This document discusses sports psychology approaches that can be applied to powerlifting. It defines sports psychology and explores theories related to arousal and performance, including the inverted-U hypothesis. It also examines factors that influence self-efficacy like past accomplishments and social support. Additionally, it discusses using goals and routines to optimize long-term preparation, including identifying outcome, performance and process goals. Mental rehearsal, pre-performance routines, and positive self-talk are presented as tools athletes can use to prepare mentally for competitions.
General psychological factors affecting physical performance and sportsSports Journal
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their
performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground.
Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to
Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an
exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general
psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Psychological Skill Training for Enhancing Sports Performancevasanthikadhiravan
While training, athletes focus mainly on fitness and often negelct psychological training. This ppt explains the importance of such training to improve the performance of athletes.
General psychological factors affecting physical performance and sportsSports Journal
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their
performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground.
Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to
Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an
exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general
psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Psychological Skill Training for Enhancing Sports Performancevasanthikadhiravan
While training, athletes focus mainly on fitness and often negelct psychological training. This ppt explains the importance of such training to improve the performance of athletes.
I made this presentation for my psychology course. My chosen topic was "Effects of Psychology on Sports & Exercise"
Institution: North South University, Bangladesh
Course: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: PSY 101
Instructor: Sarah Fardeen (FDN)
Many athletes and coaches are confused about the role of sports psychology in improving athletic performance. Sports psychology is part of the larger field of sport science and studies human behavior in the sport environment and the benefits of mental training on enhancing sports performance. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams perform their best by improving the necessary mental skills to excel in a sporting endeavor. Sports Psychology is not about working with problem athletes or abnormal behavior.
Sports Psychology studies a person’s behavior as it relates to sports by undersanding psychological or mental factors that can affect one’s physical performance
I made this presentation for my psychology course. My chosen topic was "Effects of Psychology on Sports & Exercise"
Institution: North South University, Bangladesh
Course: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: PSY 101
Instructor: Sarah Fardeen (FDN)
Many athletes and coaches are confused about the role of sports psychology in improving athletic performance. Sports psychology is part of the larger field of sport science and studies human behavior in the sport environment and the benefits of mental training on enhancing sports performance. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams perform their best by improving the necessary mental skills to excel in a sporting endeavor. Sports Psychology is not about working with problem athletes or abnormal behavior.
Sports Psychology studies a person’s behavior as it relates to sports by undersanding psychological or mental factors that can affect one’s physical performance
Learn how Jazz Recruiting integrates Totango & Salesforce to predict and reduce churn. Kristen Hayer, former VP of Customer Success at Jazz, shares how they leverage Totango's powerful customer insights and product engagement data within Salesforce to drive their customer success efforts.
The Evolving Role of Social Media Technology in Delivering Improved Resultsrazorsocial
The social media technology industry has changed significantly over the last year and further significant developments will take place this year and in the years to come. In this presentation, Ian Cleary from RazorSocial.com explains how the landscape is changing and how this will affect your business.
You will also discover the tools that are leading the way and how they can be leveraged by your organisation for improved results from social media.
Background images on the slldes are courtesy of Shutterstock
Sport psychology is a proficiency that uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of sports participation, and systemic issues associated with sports settings and organizations.
What Is Sports Psychology?
Sports psychology is the study of how psychological factors influence sports, athletic performance, exercise, and physical activity. Sports psychologists investigate how participating in sports can improve health and well-being. They also help athletes utilize psychology to improve their athletic performance and mental wellness.
A sports psychologist doesn't just work with elite and professional athletes either. This type of professional also helps non-athletes and everyday exercisers learn how to enjoy sports and stick to an exercise program. They utilize exercise and athletics to enhance people’s lives and mental well-being
Sports psychology is a relatively young discipline in psychology; the first research lab devoted to the topic opened in 1925.2 The first U.S. lab closed a short while later (in the early 1930s) and American research did not resume in this area until the late 1960s when there was a revival of interest.
In 1965, the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) was established.3 By the 1970s, sports psychology had been introduced as a university course offered at educational institutions throughout North America.
