This document discusses the growing prevalence and economic impact of chronic diseases in the San Joaquin Valley region of California and San Joaquin County specifically. It finds that rates of chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity are higher in the region than statewide averages and are leading to premature death. The high costs of treating chronic diseases place a large burden on both the healthcare system and individuals' finances. Where people live determines their exposure to risks and opportunities for healthy living. Understanding current health issues is important to addressing them through public policy changes.
The document presents a strategic framework for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to improve health outcomes for individuals with multiple chronic conditions. Approximately 75 million Americans have two or more chronic illnesses like arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. These individuals face higher costs, worse health outcomes, and complex care needs. The framework aims to shift care from focusing on single diseases in isolation to a holistic approach that addresses all of a person's conditions. It establishes goals, objectives, and strategies for HHS agencies to better coordinate care, research, and policies related to multiple chronic conditions.
The document describes CASALUD, an innovative healthcare system in Mexico to control and prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It was created in response to Mexico facing a dramatic rise in NCDs due to aging populations and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. CASALUD leverages international best practices and innovative technology to deliver NCD care, control, and prevention through proactive strategies, expanded access to services, and ongoing professional education for healthcare providers. Initial implementation showed promising results, and the system is planned for wider adoption across Mexico in partnership with the Ministry of Health.
Emerging issues in health care in developing countiresShankar Das
Emerging issues in Health care in developing countries, Shaping a fairer and effective health care delivery, Social determinants of health as urgent imperative, good health at low cost, vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health, Das 2013.
The Relationship between Financial Exclusion, Health, Poverty & Wellbeing (3)Victoria Mackay-Parkin
- The document examines the relationship between financial exclusion, poverty, and health and wellbeing. It explores how health issues can contribute to poverty and financial exclusion, and vice versa.
- Key factors discussed include the links between poverty and poor health, rising income inequality, increasing numbers of people in poverty and relying on credit. Financial exclusion reduces access to banking and affordable credit, exacerbating health problems.
- Low incomes can lead to fuel and food poverty, which are associated with increased health risks like respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and even excess winter deaths. Poor diets also contribute to diseases and health conditions.
Health care spending in the US is increasing and is projected to continue rising due to factors such as an aging population and increased prevalence of chronic diseases. The US currently spends over $2.8 trillion annually on health care, with 75% of that amount going towards treatment of chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. As baby boomers age, the population over 65 is growing rapidly and will account for 20% of the US population by 2030. Most elderly individuals have multiple chronic conditions, driving up costs. Chronic disease treatment is also more expensive than acute care since it requires long-term management. Increased spending on the top three chronic diseases alone is estimated to reach $846 billion. Policy solutions aim to better manage chronic
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
Diseases of affluence refer to diseases that result from increasing wealth in a society, in contrast to diseases of poverty. Examples include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and certain cancers. These diseases are considered non-communicable. Factors that contribute to diseases of affluence include less physical exercise due to more sedentary jobs and transportation, easy access to inexpensive but unhealthy food, processed and pre-cooked foods, prolonged periods of inactivity, greater alcohol and tobacco use, and stress from long work hours and independent living. Public health experts now argue that while risks of diseases of poverty have decreased, diseases of affluence pose a major social and economic burden on societies.
The document presents a strategic framework for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to improve health outcomes for individuals with multiple chronic conditions. Approximately 75 million Americans have two or more chronic illnesses like arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. These individuals face higher costs, worse health outcomes, and complex care needs. The framework aims to shift care from focusing on single diseases in isolation to a holistic approach that addresses all of a person's conditions. It establishes goals, objectives, and strategies for HHS agencies to better coordinate care, research, and policies related to multiple chronic conditions.
The document describes CASALUD, an innovative healthcare system in Mexico to control and prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It was created in response to Mexico facing a dramatic rise in NCDs due to aging populations and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. CASALUD leverages international best practices and innovative technology to deliver NCD care, control, and prevention through proactive strategies, expanded access to services, and ongoing professional education for healthcare providers. Initial implementation showed promising results, and the system is planned for wider adoption across Mexico in partnership with the Ministry of Health.
Emerging issues in health care in developing countiresShankar Das
Emerging issues in Health care in developing countries, Shaping a fairer and effective health care delivery, Social determinants of health as urgent imperative, good health at low cost, vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health, Das 2013.
The Relationship between Financial Exclusion, Health, Poverty & Wellbeing (3)Victoria Mackay-Parkin
- The document examines the relationship between financial exclusion, poverty, and health and wellbeing. It explores how health issues can contribute to poverty and financial exclusion, and vice versa.
- Key factors discussed include the links between poverty and poor health, rising income inequality, increasing numbers of people in poverty and relying on credit. Financial exclusion reduces access to banking and affordable credit, exacerbating health problems.
- Low incomes can lead to fuel and food poverty, which are associated with increased health risks like respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and even excess winter deaths. Poor diets also contribute to diseases and health conditions.
Health care spending in the US is increasing and is projected to continue rising due to factors such as an aging population and increased prevalence of chronic diseases. The US currently spends over $2.8 trillion annually on health care, with 75% of that amount going towards treatment of chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. As baby boomers age, the population over 65 is growing rapidly and will account for 20% of the US population by 2030. Most elderly individuals have multiple chronic conditions, driving up costs. Chronic disease treatment is also more expensive than acute care since it requires long-term management. Increased spending on the top three chronic diseases alone is estimated to reach $846 billion. Policy solutions aim to better manage chronic
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
Diseases of affluence refer to diseases that result from increasing wealth in a society, in contrast to diseases of poverty. Examples include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and certain cancers. These diseases are considered non-communicable. Factors that contribute to diseases of affluence include less physical exercise due to more sedentary jobs and transportation, easy access to inexpensive but unhealthy food, processed and pre-cooked foods, prolonged periods of inactivity, greater alcohol and tobacco use, and stress from long work hours and independent living. Public health experts now argue that while risks of diseases of poverty have decreased, diseases of affluence pose a major social and economic burden on societies.
This document discusses trends in risk factors and adverse health outcomes. It begins by defining risk factors and describing why they are important to study. It then discusses the nature of health risks and the risk transition as societies develop. The document outlines the global burden of disease and risk factor assessments. It describes frameworks for reducing the preventable burden of chronic diseases from the CDC and the WHO. The WHO's global monitoring framework for noncommunicable diseases is also summarized.
Chief Medical Officer publishes volume 1 of her first annual report on the st...Department of Health
This first of 2 volumes of the Chief Medical Officer Professor Dame Sally Davies’s annual report provides a comprehensive picture of England’s health.
