Protein Synthesis Essay: How Resistance Training and Protein Intake Increase Muscle Growth

Protein Synthesis Essay
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of
essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called
amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino
acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand
amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled
by DNA located in the nucleus.
Protein synthesis is a two–part process that involves a second type of nucleic acid along with DNA.
This second type of nucleic acid is RNA, ribonucleic acid....show more content...
It provides a base triplet, a sequence of three bases on one of the strands of DNA, that code for one
amino acid. The sequence of base triplets on DNA molecules determines the order of the amino acids
on the protein chain.
In the first phase of transcription, the first process of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleolus, a
portion of a DNA molecule unwinds and serves as a template. Free nucleotides floating in the
nucleoplasm pair up with their complimentary bases on the DNA strand. (Except that uracil replaces
thymine). The nucleotides form sugar–phosphate bonds with each other and become an mRNA
strand but they do not form bonds with the DNA strand. The sequence of three exposed bases on
mRNA, that are complimentary to the base triplet on the DNA, are known as codons. Once the
mRNA strand is complete it moves from the DNA in the nucleus, through the nuclearpore into the
cytoplasm where it drapes itself over the ribosomes with their codons exposed.
Floating in the cytoplasm are tRNA molecules which job is to pick up specific amino acids and
transport them to where the mRNA is draped. This is done by means of the aminoacyl attachment
site (the site at which the amino acid is attached to the tRNA molecule). Each tRNA molecule, by
means of their anticodons (a sequence of three exposed free bases complimentary to that of the
codons on
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Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made
in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the
process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of.
There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by
secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone
understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go
from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide
formation. One is transcription and...show more content...
These new formations are held together by hydrogen bonds. The third level is the tertiary structure.
The tertiary structure of a protein is a contorted secondary structure being twisted and folded all out
of shape to form a 3–d complex. The type of bonding that holds these formations together are weak
interactions such as hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. These bonds are
individually weak, but collectively strong. The forth level, which completes a protein, is quaternary
structure, which occurs when two or more tertiary structures are joined together by polypeptide
bonds. The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information
for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and
G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one
amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA
template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in
transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNAstrand and binds RNA
nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T.
The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This
occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

D1 Protein Synthesis
D1 task 1; protein synthesis
Transcription:
DNA consists of two strands. One is the coding strand and the other is the template stand. In
transcription there is an enzyme called RNA polymerase that 'unzips' the two strands. This allows
RNA nucleotides (uracil, adenine, guanine and cytosine) to enter the DNA and connect to the
corresponding DNA nucleotides (thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine) on the template strand.
After the nucleotides have been paired, phosphodiester bonds, bond the RNA nucleotides together
and this creates a continuous strain of mRNA which is capable of leaving the cell's nucleus,
whereas the DNA cannot as the molecule is too big. Once the mRNA has moved out of the nucleus
it moves to a ribosome. (1)
Translation:
Translation

Protein Essay
Proteins are widely used in the food industry as foaming and emulsifying agents (Wilde et al. 2004).
They stabilize oil–in–water emulsions by forming an interfacial membrane where the adsorbed
proteins unfold and rearrange their secondary and tertiary structures to expose hydrophobic residues
to the hydrophobic phase (MacRitchie, 1978). Plant proteins are low cost, non–toxic, natural,
biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers. In recent years, plant proteins have drawn increasing
attention from the food and pharmaceutical industries as an alternative to animal proteins due to
increased consumer concerns over the safety of animal–derived products (e.g., prion diseases) (Liu
et al., 2010). Among plant proteins, soybean proteins are the...show more content...
Among the chemical treatments, pH–shifting is a relatively new method that adjusts the pH of a
protein solution to extreme basic or acidic conditions to unfold the protein, followed by changing the
pH back to neutral to refold the protein. This unfolding–refolding process has been reported to
effectively modify the protein functional properties (Jiang et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2016). High
intensity ultrasound or power ultrasound refer to sonic waves that are at frequencies higher than
sound audible to the human ear, with sound intensities in the range of 0.1–1 W/cm2 (Feng and Yang,
2011). The mode of action of ultrasound–induced protein–structure modification is often attributed to
acoustic cavitation. The physical forces produced by cavitation, such as shear forces produced by
micro–streaming and normal impingement from the water jets at the solid–liquid interfaces, help to
break down the protein particles or aggregates in dispersions (Lee et al., 2016). Conventional
ultrasonic modification of protein functionality is performed at relatively low cavitation intensities.
Consequently, a relatively long treatment time, i.e. 15–30 min for soy proteins (Hu et al., 2013) is
required to produce meaningful changes in protein structures. There is a