By the 1980s, sports psychology became the subject of a more rigorous scientific focus. Researchers began to explore how psychology could be used to improve athletic performance. They also looked at how exercise could be utilized to improve mood and lower stress levels
Types of Sports Psychologists
Just as there are different types of psychologists—such as clinical psychologists, developmental psychologists, and forensic psychologists—there are also different types of sports psychologists.
Educational Sports Psychologists
An educational sports psychologist uses psychological methods to help athletes improve sports performance.4 This includes teaching them how to use certain techniques such as imagery, goal setting, or self talk to perform better on the court or field.
Clinical Sports Psychologists
Clinical sports psychologists work with athletes who have mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety. This work involves using strategies from both sports psychology and psychotherapy.5 A clinical sports psychologist helps athletes improve their mental health and sports performance at the same time.
Exercise Psychologists
An exercise psychologist works with non-athlete clients or everyday exercisers to help them learn how to make working out a habit. This work can include some of the same techniques used by other sports psychologists, such as goal setting, practicing mindfulness, and the use of motivational techniques.
Uses of Sports Psychology
Contemporary sports psychology is a diverse field and there are a number
Pre-Competition Anxiety I Sports Psychologyshantisphysio
Pre-competitive anxiety in sports physiotherapy refers to the psychological stress or apprehension experienced by athletes or sports participants before a competition or sporting event, specifically in the context of their physiotherapy treatment or preparation. This type of anxiety can affect athletes at various levels, from amateur to professional, and may arise due to factors such as the pressure to perform well, fear of injury, concerns about physical readiness, or the importance of the event.
Sports physiotherapists play a crucial role in addressing pre-competitive anxiety among athletes by implementing strategies to help manage stress and enhance performance. Some approaches that sports physiotherapists may use include:
Education and Communication: Providing athletes with information about the physiological and psychological aspects of pre-competition anxiety can help them better understand and manage their emotions.
Relaxation Techniques: Teaching athletes relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or visualization can help alleviate tension and promote a calm state of mind before competition.
Goal Setting: Collaborating with athletes to set realistic and achievable goals for their performance and rehabilitation can help reduce anxiety by providing a sense of direction and purpose.
Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Implementing cognitive-behavioral strategies such as cognitive restructuring or thought reframing can help athletes identify and challenge negative thoughts or beliefs that contribute to anxiety.
Biofeedback and Mindfulness: Utilizing biofeedback tools or mindfulness techniques can help athletes develop greater awareness of their physiological responses to stress and learn to regulate their reactions effectively.
Social Support: Encouraging athletes to seek support from coaches, teammates, friends, and family members can provide them with emotional reassurance and a sense of camaraderie, which can buffer against pre-competitive anxiety.
Progressive Exposure: Gradually exposing athletes to competitive situations through simulated practice sessions or exposure therapy can help desensitize them to anxiety-provoking stimuli and build confidence over time.
Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Working collaboratively with sports psychologists, coaches, and other members of the athlete's support team can ensure a comprehensive approach to addressing pre-competitive anxiety and optimizing performance outcomes.
Psychological techniques can be used to help people perform more.docxdenneymargareta
Psychological techniques can be used to help people perform more effectively
— this concept represents a major focus of sport psychology throughout its history. Psychological Skills Training, including, Arousal Regulation, Imagery, Self-Confidence, Goal Setting, and Concentration, provides the coach and the athlete with a choice of "tools" to apply in a given situation. Our chief focus is on teaching students how psychological skills can be trained or developed in sport and exercise participants.
How are psychological techniques used to help people perform more effectively?
The chief focus of the prior four weeks centered on teaching how psychological skills can be trained or developed in sport and exercise participants.
By using the tools discussed in weeks 1-4 individuals can use the power of their mind to build mental toughness and take sport performance to new levels.
Have you ever wondered why athletes with so much talent never come close to reaching their potential, while other athletes with far less athletic ability achieve great success?
Many experts believe that sport performance is 75% -90% mental. This gives a clear indication that athletes who are better prepared mentally are the ones that are successful. As sports continue to evolve, it will be even more important for athletes to spend more time training their minds.
Key Point:
Through the methods discussed in this course, athletes can develop
confidence
and have
razor sharp focus
, have a
fearless approach
, enhance your athletic skills, end performance anxiety,
remain calm and relaxed
while playing or competing, and access inner resources of
strength and power.