It brings together a number of data sources in one place for the first time and is designed to be used by local authorities and local health professionals as they work together to improve the health of local populations.
The document discusses the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. It notes that NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and this proportion is projected to increase further. The major NCDs affecting India are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. The rising burden is linked to lifestyle changes like increasing tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and urbanization. Managing NCDs poses challenges for India's healthcare system due to the country's large population and diversity.
Coorelation study between hdi and epidemiological transition ratio among indi...subhash chandra
The Epidemiological transition—the shift from infectious and deficiency diseases to chronic non communicable diseases—was a unidirectional process, beginning when infectious diseases were predominant and ending when non communicable diseases dominated the causes of death.
It has, however, become apparent that this transition is more complex and dynamic: the health and disease patterns of a society evolve in diverse ways as a result of demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes.
It is rather a continuous transformation process, with some diseases disappearing and others appearing or re-emerging. This also indicates that such a process is not unidirectional
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
This document discusses the triple burden of disease faced by many developing countries. It describes the triple burden as the coexistence of infectious diseases, undernutrition, and emerging non-communicable diseases. Many countries now struggle with this combination of communicable diseases, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Addressing this triple burden presents challenges for healthcare systems in developing nations. Risk factors like poverty, malnutrition, urbanization and changing lifestyles have contributed to the rise of non-communicable diseases.
This document discusses the relationship between health and social development. It states that better health is important for human well-being and economic progress, as healthy populations live longer and are more productive. Social development aims to empower marginalized groups and improve social and economic status. The document also discusses indicators of social development like GDP, HDI, population, standards of living, education, employment and environment. Health is seen as important for productivity, with health investments promoting economic development and social progress. Reasons for uneven development between countries include trade, population growth, industrialization, and political instability.
Non-Communicable Disease and Its Economic Burdenyellow sunfire
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are long-lasting conditions like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease. NCDs cause 63% of deaths worldwide with annual deaths projected to rise to 52 million by 2030. NCDs place a large economic burden on individuals and societies through medical costs, lost productivity and income. At a country level, NCDs reduce life expectancy, deplete the labor force and lower GDP and GNI growth. References are made to WHO publications and reports from the World Economic Forum and Harvard School of Public Health on estimating the economic impact of NCDs.
Surveillance for Health Disparities and the Social Determinants of Health - D...Lauren Johnson
This document discusses health equity, health disparities, and social determinants of health. It defines health equity as achieving the highest level of health for all people through addressing avoidable inequalities. Health disparities are closely linked to social and economic disadvantage and adversely affect groups that have systematically faced discrimination. Social determinants of health are the circumstances where people are born, live, work and age, shaped by economics, social policies and politics. These determinants include education, employment, income, housing, transportation, social status and environment. The document provides examples of health disparities data from different cities and states, and discusses how improving social determinants like education can positively impact health.
The presentation identifies vulnerable populations in rural areas and their health disparities. Rural areas are defined as having low population density and distance from urban centers with few economic activities. Approximately 19% of Americans live in rural areas and are more likely to be uninsured compared to urban residents. Rural residents experience higher rates of chronic diseases, injuries, cancer deaths and less access to preventive healthcare services. The presentation proposes a plan to address mammography compliance among uninsured rural women using a mobile mammography unit on a quarterly basis. Key elements of the plan include qualifying patients, an interdisciplinary team and addressing challenges of cost, participation and evaluating effectiveness.
This document discusses types of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including chronic kidney disease, various cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. It notes that over 30% of cancers are preventable through avoiding risk factors like tobacco, obesity, poor diet, inactivity, alcohol, infections, and pollution. The document also states that NCDs are the leading global cause of death, accounting for 68% of all deaths in 2012, with risk factors like lifestyle and environment increasing people's likelihood of developing certain NCDs. Tobacco use causes over 5 million deaths annually and obesity over 2.8 million deaths, while high cholesterol and blood pressure also contribute to millions of NCD deaths each year.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are several types of diabetes classified based on etiology. Clinical features include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on fasting or post-meal blood glucose levels according to WHO criteria. Diet and lifestyle factors like obesity are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy diet and weight through population-level and high-risk individual strategies. Treatment involves diet, oral medications, or insulin to control blood glucose and prevent complications. Specialized diabetes care centers provide management, education, and research.
Non-Communicable Diseases: The Unheralded Global Epidemic_Meer_5.12.11CORE Group
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease are responsible for 63% of all deaths globally and deaths from NCDs are projected to increase 15% by 2020, with common risk factors including smoking, alcohol, poor diet and lack of exercise. While NCDs affect people of all ages, they are often seen as less important than infectious diseases; however, NCDs result in premature death, disability, and lost productivity as well as high costs of treatment and care. Advocacy, data collection, health education, and prevention and treatment programs are needed to address this growing global epidemic.
1. Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of their gender and can include verbal, physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
2. The UN defines violence against women as any act resulting in physical, sexual, or mental harm, including threats of such acts.
3. Gender-based violence is fueled by inequitable gender norms and can affect people at different stages of life, ranging from intimate partner violence to child marriage.
The document summarizes the historical transition and growth of the U.S. health care system from the 19th century to present day. It discusses key milestones like the establishment of private health insurance in the 1930s and government programs Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Major changes included the rise of HMOs in the 1980s and an increased focus on preventative care and reducing costs. The paper also examines challenges facing the system like an aging population as baby boomers require more care and changing demographics bringing new diseases. Financing and technology are seen as important factors enabling advancement, but affordability remains a challenge given high expenditures in the U.S. system.
This document outlines the major health problems in India. It defines health as a state of complete well-being according to the WHO. The major health problems discussed are communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections. Nutritional problems such as protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and low birth weight are also examined. Environmental sanitation problems from lack of safe water and proper waste disposal are addressed. The document also notes medical care access issues and India's large population as creating health challenges.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
How journalists can improve online discourse with the audience. Presentation given at 2015 Excellence in Journalism conference in Orlando, FL on September 18, 2015
Poznatky z praxe při migraci serverů IBM Domino 8.5.3 na 9.0
Další informace pro adminy:
http://www.jaknalotus.cz
Nabídky školení a workshopů:
http://www.hansgut.cz/nabidka-sluzeb/
Workshop Administrace IBM Domino serveru
http://www.hansgut.cz/firemni-workshop-administrace-ibm-domino-serveru/
Workshop IBM Notes pro uživatele
http://www.hansgut.cz/firemni-workshop-ibm-notes/
This document discusses trends in risk factors and adverse health outcomes. It begins by defining risk factors and describing why they are important to study. It then discusses the nature of health risks and the risk transition as societies develop. The document outlines the global burden of disease and risk factor assessments. It describes frameworks for reducing the preventable burden of chronic diseases from the CDC and the WHO. The WHO's global monitoring framework for noncommunicable diseases is also summarized.