Dna And Protein Synthesis Essay
DNA and Protein Synthesis
One of the most fundamental properties of any and all living organisms is that of reproduction. As
we all have learned, organisms inherit their genetic information defining their structure and functions
from their parents. Similarly, all cells come from preexisting cells, so the genetic information is
duplicated and pass from the parent to the new cell of each division.
DNA is the term that is used in biology, as well as several other parts of your everyday life. We all
know that DNA is a part of our bodies, but may wonder what exactly is DNA. DNA which is also
known as deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material of a cell. DNA is considered to be
the molecule of life, and aides in the determination of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in
all living organisms.
It is said that the process of protein synthesis is controlled by the DNA molecules. Proteins are
used for growth and repair, as well as enzymes. Thus, DNA is able to apply some controlling
influence over the cells as a whole, and ultimately the organism as well. In DNA, the segments
which hold the vital key to this process are referred to as the genes.
In the early 1940's, two American geneticists by the names of George Wells Beadle, and Edward
Lawrie Tatum provided one of the first vital clues. While they were working with fungi, more
specifically Nuerospora and Penicillium, they found information regarding genes and how they
direct the formation of enzymes through the

Muscle Protein Synthesis Essay
Introduction:
In recent years, interest has sparked the health industry to research protein consumption after
exercise to optimise muscle growth. Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS) is not only an appealing topic
for bodybuilders, it is also beneficial to those over 60 years of age who may have experienced muscle
mass loss over time. A decrease in muscle mass does not only lead to a decrease in overall strength
but also makes daily movement severely painful, leading to a poor quality of life. All individuals can
benefit from increasing muscle protein synthesis via an increased protein intake after resistance
training. This will aid in maintaining muscle mass, strength and overall health (Wolfe, 2012).
Review of Research Studies:
Increasing muscle protein synthesis is crucial for the health of individuals over the age of 60. A
study conducted by Dr. Ryan Andrews shows that a change in daily protein intake can impact the
building of lean muscle mass. Participants between the age of 60 and 69 underwent a 12–week
resistance training regime and were given a post–exercise protein drink after each session. Results
showed a substantial increase in lean muscle mass over the 12 week program for both males and
females. Nevertheless, results indicated those that had consumed a daily diet high in protein had
comparable increases of lean muscle mass as those with a daily diet low in protein. This indicates
that it did not matter how much protein was consumed daily, but the post–exercise...show more
content...
For example, researchers have to observe and control over 50 patients for 12 weeks. This makes it
difficult for those conducting the study to control each and every person's daily meals and protein
intakes. However, a large cohort study like this allows for multiple effects and variables to be
recorded, such as training schedules, risk management and injury prevention. All of which aids in
improving research studies for the

Task 3 Protein Synthesis
Task 3: Protein Synthesis:
Protein biosynthesis is the biochemical process, in which proteins are synthesized from simple
amino acids within several steps with the aid of information stored within the sequence of DNA.
DNA is located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contain sections known as genes which carry
the genetic code required in order to manufacture proteins. During the process of protein synthesis
mRNA or as it is also known messenger RNA is able to construct a complementary strand with the
aid of the strands either side of the DNA structure. Through doing this mRNA now holds a copy of
the genetic instructions required in order to produce protein molecules. Throughout the DNA
remains within the nucleus with mRNA on the other

Foundation of Molecular Biology
1. Write an essay on protein structure and synthesis
Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also
synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into
mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon–intron splicing. The addition of
successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base–pairing through their
anti–codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. After the protein chain has been
synthesized, post–translation modification occurs, e.g. phosphorylation, motifs added to the protein.
This may happen at various levels: secondary (alpha–helix, beta–sheets, turn, random coiling),
tertiary and...show more content...
It happens in stages. First, a signalling molecule activates a receptor on the membrane. Second, a
second messenger that will perpetuate the signal into the cell will bne activated to elicit a
physiological response. Examples of such process involve cAMP, calcium signaling, and kinases.
4. Write an essay on the uses of polymerase chain reaction in molecular biology
The polymerase chain reaction (or PCR) is a molecular technique for the amplifyication of a single
or a few copies of DNA strands across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to even
millions of copies of a particular DNA strand with the specific primers and a thermo–resistant
polymerase enzyme. This powerful technique is being applied in medicine, eg, detection of gene
mutation in cancers and tailoring of therapies; infectious diseases,eg detection of pathogens and
infections; agriculture, analysis of cultuvars; and forensics, eg identification of criminal from sperm
during rape cases.
The polymerase chain reaction in molecular biology also allows scientist and medical
professionals to replicate copies of specific DNA sequences in millions in a matter of few hours.
In plain language, this allows researchers to photocopy or Xerox specific DNA sequences in a
short period of time. They to replicating or duplicating specific DNA sequences however is a
familiarity of a part of the sequence of the DNA molecules. This primers can be later synthesized to

