1. The document discusses personality disorders, which are inflexible and dysfunctional personality traits that cause significant problems in work and social life. 2. Personality disorders are classified into three clusters (A, B, and C) based on shared characteristics. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal disorders. Cluster B includes borderline, histrionic, narcissistic and antisocial disorders. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 3. Psychoanalytic theory views personality disorders as arising from unresolved childhood trauma and dysfunctional psychological development, which leads to intense but immature and maladaptive defense mechanisms.

1. Leereenheid 7
Learning unit 7
Persoonlikheidsversteurings
Personality disorders

2. Inleiding / Introduction
• Personality “…is a vital part of what makes us who we are and
how we interact with others”
• Persoonlikheidstrekke = Tipiese manier waarop 'n persoon
dink, voel, optree en in verhouding met die omgewing tree
Personality traits = Typical way a person thinks, feels, behaves,
and relates to their environment.
• Persoonlikheidsversteuring = onbuigbare, onvoorspelbare &
disfunksionele trekke wat betekenisvolle probleme in werk en sosiale
lewe veroorsaak Personality disorder = inflexible,
unpredictable, dysfunctional traits that cause significant difficulty in
work & social life.

3. Ander konsepte: / Other concepts:
• Psig trekke / Psych traits
• waardes, houding, motiewe / values, attitude, motives
• Psig meganisme / Psych mechanism
• Invoer / Input (sensitivity to information)
• Interpretasie & Besluitneming / Interpretation & Decision making
• Uitvoer / Output
• Binne die individu / Within the individual
• Stabiliteit & konsekwentheid / Stability & consistency
• Organisasie / Organization
• Trekke = koherente geheel / Traits are coherent whole
• Invloed / Influence
• Persoon-Omgewing interaksie / Person-Environment
Interaction
• Aanpassing / Adaptation
• Omgewing / Environment

4. Algemene kliniese beeld /
General clinical picture
Sien ook tabel 12.1 / Also see table 12.1
•Swak verhoudinge met ander / Poor relations with others
•Onvermoë om emosies te reguleer / Inability to regulate emotions
•Onbuigbare en onvoorspelbare denke en gedrag / Inflexible &
unpredictable beliefs & behavior
•'Moeilik', nie-samewerkend, weerstandbiedend / 'Difficult',
uncooperative, resistant
•Swak prognose / poor prognosis

5. Classification

6. Kluster A / Cluster A
Kern eienskappe / Core features
• Onttrekking agv vrees en angs; ongeërgdheid
teenoor ander, vreemde en eksentrieke
idees / Withdrawal due to fear and anxiety;
indifference to people, odd & eccentric ideas
• Deel simptome met skisofrenie (sonder
psigotiese simptome) / Shares symptoms with
Schizophrenia (without psychotic symptoms).
paranoied
/ paranoid
skisoied /
schizoid
skisotipies /
schizotypal

7. Paranoiëde PV / Paranoid PD
• Persepsie dat ander vyandiggesind is /
Perception that other people are hostile
• Ekstreme wantroue en hiperwaaksaamheid /
Extreme distrust and hypervigilance
• Koud en verwyderd in persoonlike verhoudinge /
Cold and distant in personal relationships
• Suspisieus oor ander se gedrag / Suspicious
of people’s behaviours
• Openlik of passief vyandiggesind teenoor
ander, lei to verwerping deur, ander wat
wantroue versterk / Overtly or passively hostile
towards people; leads to rejection from others;
reinforces suspicious beliefs

8. Skisoiëde PV / Schizoid PD
• Omvattende verwyderdheid van sosiale verhoudinge / Pervasive
detachment from social relationships
• Beperkte omvang v emosies / Restricted range of emotions
• Ekstreme self-ingekeerdheid / Extreme self-absorption
• Kom voor as ‘koud’, ongeërg, verwyderd / Appear ‘cold’,
‘indifferent’ and ‘aloof’

9. Skisotipiese PV / Schizotypal PD
• Soos skisoiede PV, emosionele verwydering en sosiale isolasie /
Like Schizoid PD, emotional detachment and social isolation
• Idees van verwysing; paranoia / Ideas of reference; paranoia
• Eksentriek: Bygelowing, preokkupasie met paranormale
verskynsels, magiese denke, en rituele / Eccentric: Superstitious;
preoccupied with paranormal phenomena, magical thinking, and
rituals.
Sterk verband met skisofrenie
/ Strong link with schizophrenia

10. Kluster B / Cluster B
Kern eienskappe / Core features
• Dramatiese, impulsiewe gedrag / Dramatic,
impulsive behaviour
• Vyandiggesind, gewelddadig, met min empatie
vir ander / Act in a hostile, violent way, with little
empathy for others
grenslyn /
borderline
histrionies /
histrionic
narsissisties
/ narcissistic
antisisaal /
antisocial

11. Grenslyn PV / Borderline PD
• Onstabiele gemoed / Unstable mood
• Onstabiele selfkonsep / Unstable self-
concept
• Gevoelens van leegheid / Feelings of
emptiness
• Impulsiewe, selfmutilerende &
selfmoordgedrag / Impulsive, self-
mutilating, and suicidal behaviour
• Onstabiele interpersoonlike
verhoudinge / Unstable interpersonal
relationships

