behavior Problems

33. Internalizing ECBQ Negative Affect Externalizing CBQ Negative Affect Questionnaire data: Effortful Control, Negative Affect, and Behavior problems