Protein Synthesis and Transcription
Beadle and Tatum's experiment and their "one gene one enzyme" hypothesis showed that the
production of one protein is dependent on one gene.
Francis Crick originated the idea of the central dogma. It states that biological information can only
flow in one direction: from DNA to RNA to a protein.
The three key types of RNA that are involved in protein synthesis are mRNA (messenger RNA),
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA). The way I learned to remember the functions of
these three is the same way it's shown on the estrellamountain website. mRNA is like the blueprint of
a construction site with its copy of the genetic information of DNA, rRNA is like the construction
site where the protein is made, and tRNA is like the delivery truck that brings amino acids to
where they need to be at the right time. Transcription is when RNA is formed by using an enzyme
called RNA polymerase to copy a strand of DNA. Before it can begin, a protein called a
transcription factor has to bind to the promoter (a region in the DNA that identifies where a gene
starts, where it's supposed to be copied, and in what direction). Then, the polymerase binds to these
two things (promoter & transcription factor) before it unwinds the template strand of DNA between
the promoter and the terminator. The RNA polymerase copies the template strand of DNA by
matching the original nucleotides with their complementary base pairs – the only difference is that
instead of adenine being matched with thymine,

Protein Synthesis
Students should be able to express an understanding of how the structure of DNA will determine the
sequence of the complimentary messenger RNA strand (mRNA) which will in turn be translated
into amino acids that covalently bond together to make a protein chain Students will express their
prior understanding of DNA Model the processes of transcription and translation as part of protein
synthesis. HS–LS1–1 DNA – The Star of the Show 1.W.2 Students will work effectively and
respectfully within diverse groups, show willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish
a goal, share responsibility for collaborative work, and value individual contributions made by each
group member. WHST.9–12.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support

Protien Molecules Research Paper
The production of protien molecules happends in two stages, transcription and translation.
Transciption takes place in the nucleus. First, DNA in the nucleus,its double stranded in eukaryote
cells. DNA molecule unfolds forming two templates of DNA. RNA polymerase attaches itself to a
template of DNA and synthesizes mRNA. DNA contains the cistrons/genes which code for specific
polypeptides. The part of the strand that forms the cistron is called the transcribing strand. It acts as
a template and is transcribed to mRNA. The complementary strand which does not carry the cistron
is called the non–transcribing strand. An enzyme RNA polymerase attaches itself to the promoter site
next to the cistron on the DNA and initiates transcription. The enzymes...show more content...
During the process of transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a gene's
promoter, then begins unwinding the DNA and making a complementary strand of RNA from the
exposed DNA template. Depending on the gene being transcribed, the result can be a molecule of
mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), or rRNA (ribosomal RNA). Each type of RNA
performs a specific function later in translation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) along with ribosomal
proteins make up ribosomes, the "workbenches" on which polypeptides (proteins) are synthesized. It
turns out that it is actually rRNA, and not a protein, in the large subunit of the ribosome that
performs the peptidyl transferase function of linking amino acids together via peptide bonds. In
eukaryotes, the genes coding for rRNAs are located in the nucleolus of the nucleus. A ribosome
has 3 binding sites: an A (aminoacyl) site, a P (peptidyl) site, and an E (exit) site. The message
carrying the information needed to make a particular polypeptide exists in the mRNA molecule. It
binds with a ribosome and the ribosome starts reading it one codon – 3 consecutive mRNA bases –
at a