Chief Medical Officer publishes volume 1 of her first annual report on the st...Department of Health
This first of 2 volumes of the Chief Medical Officer Professor Dame Sally Davies’s annual report provides a comprehensive picture of England’s health.
It brings together a number of data sources in one place for the first time and is designed to be used by local authorities and local health professionals as they work together to improve the health of local populations.
The document discusses the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. It notes that NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and this proportion is projected to increase further. The major NCDs affecting India are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. The rising burden is linked to lifestyle changes like increasing tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and urbanization. Managing NCDs poses challenges for India's healthcare system due to the country's large population and diversity.
Coorelation study between hdi and epidemiological transition ratio among indi...subhash chandra
The Epidemiological transition—the shift from infectious and deficiency diseases to chronic non communicable diseases—was a unidirectional process, beginning when infectious diseases were predominant and ending when non communicable diseases dominated the causes of death.
It has, however, become apparent that this transition is more complex and dynamic: the health and disease patterns of a society evolve in diverse ways as a result of demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes.
It is rather a continuous transformation process, with some diseases disappearing and others appearing or re-emerging. This also indicates that such a process is not unidirectional
Global burden of disease & International Health RegulationSujata Mohapatra
The document discusses global burden of disease and key concepts in global health. It summarizes that global burden of disease assessments measure years of life lost to premature mortality and disability worldwide. The leading causes of mortality globally are ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections and COPD, while the highest disease burdens come from lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, depression and ischemic heart disease. Noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease are responsible for most deaths globally.
This document discusses the triple burden of disease faced by many developing countries. It describes the triple burden as the coexistence of infectious diseases, undernutrition, and emerging non-communicable diseases. Many countries now struggle with this combination of communicable diseases, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Addressing this triple burden presents challenges for healthcare systems in developing nations. Risk factors like poverty, malnutrition, urbanization and changing lifestyles have contributed to the rise of non-communicable diseases.
This document discusses the relationship between health and social development. It states that better health is important for human well-being and economic progress, as healthy populations live longer and are more productive. Social development aims to empower marginalized groups and improve social and economic status. The document also discusses indicators of social development like GDP, HDI, population, standards of living, education, employment and environment. Health is seen as important for productivity, with health investments promoting economic development and social progress. Reasons for uneven development between countries include trade, population growth, industrialization, and political instability.
Non-Communicable Disease and Its Economic Burdenyellow sunfire
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are long-lasting conditions like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease. NCDs cause 63% of deaths worldwide with annual deaths projected to rise to 52 million by 2030. NCDs place a large economic burden on individuals and societies through medical costs, lost productivity and income. At a country level, NCDs reduce life expectancy, deplete the labor force and lower GDP and GNI growth. References are made to WHO publications and reports from the World Economic Forum and Harvard School of Public Health on estimating the economic impact of NCDs.
Surveillance for Health Disparities and the Social Determinants of Health - D...Lauren Johnson
This document discusses health equity, health disparities, and social determinants of health. It defines health equity as achieving the highest level of health for all people through addressing avoidable inequalities. Health disparities are closely linked to social and economic disadvantage and adversely affect groups that have systematically faced discrimination. Social determinants of health are the circumstances where people are born, live, work and age, shaped by economics, social policies and politics. These determinants include education, employment, income, housing, transportation, social status and environment. The document provides examples of health disparities data from different cities and states, and discusses how improving social determinants like education can positively impact health.
The presentation identifies vulnerable populations in rural areas and their health disparities. Rural areas are defined as having low population density and distance from urban centers with few economic activities. Approximately 19% of Americans live in rural areas and are more likely to be uninsured compared to urban residents. Rural residents experience higher rates of chronic diseases, injuries, cancer deaths and less access to preventive healthcare services. The presentation proposes a plan to address mammography compliance among uninsured rural women using a mobile mammography unit on a quarterly basis. Key elements of the plan include qualifying patients, an interdisciplinary team and addressing challenges of cost, participation and evaluating effectiveness.
This document discusses types of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including chronic kidney disease, various cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. It notes that over 30% of cancers are preventable through avoiding risk factors like tobacco, obesity, poor diet, inactivity, alcohol, infections, and pollution. The document also states that NCDs are the leading global cause of death, accounting for 68% of all deaths in 2012, with risk factors like lifestyle and environment increasing people's likelihood of developing certain NCDs. Tobacco use causes over 5 million deaths annually and obesity over 2.8 million deaths, while high cholesterol and blood pressure also contribute to millions of NCD deaths each year.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are several types of diabetes classified based on etiology. Clinical features include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on fasting or post-meal blood glucose levels according to WHO criteria. Diet and lifestyle factors like obesity are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy diet and weight through population-level and high-risk individual strategies. Treatment involves diet, oral medications, or insulin to control blood glucose and prevent complications. Specialized diabetes care centers provide management, education, and research.
Non-Communicable Diseases: The Unheralded Global Epidemic_Meer_5.12.11CORE Group
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease are responsible for 63% of all deaths globally and deaths from NCDs are projected to increase 15% by 2020, with common risk factors including smoking, alcohol, poor diet and lack of exercise. While NCDs affect people of all ages, they are often seen as less important than infectious diseases; however, NCDs result in premature death, disability, and lost productivity as well as high costs of treatment and care. Advocacy, data collection, health education, and prevention and treatment programs are needed to address this growing global epidemic.
1. Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of their gender and can include verbal, physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
2. The UN defines violence against women as any act resulting in physical, sexual, or mental harm, including threats of such acts.
3. Gender-based violence is fueled by inequitable gender norms and can affect people at different stages of life, ranging from intimate partner violence to child marriage.
The document summarizes the historical transition and growth of the U.S. health care system from the 19th century to present day. It discusses key milestones like the establishment of private health insurance in the 1930s and government programs Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Major changes included the rise of HMOs in the 1980s and an increased focus on preventative care and reducing costs. The paper also examines challenges facing the system like an aging population as baby boomers require more care and changing demographics bringing new diseases. Financing and technology are seen as important factors enabling advancement, but affordability remains a challenge given high expenditures in the U.S. system.