By tapping into the mind's tremendous power, athletes are more able to simply allow their body to operate on pure instinct. As a result, you will be more consistent in your play and have more opportunities for peak performances.
We may encounter many defeats, but we must not be defeated……….
Maya Angelou
Psychological skills training (PST) is the systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater sport and physical activity self-satisfaction (Weinberg & Gould, 2011, p.248). Some of the methods and techniques for PST include, goal setting, attentional control, relaxation and stress management, and attribution training. Coaches and athletes know how important physical skills are and how they need to be regularly practiced and refined through many repetitions but psychological skills need to be practiced as well. Psychological skills help an athlete to maintain focus and concentration, regulate arousal levels, enhance confidence, and maintain motivation. These skills are just as important as physical skills. Psychological skills training is often neglected because of a lack of knowledge, perceived lack of tie, or a belief that psychological skills are innate and can’t be taught (Weinberg & Gould 20 ...
Psychological aspects of Exercise I Sports Psychologyshantisphysio
In sports physiotherapy, understanding the psychological aspects of exercise is crucial for optimizing athletes' performance, facilitating injury rehabilitation, and promoting overall well-being. Here's how psychological factors intersect with exercise in the context of sports psychology and sports physiotherapy:
1. Motivation:
Psychological Aspects of Exercise in Sports Physiotherapy:
Intrinsic Motivation: Encouraging athletes to find intrinsic motivation for exercise can enhance their commitment to rehabilitation and long-term adherence to exercise programs. Sports physiotherapists can help athletes identify personal goals, values, and interests related to exercise, fostering a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction in physical activity.
Goal Setting: Setting specific, achievable exercise goals is essential for maintaining motivation and tracking progress during rehabilitation. Sports physiotherapists can collaborate with athletes to establish SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) goals that align with their rehabilitation objectives and athletic aspirations.
2. Confidence and Self-Efficacy:
Psychological Aspects of Exercise in Sports Physiotherapy:
Building Confidence: Exercise can enhance athletes' confidence and self-efficacy, especially when they experience progress and improvements in their physical abilities. Sports physiotherapists can use positive reinforcement, encouragement, and feedback to boost athletes' confidence during rehabilitation exercises and help them develop a belief in their ability to overcome challenges.
Visualization and Mental Rehearsal: Incorporating visualization and mental rehearsal techniques into exercise routines can enhance athletes' confidence and performance. Sports physiotherapists can guide athletes through mental imagery exercises, helping them visualize successful execution of rehabilitation exercises and imagine themselves returning to play at their best.
3. Stress Reduction:
Psychological Aspects of Exercise in Sports Physiotherapy:
Stress Management: Regular exercise has been shown to reduce stress and improve mood by increasing the release of endorphins, neurotransmitters that promote feelings of well-being. Sports physiotherapists can prescribe appropriate exercise programs tailored to athletes' needs and preferences, incorporating activities such as aerobic exercise, strength training, yoga, or mindfulness practices to help reduce stress and promote relaxation.
Coping Strategies: Exercise can serve as a coping mechanism for managing stress and anxiety related to injury rehabilitation or competitive pressure. Sports physiotherapists can teach athletes stress management techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness meditation to help them cope effectively with stressors and maintain psychological resilience.
2. Sports Psychology Approach to Powerlifting
• There is many ways to reach the correct mental state for a sporting
performance.This next section will look at some of the theories on
how to reach the perfect mental state to achieve your sporting goal.
3. What is Sports Psychology?
• Sports Psychology is defined as “the study
of the psychological and mental factors that
influence and are influenced by
participation and performance in sport,
exercise, and physical activity, and the
application of the knowledge gained
through this study to everyday settings”.
• Looks at motivation, anxiety, stress,
arousal, intrinsic, extrinsic and cohesiveness
themes within the literature.
• Few will be touched upon in the next slides.
4. Short Term Psychology Preparation
• Bandura developed the principle of
self efficacy which is defined as the
self confidence of an athlete/individual
in a specific situation.
• There are four factors that influence
an athletes self efficacy which then
affects their performance.These are
PerformanceAccomplishments,
Vicarious Experience, Social
Persuasion and Physiological and
Emotional States.