What Makes Protein Synthesis
The RNA copy (messenger RNA) of the protein genetic information encoded in DNA molecule is
produced in the nucleus. Each mRNA encodes the information for a single protein. They are single
strands of nucleotides created during the process of transcription, which acts as a messenger that
carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The mRNA molecules exit the nucleus
through tiny openings called nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm, the protein polymers are synthesised
through chemical reactions and this helps to enable the actual protein synthesis. Once it exits the
nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, the mRNA can interact with the ribosome, which is the cell's
assembler within the process of protein synthesis. The ribosome is made up

Essay about protien synthesis
Protein Synthesis
The Expression of a Gene
The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar
productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper
sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to
experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are
combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy. The cell can break down
the starch with little difficulty as if each molecule was identical, even though there is a wide variety
of molecules. This is a different case in Protein Synthesis. In Protein Synthesis, there are...show more
content...
1). The nitrogenous bases are held together with weak hydrogen bonds. One polynitrogenous chain
runs in a 3'–5' direction, the 3' being the top hydroxyl and the 5' being the bottom phosphate attached
to the carbon five of the sugar. The other string runs the opposite. The two strands of the structure
cannot be identical but they are complimentary. There is no restrictions on the placement and
sequence of the nucleotides, which becomes important in storage of information.
TRANSCRIPTION: The Synthesis of RNA
Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of
reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA must
remain in the nucleus, a way of transporting the code is essential. This comes in the form of
messenger ribonucleic acid or m–RNA. Since the information on the DNA must stay the same on the
m–RNA, the two have to be very similar. There are three major differences between RNA and DNA.
RNA is only a single strand. The five carbon sugar of RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose and in
RNA the pyrimidine uracil (U) replaces DNA's pyrimidine thymine (T). Since RNA is produced
from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as the nucleotides of DNA
because the code for amino acids is centered around the RNA structure.
The

TITLE: Repurposing the translation apparatus for synthetic biology
AUTHORS: Benjamin J Des Soye, Jaymin R Patel, Farren J Isaacs and Michael C Jewett
BACKGROUND:
Proteins are crucial biomolecules for functional and structural roles in all living organisms. Generally
composed of 20 natural amino acids, they can organize into several combinations to generate
functional and structural diversity. However, this diversity could be further expanded through the
incorporation of non–standard amino acids (nsAAs) into proteins featuring novel functional
sidegroups. Investigating these efforts to exploit the protein synthesis machinery forms the basis of
this review.
PURPOSE:
The authors first examined the development of the protein synthesis...show more content...
In amber suppression, release factors (RFs) encoded by essential gene, prfA, often result in premature
truncation in native prokaryotic translation systems. Therefore, through supplementation in trans
with recoded essential amber–dependent genes and RF engineering, prfA can be eliminated.
Moreover, amber–dependent genes were engineered to terminate with ochre stop codon (TAA).
Additionally, quadruplet suppression has been used for multi–site nsAA incorporation, which uses
unusual quadruplet codons to encode nsAAs.
Cell–Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) systems incorporate nsAAs in vitro, as its lack of physical
boundaries offers several advantages, including, improved membrane permeability of bulky nsAAs.
Areas of CFPS for genetic code expansion include, translation system reconstruction from purified
components depleted of native tRNAs. These are selectively supplied with purified tRNAs, thereby
creating blank sense codons for nsAA reassignment. Second, mutations of the peptidyl transferase
centre of the 50S ribosomal subunit, to hinder it from utilising native tRNAs. Lastly,
self–aminoacylating tRNAs to incorporate nsAAs without the need to develop laborious
nsAA–aaRS–tRNA scaffold pairs.
In eukaryotes, OTS components are linked to specific aaRS–tRNA pairs, engineered in S. cerevisiae
or E. Coli, and subsequently transformed into mammalian vectors. This, when combined with amber
suppression can modulate eukaryotic