This document outlines the major health problems in India. It defines health as a state of complete well-being according to the WHO. The major health problems discussed are communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections. Nutritional problems such as protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and low birth weight are also examined. Environmental sanitation problems from lack of safe water and proper waste disposal are addressed. The document also notes medical care access issues and India's large population as creating health challenges.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
How journalists can improve online discourse with the audience. Presentation given at 2015 Excellence in Journalism conference in Orlando, FL on September 18, 2015
Poznatky z praxe při migraci serverů IBM Domino 8.5.3 na 9.0
Další informace pro adminy:
http://www.jaknalotus.cz
Nabídky školení a workshopů:
http://www.hansgut.cz/nabidka-sluzeb/
Workshop Administrace IBM Domino serveru
http://www.hansgut.cz/firemni-workshop-administrace-ibm-domino-serveru/
Workshop IBM Notes pro uživatele
http://www.hansgut.cz/firemni-workshop-ibm-notes/
This document provides an introduction and overview of Salesforce Lightning, including:
1. What is Lightning and its main components like Lightning Components, App Builder, and Schema Builder.
2. Instructions for getting started with Lightning including creating a developer org and enabling Lightning Components.
3. An overview of key aspects of building Lightning apps and components like App and Component structure, Controllers, Helpers, and Design files.
This document advertises the DreamTrips membership program, which offers vacation packages to destinations around the world at members-only prices. It has over 250,000 members in 27 countries. DreamTrips membership provides access to hundreds of curated vacation packages along with perks like discounts, upgrades, and personalized service. Sample itineraries and prices are provided for DreamTrip vacations to various locations including Chicago, New Orleans, Sydney, Greece, Brazil, Hawaii, the Bahamas, and more. Different membership levels like Gold and Platinum are described with associated benefits and fees.
To travel to Thailand, tourists need a tourist visa that allows stays of up to 16 days. A valid passport with at least 6 months remaining validity is required, as well as a copy of the passport personal information page. Typical Thai cuisine includes spicy dishes like tom yam kung shrimp soup and kaeng khiao wan kai green chicken curry. Buddhism is widely practiced in Thailand by 95% of the population and influences daily life. Traditional Thai families are hierarchical with the father as the head of the household and children taught to honor their parents.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Este documento describe los autoinformes, que son la información verbal que un individuo proporciona sobre sí mismo o su comportamiento. Explica que los autoinformes incluyen cuestionarios, inventarios, entrevistas y pensamiento en voz alta. También clasifica los autoinformes según el tiempo de referencia (retrospectivos, concurrentes o futuros) y el tipo de preguntas (estructuradas o no estructuradas). Finalmente, analiza la fiabilidad, validez y áreas de aplicación de los autoinformes.
Internet Safety tips for Parents of Christian Childrennickswebtsv
The internet has evolved into a enormous beast that has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. But with this revolution comes safety concerns for children whose parents wish to keep a watchful eye on their child's browsing habits.
This presentation covers family safety tools that empower parents to easily manage their child's exposure to explicit websites. Such as gambling, social media and online dating websites which can be used for the wrong reasons by pedophiles and the like.
The solutions available to parents range from device based security to software or host ran applications like NetNanny.
Built around the term "give and take," these slides are for a lecture on art that represents southeastern Alaska. It was given as part of the 2015 Stanford University Sophomore College course, "In the Age of the Anthropocene: Coupled Human-Natural Systems of Southeast Alaska."
The act of giving, even to the brink of your own ruin, and taking, a more selfish act that may cause the ruin of others, are balancing poles that can help us understand some of the most important art that’s come out of this region and by extension the region itself. It also gives a frame to think specifically about the give and take of tourism, one of the four main course units.
The lecture explored this give and take through three main topics: the photographs of Edward Curtis, the concept of Potlatch, and the carvings of many sizes created by the Tlingit people. Related topics and themes mentioned are John Muir and conservationism, glaciers and geology, the 1899 Harriman Expedition, Eadweard Muybridge, the Yukon Gold Rush, totem poles, and the philosophical concepts of "wilderness" and "frontier."
El capítulo 8 trata sobre los avances tecnológicos de los últimos años y cómo han cambiado nuestras vidas. Se analizan las redes sociales, los teléfonos inteligentes y cómo ahora pasamos más tiempo en Internet que antes.
This document provides an overview of FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) for Gallaudet University employees. It begins by emphasizing the importance of understanding FERPA information and passing a required quiz. It then discusses key aspects of FERPA including its origins, responsibilities of the Family Policy Compliance Office, and its reach to institutions receiving federal funds. It also summarizes FERPA's guarantees of student rights related to their education records. The document provides guidance to employees on FERPA compliance in areas like handling student records, communications, and technology use.
The importance of sound production in filmmaking. Audio can make or break your film. Sound helps to tell your story, and allows the audience to become immersed in the the film.
The document outlines the marketing process, which begins with ideation to determine new or enhanced products and services for customers. It then discusses setting high-level goals and detailed objectives with metrics to ensure success is measurable. Determining the target market and planning the strategy are also covered. The process involves writing a marketing plan, executing it, and measuring success to determine if other efforts should follow.
TripThru -- The On-Demand Interoperability HubEdward Hamilton
TripThru wants ride hail apps to be interoperable globally. A Didi Kauidi customer travelling to London would be able to hail a Hailo driver using their local Didi Kauidi app and pay in their local currency.
The document summarizes the Show-Me Chefs mini-series and fundraising Showcase event being produced by Missouri State University's Department of Media, Journalism and Film. The reality cooking show will air in fall 2015 and be produced by students. A fundraising Showcase dinner will raise money for Care to Learn, a nonprofit helping children in the Ozarks. The proposal outlines objectives, strategies, and tactics to promote the Showcase through media impressions, distributing promotional materials, and gaining community partners.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and provides information on their global burden, definitions, surveillance, risk factors, and social and economic implications. It notes that NCDs caused 36 million deaths globally in 2008, with 80% of NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In India specifically, NCDs account for 53% of total deaths and their economic costs are substantial. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. Surveillance of NCDs and their risk factors is important for planning prevention and control programs.
Population medicine and changing concepts of diseaseDr.Hemant Kumar
The document discusses key concepts related to public health, population health, and the epidemiological transition from infectious to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It defines public health, health surveillance, monitoring, and population health. It explains that population health looks at health outcomes within groups, while public health aims to promote health through organized community efforts. The document also discusses the global burden of NCDs, their increasing impact in India, and risk factors like tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and alcohol. It notes that prevention is critical to addressing NCDs given their high treatment costs.