5. • Performers Accomplishments
• I recall past experiences from training and competing to keep me motivated and
focused.This makes me want to replicate these moments but performing them at
bigger/higher level of competitions. One of these is getting three personal bests at
the Irish Championships for Powerlifting.
• Vicarious Experiences
• I researched my sport by watching other Powerlifters train on the television so I can
learn from what they are doing.This ranges from monitoring their technique to
what sort of training they are doing to improve their performance.
• Social persuasion
• Self reflection and I get advice from my coach and other Powerlifters which helps to
improve my technique, training or nutrition.They give me advice on how to prepare
for a competition and what to do during it, for example what weight I should start
at for my opening lift.
• Physiological and Emotional States
• When I am training and competing I deliberately focus on not becoming anxious
and I remain calm as possible. I just listen to music and I think on the task at hand
so I am not losing focus or worrying about what is everyone else doing.
6. Powerlifting is very much using the DriveTheory which
was created by Zajonc (1965).The more aroused you
are, the better your performance should be.This theory
fails to take into account the individual’s personality
and their performance.
Powerlifting requires a high arousal level when
compared to other sports such as tennis. However,
another theory is more effective to use.This is the
Inverted-U Hypothesis which was created by
Yearkes and Dodson (1908). Image was sourced
from
It needs to be said each individual athlete will have
their own individual psychological make up and will
react differently to pressure. Each athlete has their
own zone of optimum performance.These zones
will be influenced by their sport. Some athletes are
more introverts and others extroverts which again
affects their performance in a particular sport.
7. Hanin describes it well with the ZOF
with three different athletes. A poor
performance will occur if arousal levels
are either too low, or too high.To
produce the best performances the
arousal level has to be in between high
and low.This is the “zone of optimal
functioning” where maximum
performance occurs.
When there is a complete loss in
performance due to being too over
aroused.This is known as choking and
it is defined as “the inability to perform
to an athlete’s optimum performance –
sudden impairment of failure of sports
performance due to anxiety”.The
theory for this complete loss in
performance is called the Catastrophe
Model created by Hardy (1996).This
theory is linked with both the Inverted-
U Hypothesis and the DriveTheory.
8. • Anxiety is defined as a natural reaction to threat in the environment – part of our
preparation for flight or fight.There are 3 dimensions for anxiety which are:
• Cognitive Anxiety
• Worry and negative feelings about your own performance
• Somatic Anxiety
• Physiological symptoms such as raised heart rate, increased perspiration, shortness of
breath.
• Behavioural Anxiety
• Experiencing tension, agitation and restlessness.
• Sports performers can suffer from two types of anxiety linked to performance, these are
state and trait anxiety.
9. The 3 dimensions can be influenced by
the following factors of anxiety;
• State Anxiety
• This is situation specific and can be
linked to a particular role such as
taking a penalty kick in football.
• Trait Anxiety
• This is a general and enduring feeling
of apprehension. When I am
competing in a Powerlifting
competition I am not thinking about
what others are lifting or what their
score is. I am focusing about my own
performance and what goals I have
set myself for example, to attain new
personal bests. I use relaxation
techniques such as listening to music
to prepare me for each competition.
10. Long Term Psychological Preparation:
• When planning my training. I have used the SMARTER principle to help plan my goals.The principle is
defined as; Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic,Time-Bound, Exciting and Recorded.
• Specific; Its goals are specific to the Sport
• Measurable; Its concerned with the performer must be prepared to evaluate their progress critically
and adjust their goals as necessary.
• Agreed; Goals set should be discussed with others such as your coach.This will help you set realistic
goals and achieve them within a set time frame. I sat down with my coach and was designed this
programme around me to help develop my muscular strength for Powerlifting.
• Realistic; Goals are sensible and can be achieved by the performer.
• Time-Bound; All of the goals of any athletes programme should be divided into short and long term
goals.
• Exciting;The goals set need to motivate the performer so he/she wants to keep improving their
performance.
• Recorded; By recording down what I do within the Plan I will be able to see my progressive from day 1
11. • With the SMARTER principle and my Periodisation I have divided my goals up, these are: -
• Outcome goal: are concerned with the end product e.g. getting onto the Ireland team for
Powerlifting.
• Performance goals: relate to the achievement of a performance e.g. getting a personal best lift in
the Bench Press.
