The document summarizes research on how metaphors are processed and understood. It discusses several theories and findings, including that the literal meaning of words does not necessarily take priority over metaphorical meanings. Metaphorical interpretations happen automatically rather than optionally. While novel metaphors may require structural alignment, conventional metaphors are understood directly. Metaphors also convey attributes and are not reversible like literal comparisons. The conclusion is that further research could explore whether the processes for understanding conventional versus novel metaphors are the same.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
Sample Rogerian Argument Essay. 018 Essay Example Rogerian Argument Persuasiv...Ciara Hall
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2. Three stage process
1. Derive literal meaning
2. Evaluate literal meaning
against context
3. If nonsensical, identify
non-literal meaning that
makes sense
Pre-existing
model of
metaphor
by Aristotle,
Searle, and others
Assumptions
1. Literal meaning of words
has priority
2. It’s possible to determine
THE correct comparison
for a non-literal meaning
2
4. Does the literal
meaning of
words take
priority?
Is literal meaning faster to
process than the
metaphorical meaning?
● Idioms prove not
● Recognition of metaphorical
meaning is faster than
becoming aware of the literal
○ “Why do we say that?”
○ Gibbs et al.
4
5. Does the literal
meaning of
words take
priority?
How important is familiarity
with the expression?
● Not important for unknown
metaphors with contextually
suitable metaphors
● Spill the beans vs. didn’t spill
a single bean
○ Understood equally
○ MS McGlone et al.
● Loneliness is a desert
○ Associations equally made
to sand and isolation
○ Blasko and Connine
5
6. Cultural importance of metaphor
Tamil phrase:
எனக்கு ஏற்கனேவ காது குத்தியாச்சு
enakku ErkanavE kaathu kutthiyaachu.
Literal meaning: I have got my ear pierced already.
Actual meaning: Do not try to deceive me. You can't.
Who has other examples?
6
8. Are metaphors
understood
directly?
Is metaphorical
interpretation optional?
● Metaphor interpretation
happens automatically
● Some jobs are butchers and
some roads are jails
○ People had trouble rejecting
metaphors as literally false
○ Similar to Stroop effect
○ Glucksberg et al.
● Brand names
○ Kleenex, Velcro go beyond
branded items
● Double entendres
8
9. Are metaphors
understood
directly?
Are metaphors novel before
they become conventional?
● Depends on the suitability of
the metaphor
● Gentner and Bowdle argue
conventional metaphors
initially require structural
alignment
● Kintsch developed prediction
algorithm to demonstrate
structural alignment not
necessary for easy metaphors
9
10. Are metaphors
understood
directly?
Do metaphors convey
attributes?
● Metaphors are categorical
assertions
● Metaphors carry more weight
than similes
○ Some ideas are like
diamonds
■ Rare, valuable
○ Some ideas are diamonds
■ Insightful, creative
○ Zharikov and Gentner
10
11. Are metaphors
understood
directly?
Are metaphors reversible?
● Unlike literal comparisons,
they are not
○ My lawyer is a shark vs. A
shark is my lawyer
● Metaphors can be paraphrased
as similes unlike literals
○ Coffee is like tea vs. coffee is
tea
● Priming of literal impacts
metaphorical reference
○ Sharks can swim impacted
lawyer is like a shark
● McGlone and Manfredi
11
12. Conclusion
● Literal meaning has no priority
● Metaphors are understood exactly as
intended
Further research:
● Is the process to understand
conventional metaphors the same as
novel metaphors?
12
13. CREDITS Special thanks to all the people who made and released
these awesome resources for free:
◎ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
◎ Photographs by Unsplash
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