Creating a Healthy Environment: The Impact of the Built Environment on Public Health
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Running head CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 1 .docxtodd271
Running head: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
1
Chronic Kidney Disease: Problems, Perceptions, and Strategies for Intervention
David Brown
Walden University
HLTH 4900, Section 2, Capstone
November 16, 2013
Instructor: Dr. Jody Early
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: PROBLEMS, PERCEPTIONS, AND STRATEGIES FOR INTERVENTION 2
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is considered one of the most significant health issues affecting
morbidity and mortality and contributes heavily to the state of global health. Chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are chronic illnesses that have a dramatic
impact on the cost of health care delivery in the United States. Early detection and intervention
are critical to the long-term prognosis of this patient population; however, a health disparity
exists because not everyone who is at risk for CKD has access to resources for screening and
treatment. One of the goals of community-level and national programs is to create parity of care
by focusing attention on marginalized communities that are at a statistically higher risk for CKD.
The global impact of CKD and ESRD is significant because long-term survival depends on
expensive technology and many regions of the world lack the resources needed to treat this
disease. Health behavior and culture are known contributors to the long-term survivability of the
disease. Since early detection is the key, creating screening programs that target populations at
greatest risk will have the highest impact, and be the most cost-effective solution to combating
this chronic illness.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: PROBLEMS, PERCEPTIONS, AND STRATEGIES FOR INTERVENTION 3
Chronic Kidney Disease: Problems, Perceptions, and Strategies for Intervention
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered one of the primary global health issues and
contributes significantly to the social burden of care. CKD, along with cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer, is a chronic illness that is classified as a non-
communicable disease (Healthy People 2020, 2013). Non-communicable diseases have a
significant societal impact to domestic growth, productivity, and health care costs and are the
most common cause of morbidity and premature death in the United States (Couser, Remuzzi,
Mendis, & Tonelli, 2011). Chronic illnesses are also characterized by physical and emotional
stressors that can become overwhelming when simultaneously coping with multiple
comorbidities (Moulton, 2008). Although the World Health Assembly has determined that non-
communicable diseases contribute heavily to the state of global health, they concede that public
health policy can dramatically affect patient morbidity and mortality (Couser et al., 2011). CKD
is a public health threat that is on the rise and will likely not slow without deliberate intervention.
This literature review will describe the impact that chronic kid.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of the deaths worldwideΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
NCDs are not selective; they affect men and women in all countries and all socioeconomic classes, albeit with notable regional differences that influence intervention strategies and outcomes. Further amplifying the crisis, the high prevalence and chronic nature of NCDs have a direct impact on economies; the total global burden estimated to reach US$47 trillion between 2010 and 2030. Upjohn, a Pfizer division, shares insights on the major causes, trends and methods of intervention against NCDs.
This document summarizes a regional spotlight issue examining public health in San Joaquin County, California. It discusses key determinants of health for the county, including lower levels of education, air quality issues, policy impacts, social support networks, and income disparities. Transportation investments can impact health by encouraging walking and biking. The county faces public health challenges such as high obesity and chronic disease rates. Proposed transportation projects aim to enhance access to active transportation and improve health outcomes and costs.
The document proposes that the Texas Department of Insurance adopt new rules allowing insurance payments for non-traditional public health services to help control chronic disease costs. It argues that chronic diseases account for the majority of healthcare spending and can be prevented or better managed through programs like self-management education, community health workers, and lifestyle interventions. New payment rules could help fund these services and reduce insurance premiums for individuals and employers that lower chronic disease rates in their communities. The goal is to bend the healthcare cost curve by preventing chronic diseases before medical treatment is needed through a comprehensive population health model.
This document discusses chronic diseases and their control. It notes that chronic diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the leading causes of death in the United States. Chronic diseases are characterized by uncertain causes, multiple risk factors, long development periods, and disability rather than cure. The document outlines the continuum of chronic disease from upstream social determinants to behavioral risks to conditions to diseases to impairment. It provides examples of how chronic diseases and their risk factors are interrelated and complex. Effective control requires addressing many determinants and preventing progression along the continuum.
This document discusses a module developed through a collaboration between the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to enhance population health education. It acknowledges the individuals and institutions involved in developing the module. The module aims to discuss key topics related to population health determinants, health status, leading causes of death, health disparities, and use of Healthy People objectives in public health planning. It was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the CDC and the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research.
The American Medical Association (AMA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have launched an initiative called "Prevent Diabetes STAT" to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Over 86 million Americans have prediabetes, but less than 10% know they are at risk. This new initiative will expand screening and refer more people to diabetes prevention programs. It provides tools for doctors to screen and refer patients to local programs. The goal is to help people make lifestyle changes to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes through increased physical activity and healthy eating.
Globalization has increased risks from international threats like pandemics, environmental degradation, and ethnic violence. Strategies are needed to deal with these threats through improved surveillance, distribution of medicines, and understanding the causes of conflicts. Preventive actions before crises occur are important but difficult for governments. Underlying economic issues from globalization like unemployment and inequality can contribute to these threats if not addressed through education, health programs, and infrastructure investment. International cooperation through organizations like WHO and UN is vital to strengthen global efforts against diseases and support national health systems.
Creating A Healthy Environment: The Impact of the Built Environment on Public...ElisaMendelsohn
The document discusses the relationship between the built environment and public health. It states that environmental health includes both the direct effects of environmental factors on health as well as the indirect effects through components of the built environment like housing, transportation, and land use. Examples are provided of how aspects of the built environment like lack of sidewalks and bike paths can contribute to increased risk of chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses by discouraging physical activity and impacting air quality. The document argues that public health and environmental decisions should consider health impacts and that professionals from various fields need to work together to ensure environmental decisions support public health goals.
1
Change Proposal Summary Report
Jessica Ramos
Capella University
FPX 6218: Leading the Future of Health Care
Dr. Donna Ryan
November 24, 2021
2
Change Proposal Summary Report
One of the clinical conditions affecting numerous people globally is diabetes. Around 35
million people in the United States are diagnosed with diabetes annually. Based on the world
statistics, diabetes pervasiveness has increased promptly among people of low and middle
incomes. Accordingly, people living in countries such as India and China have the highest
prevalence of diabetes. Globally, approximately 5.0 million deaths resulted from diabetes and
diabetes-related disorders. Again, the countries spend billions of dollars on health expenditures for
diabetic patients and other approaches to minimize its prevalence through education and other
evidence-based practices. Besides, more than 400 million people globally are likely to develop
type 2 diabetes mellitus. The executive summary will describe some of the challenges facing
healthcare, such as type 2 diabetes, and ideal strategies and measures to mitigate such health issues.