12. Histrioniese PV / Histrionic PD
• Oordrewe emosionaliteit en
aandagsoekende gedrag / Excessive
emotionality and attention seeking.
• Oordrewe dramaties, entoesiasties en
vlerkslepend /Overly dramatic,
enthusiastic, and flirtatious
• Soek gedurig erkenning en versekering /
Seek approval and reassurance
• Baie besorg oor fisiese voorkoms / Very
concerned about physical appearance
• Dramatiseer alles / Exaggerate everything
• Oppervlakkig, selfgesentreer, veeleisend
en afhanklik / Shallow, self-centred,
demanding and dependent

13. Narsissistiese / Narcissistic PD
• Gepreokkuppeer met selfbelangrikheid en
fantasieë van mag en sukses / Preoccupied with
self-importance and fantasies of power and
success
• Min empatie / Little empathy
• Buit ander uit, arrogant / Exploit others, arrogant
• Vereis baie aandag / Require and expect a great
deal of attention.
• Jaloers op ander se sukses / Envious of
successful people.
• Spog oor eie talente / Boastful and exaggerate
their own talents.

14. Storietyd! - Story time!

15. Antisosiale PV / Antisocial PD
• Psigopatie & sosiopatie / Psychopathy’ &
sociopathy
• Miskenning v regte sonder skuldgevoel of
spyt / Violation of, and disregard for, rights
of others without showing guilt or remorse.
• Impulsief / Impulsive
• Totale miskenning v eie, en ander se
veiligheid / Total disregard for safety of self
and others
• Manipulerend en misleidend / Manipulative
and deceitful
• Finansieel & beroeps-onverantwoordelikheid
/ Financial and occupational irresponsibility
• Opgeblase & onrealistiese selfagting /
Inflated and unrealistic self-appraisal.

16. Kluster C / Cluster C
Kerneienskappe / Core features
• Angs en vrees / Anxiety & fearfulness.
• Moeilik om van as 1 versteurings te onderskei,
en het hoë ko-morbiditeit met angsversteurings /
Difficult to distinguish from Axis 1 disorders, and
have high co-morbidity with anxiety-rlated
disorders.
vermydend /
avoidant
afhanklik /
dependent
obsessief-
kompulsief /
obsessive-
compulsive

17. Vermydings PV / Avoidant PD
• Angstig, swak selfbeeld, hipersensitief teenoor
kritiek / Anxiety, low self-esteem, and
hypersensitivity to criticism.
• Vermy sosiale interaksies omdat bang vir
verwerping en kritiek / Avoid social interactions
because they are scared of rejection, humiliation,
or criticism.

18. Afhanklike PV / Dependent PD
• Oorafhanklik van andere om besluite te
neem / Overly dependent on others to
make decisions for them
• Passief en besluiteloos / Passive and
indecisive
• Ontken eie gevoelens & behoeftes om
ander nie te ontstel / Deny own
thoughts, feelings, and needs in case
they upset others.
• Vermy verantwoordelikheid / Avoid
responsibility.

19. Obsessief-kompulsiewe PV /
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
• Preokkupasie met orde, perfeksie, detail, reels
en beheer / Marked preoccupation with order,
perfection, attention to detail, rules, and
control.
• Onbuigbaar/rigied en gebrek aan openheid /
Inflexible and lack openness  poor
interpersonal relationships.
• Oorgekontroleerde emosies / Overly
controlled emotions; lack spontaneity.
• Hardkoppig, suinig, besitlik, moralisties /
Stubborn, stingy, possessive, & moralistic

20. Psigoanalitiese teorie / Psychoanalytic theory
• Psigologiese verdedigings [onbewuste breinprosesse wat ego
gebruik om interne konflik te hanteer ] / Psychological defences
[unconscious mental processes the ego uses to resolve inner conflict]
• Verdedigings as funksionele meganismes / defenses as functional
mechanisms
• In PV, intense onderliggende angs, onsekerheid, & depressie agv
onverwerkte kinderjare-trauma & disfunksionele psigologiese
ontwikkeling / In PD, intense anxiety, uncertainty & depression due to
unresolved childhood trauma & dysfunctional psychological
development
• Verdedigingsmeganismes in PV is daarom intens, maar ook
onvolwasse, onbuigbaar, wanaanpassend & self-destruktief / In PD,
defense mechanisms therefore intense, but also immature, inflexible,
maladaptive & self-destructive

21. Kindertrauma / Childhood
trauma
veral in gesinskonteks / especially in
family context:
- mishandeling / abuse
- verkragting / rape
- aggressie / aggression
- afwesigheid v positiewe rol-
modelle / lack of positive role
models
Kompensering deur destruktiewe
verd. meg / Compensation through
destructive defense mechanisms
projeksie / projection (paranoid/schizotypal)
splyting / splitting (borderline)
uitreageer / acting out (histrionic, antisocial)
selfgerigte aggressie / self-directed aggression
(borderline)
fantasiëring / fantasizing (schizotypal)
hipochondriase / hypochondriasis (dependent)
manipulering / manipulation (antisocial)
vermyding / avoidance (avoidant)
Verwerp deur ander /
Rejected by others
Versteurde selfbeeld, ander-
beeld, woede, vyandig-
gesindheid, angs & depressie
/ Disturbed self-image, other-
image, anger, hostility,
anxiety & depression