Protein Synthesis
Modulation of adult neurogenesis by growth and neurotrophic factors
In vitro and in vivo studies have provided substantial evidence that the formation of new neurons in
the adult brain is modulated by various extrinsic factors, including growth and neurotrophic factors,
hormones, neurotransmitters, environment, stress and injury. Given that trophic factors are
important regulators of the generation, differentiation and survival of adult–born neurons and that
stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis or implantation of neural stem cells have been discussed as
a treatment opportunity for neurobiological disorders, it is important to determine whether levels of
these factors and their associated receptors change with aging and/or disease. The following...show
more content...
BDNF mRNA expression in the postnatal hippocampus is not altered during the human lifespan,
whereas TrkB–TK+ and TrkB–TK– transcript levels are significantly reduced [112]. BDNF protein
levels are not changed with age in the human hippocampus and SEZ; however, BDNF levels were
significantly higher in hippocampus compared to SEZ [60]. Several studies have demonstrated that
BDNF influences differentiation, maturation and survival of inhibitory and excitatory neurons [106,
113, 114], enhance synaptic plasticity [115–117] and potentiates excitatory synaptic
neurotransmission [118]. Intraventricular injections of BDNF into adult rats increased the number of
BrdU–positive cells in the SEZ, RMS and the olfactory bulb with the majority displaying a neuronal
phenotype [119], whereas others could not replicate these findings and observed no effect in mice,
and even reduced proliferation in the rat SEZ [120]. As methodological discrepancies between these
studies could not explain the different results, further studies need to clarify the role of BDNF on
endogenous neurogenesis.
Adult neurogenesis in schizophrenia
Dysregulated adult neurogenesis has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression,
dementia and schizophrenia etiology [121–123]. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychotic illness
characterized

Consuming the right foods is paramount for muscle progress. To construct muscle you want high
great protein sources which might be low in saturated fats, difficult carbohydrates which are
excessive in fiber, and healthy dietary fat.
These foods are also filled with principal nutrition and minerals that the body requires to construct
muscle. Through eating the correct meals for muscle growth you'll no longer handiest p.C. On
muscle in the system they're going to also support with you lose fat.
Consume high high–quality Protein Sources
Protein is the building block of muscle. It can be principal to opt for lean proteins which can be low
in saturated fat. Nonetheless, do not wholly get rid of saturated fats out of your eating regimen.
Saturated...show more content...
What you rather ought to stay away from and preserve minimal in the are the processed simple
sugars such as desk sugar, white bread, excessive fructose corn syrup, sodas, muffins, cookies, and
so forth. These sources furnish no actual nutritional price and are considered "empty" energy.
Devour healthy fats Sources
Dietary fats are without doubt primary for human wellbeing and consuming the correct fats will
certainly aid with fats loss and constructing muscle. A weight loss program along with 20–30% fat
has been proven to raise testosterone levels so they can support you muscle constructing endeavors.
Don't forget, as mentioned previous round 10% or much less of the whole fats consumed will have
to be saturated fats. Trans fats is the proper "bad man" in the fats world. EFA's (foremost fatty acids
– suppose Omega 3's) are additionally very primary as they are not able to be produced with the
aid of the body. The one method you get them is by means of the meals you devour, and they have
got a entire range of health advantages in addition.
Beneath are some instance healthful fat sources:
Fish Oil Flax Seeds Almonds and different Nuts Olive

Determining an individual's oxygen saturation by way of pulse oximetry is a crucial method used to
evaluate the stability of essential bodily processes and thus functions as a fundamental bioanalytical
tool that provides a biometric essential to establishing an adequate standard of care within the realm
of medicine. More specifically, pulse oximeters put forth an approximation of the hemoglobin levels
within both arterial blood and bodily tissues by evaluating the varying levels of oxyhemoglobin
(HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb). This is done on the premise that the two substances will absorb
differing amounts of two wavelengths of light, namely in the length of 660 nm (which is in the
spectrum of red light) and 940 nm (near the range of infrared...show more content...
The absorptions of these components at each of the two wavelengths are then determined by
measuring the absorption levels of emitted wavelengths of light by two LEDs located within the
pulse oximeter across from a photoreceptor that measures the variable intensity of each wavelength
of light. This act of dividing the former AC component by the latter DC at each discrete wavelength
also compensates for the fluctuations in incident light intensity to ultimately isolate the absorbance
of both oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin by evaluating the maximum systolic blood change
and results in an intermediate absorbance ratios akin to гЂ–ACгЂ—_660/гЂ–DCгЂ—_660 and
гЂ–ACгЂ—_940/гЂ–DCгЂ—_940 . The final determination of oxygen saturation is then found by
taking these two disparate absorbance ratios to find a similar ratio of deoxyhemoglobin to
oxyhemoglobin by dividing the red light by the near–infrared, ultimately giving rise to the final ratio
from which the level of oxygen saturation is derived: R=(гЂ–ACгЂ—_660вЃ„гЂ–DCгЂ—_660 )
/(гЂ–ACгЂ—_940вЃ„гЂ–DCгЂ—_940