Executive Summary
Proposed Change
Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic health issue affecting numerous people.
From statistics, persons diagnosed with the disease have increased significantly in the past few
decades. The Center for Disease Control has pointed out a high incidence of type 2 diabetes
mellitus among children, the elderly, and teenagers (Mayer-Davis et al., 2017). Some of the risk
factors aligned with diabetes mellitus encompass behavioral practices, lifestyle, and genetics. A
proposed change to lessen the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus entails implementing
programs including the Lifestyle Change Program and Diabetes Management Education and
Support (DMES). Such a proposed change will play a central role in raising awareness and giving
people critical information regarding type 2 diabetes, its prevention, and management (Munshi et
al., 2016). From contemporary clinical studies, recognizing diabetes risk factors early is crucial in
Donna Ryan
need to cite sources of all facts in this paragraph
Donna Ryan
cite source of this fact
3
preventing and managing chronic disorders (American Diabetes Association, 2016). Efficient
therapy might prevent or precisely delay diabetic complications. Thus, the DMES program
educates people regarding diabetes, preventive, and management strategies to improve their
lifestyle and behavioral practices.
Desired Outcomes
There is a need to boost awareness of various risk factors aligned with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Many people will understand the risk factors contributing to the clinical disorder and
various measures or strategies to reduce its prevalence through the proposed programs ...
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Somalia. It provides background on NCDs globally and in Africa, noting they account for over half of deaths worldwide and their treatment is expensive. The document then discusses the problem of NCDs in Somalia, where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are increasing causes of death. The rationale for the study is described, focusing on identifying risk factors like lifestyle and diet that contribute to NCDs. The objectives are to assess NCD prevalence, risk factors, and their distribution in Somalia. Research questions and hypotheses relate to links between behaviors like smoking/inactivity and NCD risk.
The document summarizes the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) project. It is producing 9 volumes that systematically review the cost-effectiveness of health interventions for low and middle income countries. The volumes cover a range of health topics, from essential surgery to child development. The goal is to influence priority setting and resource allocation for health programs globally and within countries. The first volumes will be published electronically and in print in 2015-2016. DCP3 builds on two previous editions to provide updated evidence on intervention efficacy, effectiveness, and comprehensive economic evaluations.
The next pandemic? Non-communicable diseases in developing countries is an Economist Intelligence Unit report. It examines the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the drivers of this change, and possible solutions for how healthcare systems can bridge the resource gap to deliver appropriate NCD care for patients. The findings of this report are based on data analysis, desk research and five in-depth interviews with senior healthcare experts.
In the course of the last several years, millennials have shown that they are very different from previous generations in a number of ways. Defined as the generation born from 1981 to 1996, they are the largest, most educated, and most connected generation the world has ever seen1. However, recent data also show the beginnings of troubling generational health patterns that could hamper the future prosperity of millennials, and in turn the prosperity of the U.S. If the current pace of decline in millennial health continues unabated, the long-term consequences to the U.S. economy could be severe.
Functional Medicine is a systems-oriented model that takes a personalized, patient-centered approach to healthcare. It aims to address the underlying causes of disease by considering the interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The model focuses on restoring balance across a person's biological systems and processes. Key elements of Functional Medicine include considering individual biochemical uniqueness, identifying health as positive vitality rather than just the absence of disease, and promoting organ reserve to enhance healthspan.
Harvard global economic burden non communicable diseases 2011paulovseabra
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global economic burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It finds that NCDs already pose a substantial economic burden, expected to grow tremendously over the next two decades to $47 trillion in lost global output. This represents 75% of global GDP in 2010. Cardiovascular diseases and mental health conditions are the leading contributors. While high-income countries currently bear most of the burden, the developing world will see a rising share due to population and economic growth. Business leaders also express significant concern about the economic impacts of NCDs. The findings suggest a pressing need for increased prevention and control efforts to curb this mounting threat.
The global burden of disease (GBD) is a regional and global assessment conducted by the WHO on mortality and disability from diseases and injuries. It aims to make disease burden information globally available. Developing countries experience a large burden from diseases assessed in the GBD such as infectious diseases and maternal/neonatal conditions. Cost-effective interventions could help address this excess burden, such as oral rehydration therapy for childhood diarrhea and skilled birth attendance.
1. Signs of a Costly
EpidemicThePersonalHealthRisksandEconomicImpactsoftheChronicDiseaseCrisis
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Death and Mortality. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm. Accessed
December 20, 2013.
2
Chronic diseases: The power to prevent, the call to control; at a glance 2009. op. cit.
3
Ibid.
4
California Department of Public Health. (2013). The burden of chronic disease and injury. Retrieved from http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pro-
grams/Documents/BurdenReportOnline%2004-04-13.pdf
5
Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. (2012). Place matter for health in the San Joaquin Valley: Ensuring opportunities for good
health for all. Retrieved from https://www.fresnostate.edu/chhs/cvhpi/documents/cvhpi-jointcenter-sanjoaquin.pdf
6
7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). National diabetes statistics report, 2014. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/general14.htm
8
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., & Stroke, S. S. (2014). Heart disease and stroke statis-
tics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 129(3), e28.
9
American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update. Retrieved from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/ear-
ly/2013/12/18/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80.full.pdf
10
Murphy, S.L., Xu, J.Q., & Kochanek, K.D. (2010). Deaths: Final data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2013;61(4). Retrieved from http://www.
cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf
11
American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. (n.d.). Asthma Facts. Retreived from http://www.acaai.org/press/Pages/asthma-facts.
aspx
12
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
13
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013) Health, United States, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/
hus13.pdf#064
14
Obesity Society. (n.d.). What is obesity. Retrieved from http://www.obesity.org/resources-for/what-is-obesity.htm
15
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (n.d.). Percent of adults who are overweight or obese. Retrieved from http://kff.org/other/state-indi-
cator/adult-overweightobesity-rate/
16
Obesity Society op. cit.
17
Obesity Society op. cit.
18
Valley Health Policy Institute, California State University, Fresno. Retrieved from https://www.fresnostate.edu/chhs/cvhpi/documents/healthy-
people-2010-review-12-12-2011.pdf
19
Ibid.
20
Place matter for health in the San Joaquin Valley. op. cit.
21
op. cit.
22
Chronic diseases: The power to prevent, the call to control; at a glance 2009 op. cit.