• Process goals: are centred on the technical elements that underpin performance as a focus for
development. E.g. a weak grip caused a foul in the deadlift, this needs to be addressed and fixed
so it does not occur again.
• ShortTerm goals: the building blocks that need to be achieved consistently leading to the
successful realisation of long term goal/goals.
• LongTerm goals: have a larger objective and only can happen once short term goals have all been
completed.
12. • To further enhance my performance I am using the
Profile Cycle.The cycle is made up of 4 stages:-
• Stage 1: Introduction- learn the importance of the
programme to you, undertake an honest appraisal, and
agree a commitment.
• Stage 2: Construction- construct a performance profile,
and undertake a series of strategies to enhance your
desired/optimum profile goals
• Stage 3: Implementation- make the psychological skills
training programme an automatic daily routine and
apply it to actual competitive environments
• Stage 4: Assessment- review and reconstruct your
profile.
13. What a Coach needs to do for his/her
athletes:
• Below is an example of a Performance Profile.
• 1/ Set Goals and set areas for Psychological Skills
training
• 2/ Achieve optimal motivation
• 3/ Develop Decision Making
• 4/ Understand the attribution process
• 5/ Evaluate and review
• 6/ Begin Performance Profiling
14. Pre Performance Routines
• Pre-Performance Routines are something an
athlete takes part in before a game situation
• Pre-Performance Routines are regularly used by
athletes to assist in the preparation of self-
paced skills (Cohn, 1990).
• Pre-performance routines can be defined as
repetitive and sequential behaviour (Foster et
al, 2006).
• They are usually used in closed skill sports such
as:Weightlifting, Basketball Free-Throw, &
Tennis Serve (Cohn, 1990)
15. • As Mental Rehearsal/Imagery is a versatile tool,
it can be employed to virtually an sport.
• Imagery/Rehearsal assists athletes to
imagine/play out scenes of a
competition/practice, in which they can develop
a sense of feeling for the movements required .
• To perform PPR with Mental Rehearsal/Imagery
an athlete must focus to attempt to re-create
movement.The movement formed is how
athlete perceives the situation and how they
would like it to plan out (Burton and Raedeke,
2008)
16. Where can
Pre-Performance Routines be used?
• Pre-Performance Routines have seen to be
performed up to 48hours prior the task and as
close as 5 minutes before the task is executed
(Mesagno, Marchant & Morris, 2008).
• This is closely linked to our final theory of the
Sports Psychology which is self talk.
17. Definitions of Self-Talk
• Self-Talk is the flow or thoughts and sometimes conversations
in our minds (Burton and Raedeke, 2008).
• However Hackfort & Schwenkmezger (1993) provides a more
explanatory definition.They have described Self-Talk as
dialogue, used internally where an athlete understands their
feelings, controls their evaluations and can also instruct the
athlete whilst giving positive reinforcement
• Said to be used as praise, Positive Self-Talk assists athletes to
maintain focus on the present, excluding past errors and
mistakes (Weinberg, 1988).
• Examples can be
18. Key Study using Positive Imagery to
Enhance Performance.
• Article:The Effects of Elevated Arousal and Mood on Maximal
Strength Performance inAthletes
• The study was looking at the reversal theory research to see if high
arousal levels contribute to inhibited athletic performance.They used
22 male and 6 female elite level athletes and divided them into
paratelic (non-goal directed and processed focused) and telic groups
(goal directed) each subjected to scripts of these states. Each group
whilst listening to their script will perform a max hand grip test.
Guided imagery techniques where sued to change physiological and
psychological arousal levels. Results showed significant increases in
strength when in the paratelic state (high positive arousal) compared
to the telic state. Heart rate and other indicators of parasympathetic
and sympathetic nervous system were not found to mediate between
psychological arousal and performance.They used the following tests,
Telic State Measure,Visual Analogue Scale,Tension and Effort Stress
Inventory and the Motivational Style Profile Questionnaire.
• Perkins, D,Wilson,G.V, Kerr, J. H (2001). ‘The effects of elevated
arousal and mood on maximal strength performance in athletes’.
Journal of applied sport psychology. 13 (3) 239-259
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=7xsfjxVXoEo
Video of MikeTyson and
his psychological
approach to getting into
the ring
Which is applicable to
getting onto the
platform.