Protein Synthesis
Genes expression is what encodes many proteins to give function to a cell. It involves many steps
that mostly include transcription and translation. Transcription alone does not play a role in gene
expression (Erster Lect. 24). There are many post–transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that have
been found to be involved. These mechanisms are a part of RNA processing. One of this can occur
through alternative splicing. This is when exons of the same gene are spliced together to produce
different mRNA molecules (Reece, et al. 372). Regulating gene expression also occurs during
translation. mRNA lifespan within the cytoplasm is significant when it comes to determining the
arrangement of protein synthesis. These mRNA molecules tend to be degraded by enzymes moments
...show more content...
This answer is correct. Being monocistronic means that a single protein is transcribed from a
mRNA (Lodish H, et al.). Eukaryotic mRNA are monocistronic. During transcription, the mRNA
molecule carries a genetic message for protein synthesis. Translation is the formation of a
polypeptide based on the genetic message of the mRNA. During this stage, the cell reads the
nucleotide sequence that make up a codon of the mRNA and creates the corresponding amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide (Reece, et al. 336). Since only one polypeptide is created from the
mRNA, only I is true and this choice is correct.
Choice B. This answer is incorrect. Transcription does not stop at a stop codon. A stop codon is a
stop signal that marks the termination of translation (Reece, et al. 339). In the termination of
transcription of eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes the polyadenylation signal sequence in
the pre–mRNA. It is then contained by other proteins within the nucleus. These proteins assist in
freeing the pre–RNA from the polymerase. Transcription basically stops when a stop signal appears
(Reece, et al. 342). As mentioned above, I is true but the statement for II is false so this answer
choice is

Protein synthesis is defined as "The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various
enzymes." The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription
takes the information that is coded in DNA and codes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's
nucleus and into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to
synthesize proteins. When trying to understand the process of protein synthesis, basic terms are
necessary. DNA is the backbone of life as we know it. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and it
is necessary to life on earth. The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide which is also known as
a base. DNA is a double stranded helix that is made of these bases. DNA makes thousands of
proteins using only four different basis. These bases are labeled as A, T, G, and C. These letters
stand for adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. These bases make pairs. A Pairs with T and G
pairs with C.The same goes for RNA except thymine is replaced with uracil and RNA is single
stranded. A continuous strand of DNA is called agene. Genes are used to make functioning strands of
RNA or proteins. The first step in protein synthesis is transcription which is when the cell makes an
RNA copy of the information from DNA in the nucleus. The first step of transcription is called
initiation. This is when the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter which contains the transcription
start point. The polymerase binds

2. How do the products of alternative splicing differ and how are they similar? (1 pt)The products
of alternative splicing are transcribed from the same gene and have the same mRNA template.
They differ in which exons are kept and spliced, and they will be translated into different
proteins.3. Why is the RER rough, and what is the point of this "roughness"?(1 pt) The Rough ER
is rough because its outer surface is studded with ribosomes. The point of the roughness is that
ribosomes are the sites of protein translation. 4. What is the role of ribosomes?(1 pt) The subunits of
ribosomes target and bind to mRNA. Ribosomes then link amino acids together based on the mRNA
template. They do this by pairing the codons of the mRNA...show more content...
What steps in the production of proteins occurs in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)? Be
specific in your terminology and detail.(1.5 pts) The lumen of the rough ER is the site of protein
folding. Proteins are folded in sacs called cisternae by ER chaperone proteins. The rough ER will
package properly folded proteins in vesicles and ship them to the Golgi apparatus. The rough ER is
also involved in quality control of proteins; only properly folded proteins are transported to the
Golgi. 6. What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in translation? (0.5 pts) The Golgi packages
proteins inside membrane–bound vesicles before sending them to their destination, whether it is
outside the cell or somewhere else inside the cell. 7. How are proteins and peptides released from
their cells of synthesis, and why aren't they released immediately? Proteins and peptides are
released from the cell via secretory vesicles. These vesicles carry the proteins or peptides to the
plasma membrane, to which they attach. They then release their contents into the extracellular fluid
through the process of exocytosis. Proteins and peptides aren't released immediately because they
are regulated. They require a cascade of intracellular chemical reactions to occur in order to be

Protein Synthesis Essay: How Resistance Training and Protein Intake Increase Muscle Growth

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Protein Synthesis Essay: How Resistance Training and Protein Intake Increase Muscle Growth