23
The Stroke Center at University Hospital. (n.d.). Economic costs of stroke. Retrieved from http://www.uhnj.org/stroke/stats.htm
24
Journal of Healthcare Contracting. (2005). Lifestyle disease prevention: Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.jhconline.com/lifestyle-disease-
prevention-diabetes.html
25
gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S1903&prodType=table
26
productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP03&prodType=table
27
op. cit.
28
Yeung, B. (2012, March 9). Life expectancy varies by ZIP code in San Joaquin Valley. California Watch. Retrieved from http://californiawatch.
org/dailyreport/life-expectancy-varies-zip-code-san-joaquin-valley-15233
29
op. cit.
30
op. cit.
References
Health experts and
government planning
agencies are better un-
derstanding the rela-
tionship between public
health and the policies
that shape the built en-
vironments in which we
live, realizing these de-
cisions can play a role
in impacting both the
health and economic
well-being of our com-
munities.
2. Prevalence rates for certain
chronic diseases are higher in
both the SJV and SJC than the
state. These chronic health con-
ditions can be immediately life-
threatening, such as heart attack
and stroke. Others linger over
time and need intensive manage-
ment, such as diabetes.
A Chronically Growing Problem
1 6
Place Matters
-
ence on how long you’ll live and may even predict what you may eventually die from. The coun-
ties which comprise the SJV region have some of the highest death rates attributed to chronic
diseases in the state. Amongst the SJV counties, SJC ranks in the middle for the chronic disease
MAKING THE CONNECTION
How we invest in our transportation
systems is essential to the welfare of
all California residents.
Transportation investments and policies have a
and fatalities, environmental quality, and access
to services and jobs. Our Metropolitan Planning
decisions that shape land use and transportation
systems, where on a regional scale, the greatest
be realized.
UNDERSTANDING THE CURRENT
HEALTH STATUS OF OUR RESIDENTS
IS AN IMPORTANT INITIAL STEP TO
ADDRESSING LARGE-SCALE ISSUES
THAT CAN BE POSITIVELY IMPACTED
BY PUBLIC POLICY.
Since 2008, the passage of Senate Bill 375 (SB
375) has required all MPOs to include an addi-
tional plan known as a Sustainable Communities
Strategy (SCS) into its federally mandated Re-
gional Transportation Plans (RTP). The primary
goal of the SCS is to provide a regional land use
and transportation plan that focuses on outcomes
and target goals meant to lower greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions associated with transportation.
-
ties to advance policies and programming that
can provide healthier and equitable outcomes. As
an example, by working towards policy outcomes
in the RTP that increase access to transit, it is
possible to reduce household and transportation
costs for low-income families, increase physical
activity opportunities, reduce local air pollution,
and cut GHGs.
The recently adopted 2014 RTP for San Joaquin
County forecasts $282 million being available for
Active Transportation Projects between 2014 and
2040. Active transportation is a means of getting
around that is powered by human energy, typi-
cally through walking or bicycling. These projects
include measures such as bike lanes, shared
use paths, and streetscape enhancements such
as lighting and street calming features, which all
serve practical purposes, but also provide an en-
hanced environment that allows for increased op-
portunities for the types of active living behaviors
that can play a part in reducing the prevalence of
chronic diseases in our region.
This report summarizes a growing consensus
of opinion, based on research and data, that is
recognizing the San Joaquin Valley, of which
San Joaquin County is a part, is characterized
by elevated rates of chronic diseases which can
impact quality of life and lead to premature death.
Understanding the current health status of our
residents is an important initial step to addressing
large-scale issues that can be positively impacted
by public policy.
AN EARLY ROAD TO DEATH
In both the SJV region and locally in
SJC, an increasing number of the popu-
lation are on track for premature death27
Where you live determines what you will be ex-
posed to, what opportunities are available to you,
and, ultimately, impacts how long you can expect to
live. In the San Joaquin Valley, life expectancy can
vary by as much as 21 years depending on your zip
code.28
In San Joaquin County, residents are dying earlier
and more often than most counties in the state,
due, in large part, to the elevated prevalence of
these illnesses.29
Death rates in the region for
stroke, heart disease, diabetes and asthma are
outpacing statewide rates.30
While the thought of premature death is sobering
enough, chronic disease can severely affect the
quality of life for those still living.
Those dealing with such health conditions typically
suffer from a reduced ability to enjoy their lives due
to limitations on their mobility and independence.
As examples, the progression of diabetes can result
in amputation of lower body extremities (toe, foot,
lower leg), and asthma can limit a person’s ability to
participate in active living behaviors such as exer-
cise, recreation and leisure.
These common scenarios have a compounding
effect on the individual’s health, as inactivity can
accelerate the existing condition and lead to ad-
ditional risk of developing other chronic conditions,
as well as factor into an individual’s overall mental
wellness.
Raised occurrences of depressive disorders and
anxiety have been associated with chronic disease,
as the stress of coping with deteriorating personal
health can dramatically affect an individual’s mental
health. Chronic illness can make it impossible to do
the things once enjoyed, eroding away an individu-
Perhaps the most confounding aspect of this health
epidemic is that the burden of these negative health
outcomes is largely preventable and controllable
with a healthy lifestyle and an environment that sup-
ports active living behaviors.
3. DANGEROUS TRENDS
In the U.S., seven of the top ten causes of
death were attributed to chronic diseases
20101
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) describes chronic diseases as “non-communi-
cable illnesses that are prolonged in duration, do not
resolve spontaneously and […] are the most common
and costly of all health problems.”2
Chronic diseases
are considered health conditions which can either be
behavior or environmental intervention.
As of 2012, approximately half of all Americans
reported having at least one chronic disease— 26%
reported having two or more.3
At the state level, Californians have some of the high-
est life expectancy rates in the country. Yet, despite
continuing treatment and medical advances which
help to extend lives, the prevalence of chronic dis-
eases remains high, affecting the quality of life of 14
million people in the state.4
Studies have shown that place matters— where you
you live. On average, people living in the San Joaquin
Valley (SJV) can expect to have a shorter life when
compared to other Californians and the rest of the
nation.5
Recent data paints an especially grim picture for
residents living in San Joaquin County (SJC). Of the
state’s 58 counties, SJC has some of the worst rank-
ing health metrics in terms of chronic disease and
obesity rates, as well as deaths attributed to chronic
diseases in the entire state.6
While chronic diseases account for 70% of all deaths
in the U.S., most types are preventable and can be
enviornmental intervention.
25
Source: California Health Interview Survey
Stroke
San Joaquin
County
San Joaquin
Valley
California
PREVALENCE RATES OF CHRONIC DISEASE
Coronary
Heart Diseases
AsthmaDiabetes
14%
8%6%2%
17%
7%3%
20%
6%11% 11%4%
5,143,0002,322,0001,759,000634,000 292,000 642,00073,000 131,00030,000 53,00024,000
% of population
Number of people
with the condition
192,000
STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PLACE MAT-
TERS— WHERE YOU LIVE CAN HAVE
A CONTRIBUTING INFLUENCE ON HOW
LONG YOU LIVE.
IT WILL COST YOU
Chronic disease not only impacts personal
health, but has economic consequences
as well
Poor health increases direct medical costs such
as those spent to cover emergency room visits,
hospitalizations, testing, treatment, and other
medical services. It also has indirect costs such
as lowered productivity due to missed workdays,
short– and long-term disability, workers’ compen-
sation, and job loss due to an inability to work,
resulting in lost personal income.
More than three quarters of all health care spend-
ing is directed towards treating those with chronic
health conditions,22
as chronically ill patients use
the U.S. health care system with more frequency
than any other group. This places a heavy burden
on the overall health care system and economy.
For the individual, there are also additional per-
sonal costs to bear. The average cost of care for
a patient up to 90 days after a stroke is $15,000.23
Diabetics can expect to pay $13,000 to $14,000 in
medical costs annually, versus $2,500 for non-
diabetics.24
These added expenses are especially hard on im-
poverished families and individuals already living
under or near the established federal poverty level.
This describes many households found in San Joa-
quin County, where on average, both individual and
household median income levels are below state
rates,25
and the percentage of people living below
the poverty threshold is higher than the state.26
Those unable to pay for health care are more likely
to go undiagnosed or untreated due to an inability
to afford medical attention and prevention services.
For reasons just noted and a multitude of contrib-
uting factors, these same groups are particularly
vulnerable to chronic disease risks due to a lack
of affordable and accessible healthcare facilities,
Recent research has indicated prevalence rates for
obesity, asthma, diabetes and chronic cardiovas-
cular health conditions are higher in disadvantaged
socioeconomic (SES) minority groups when com-
parid to other SES populations. In SJC, asthma
hospitilizations for African Americans is 3-4 times
higher than for Whites, Asians and Hispanics. Both
African American and Hispanic women in SJC
have higher overweight and obese rates.
THOSE UNABLE TO PAY FOR HEALTH
CARE ARE MORE LIKELY TO GO UNDI-
AGNOSED OR UNTREATED DUE TO AN
INABILITY TO AFFORD MEDICAL ATTEN-
TION AND PREVENTION SERVICES.
4. HEAVY ISSUES
During the past 30 years, American waist-
lines have continued to grow
Obesity rates in both adults and children have more
than doubled since the 1970’s, with nearly two two-
thirds of all U.S. adults being overweight or obese.15
Although there are genetic and hormonal factors that
-
dividual’s daily consumed calorie intake is more than
what is burned through physical activity on a regular
basis.
Being unhealthily overweight is a primary precursor to
many serious health issues, as you don’t die from be-
ing obese, but rather as a result of the negative health
conditions which stem from it. Risks for developing
chronic health conditions such as diabetes (Type II),
hypertension, stroke and heart disease are increased
in individuals that are obese.16
In addition, other serious health risks are closely as-
sociated with obesity. Both obese men and women
are more likely than their non-obese counterparts to
die from a variety of cancers.17
A troubling trend has emerged in the SJV and SJC,
as obesity rates have steadily increased this past de-
cade, overtaking both state and nationwide rates by a
wide-margin.18
As a result, the residing population in
the region has some of the highest rates of diabetes,
heart disease, stroke, and asthma, as well as deaths
attributed to these chronic diseases in the state.
The correlation is clear. A glaring example is found in
Stanislaus County, where an alarming 72.4% of adults
are either overweight or obese, which likely serves as
a primary contributing factor as to why the county has
the second highest rate of deaths from heart disease
in the state.19 20
In Kern County, the increase in obe-
sity rates may be attributed to it having the second
highest rate of deaths caused by diabetes, and the
fourth highest for deaths caused by heart disease in
California.21
The role of the built environment, which includes the
land use patterns, transportation systems, and design
features found in our communities, has been identi-
-
iors.
at moderate levels, are well-documented and estab-
lished. Numerous studies have shown consistent
physical activity serves as the best method to reduce
the risk of adverse health conditions. Physically active
weight, reduce rates of chronic and preventable dis-
eases, raise lung capacity, improve mental well-being
and increase life expectancy.
The decisions we make regarding aspects of plan-
ning such as land use, vehicle circulation, zoning and
behavior; the level of physical activity we receive;
the amount of time we spend in our cars driving; the
foods we consume; the quality of air we breathe—all
act as contributing factors to our health.
A Growing Trend
Approximately two-thirds of San
Joaquin Valley residents ages 18 to
64, are either overweight or obese,
rate. Some counties experienced
a slight rate decrease between
2001 and 2009, while Stanislaus
and Kings Counties had dramatic
increases. San Joaquin County saw
an incremental increase between
the two years, while the region
has experienced an upward trend
overall.
3 4
THE BIG FIVE
-
pacting SJV and SJC residents: diabetes,
stroke, heart disease, asthma and obesity
of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose
resulting from problems in how insulin is produced,
how insulin works, or both.”7
People suffering from
diabetes are prone to develop complications such as
heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and
premature death.
Stroke affects the blood vessels supplying the brain.
Nearly one million people were hospitalized for stroke
in 2009. In the U.S., deaths caused by stroke have
ranked as a leading cause of death and a leading
cause of serious long-term disability.8
Heart disease is a disorder of the blood vessels sup-
plying the heart and can lead to heart attack, angina,
heart failure and arrhythmias. It has consistently been
ranked as the leading cause of death in the U.S. dur-
ing the past 60 years,9
attribute to 380,000 deaths
annually.10
that can cause coughing, chest tightness, wheezing
or shortness of breath. While asthma is not normally
considered life-threatening, the condition can be dibi-
liitating, affecting an estimated 22 million Americans
and resulting in 497,000 hospitilizations and 1.8 mil-
lion emergency room visits annually.11
-
sity as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that
may impair health.”12
In the U.S., 34.9% of all adults
(ages 20 or older) are obese;13
approximately 200 mil-
lion Americans are considered overweight or obese.
These excess weight conditions have been associ-
ated with leading to Type II diabetes, high colesterol,
heart failure and many other health issues, as well as
excacerbating existing chronic conditions.14