2. A period of general and literary enrichment. Also called the Age of
Reason. This period was a scientific and philosophical movement which
started in France and took hold in Britain and Germany. Its new ideas
about human progress through science and reason strongly influenced
the revolutionary leaders in America and France.
Scientists of the Enlightenment were very keen to find out about the
world, nature, chemistry, and physics.
Renaissance men were discovering ancient geography through
translations of ancient manuscripts.
There was development of a new education with a new curriculum.
Voyages and discoveries of the world took place (Columbus, Diaz,
daGama, and, the captains of Prince Henry the Navigator). The world
was enlarged.
3. This period included such scholars as: Leonardo da Vinci -- an
artist, engineer and geologist, painted the famous Madonna
& Child; Linnaeus -founded modern botany and zoology and
classified plants and animals into groups; Lavoisier - proved
that air consists of oxygen and nitrogen and also made the
first table of chemical elements; Benjamin Franklin was both
a statesman and a man of science. He studied electricity
and used a key on a kite string to act as a lightning
conductor; he also invented a stove and bifocal
glasses; Mozartwas a child genius and the most brilliant
composer of his day. Scheele discovered
oxygen; Cavendish discovered
hydrogen; Rutherford discovered
nitrogen; Fahrenheit invented a mercury
thermometer, Celsius invented a centigrade
thermometer; Luigi Galvani discovered contact electricity.
Also the French Montgolfier brothers made the first ascent in
a hot-air balloon.
4. The Romantic movement followed the Enlightenment, and it
affected revolutionary politics in Europe as well as its arts. Two
leading figures in the movement were the composer Beethoven
and Goethe, the poet.
Descartes made significant contributions bordering the
Renaissance period and the modern period. He decided that the
point of interchange between the mind and body is the pineal
gland, located at the base of the cerebrum. He also described in
detail, the nervous system and was considered the father of
modern philosophy by existentialists. Descartes also was
considered a leader in the development of mathematics, and
laid the foundation for analytic geometry and contributed to
modern algebra. Was author of: The Discourse on the Method of
Rightly Conducting One's Reason; Searching Truth in the
Sciences; and the Meditations on First Philosophy.
6. John Dewey was an American psychologist,
philosopher, writer and educational theorist. His work
had a vital influence on psychology, education and
philosophy and he is often considered one of the
greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His emphasis on
progressive education has contributed greatly to the
use of experimentation rather than an authoritarian
approach to knowledge.
7. Erik Erikson's well-known stage theory
of psychosocial development helped generate interest and
inspire research on human development through the lifespan.
An ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud, Erikson
expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development
throughout the full lifespan, including events of childhood,
adulthood and old age.
8. Hans Eyesenck was a very prolific psychologist,
publishing more than 75 books and 1600 journal articles.
Prior to his death in 1997, he was the living psychologist
most frequently cited in scientific books and journal
articles. He was also a very controversial figure, and his
outspoken views of subjects ranging from psychotherapy
to intelligence made him the subject of criticism.
9. Anna Freud began her career influenced by the
theories of her father, Sigmund Freud. Far from living in her
father's shadow, Anna made important contributions of her
own to psychology. She founded child psychoanalysis and
summarized the ego's defense mechanisms her book The
Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936).
10. Sigmund Freud may be one of the best known figures
in history, but he is also one of the most controversial. He
was the founder of the school of thought known
as psychoanalysis. The legacy of his life and work provokes
both impassioned acclaim from his supporters and disdain
from his detractors. While some view him as a cultural icon
and others see him as a pseudo-scientific charlatan, there is
no question that Freud left an indelible mark on psychology
as well as other disciplines
11. Erich Fromm was a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who
had a major influence on humanistic psychology. Today
Fromm is remembered for his concept of freedom as a
fundamental component of human nature
12. G. Stanley Hall founded the first American
experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins University and
also became the first president of the American
Psychological Association (APA) in 1892. He had a huge
influence on the development of early psychology in the
United States and many of his students went on to become
eminent psychologists, including Lewis Terman, John Dewey
and James McKeen Cattell.
13. Karen Horney was a prominent psychoanalyst best-
known for her theories of neurosis, feminine psychology, and
self psychology. While Horney was a neo-Freudian, she also
challenged many of Sigmund Freud's theories about female
psychology. For example, Horney countered Freud's
assertion that women experience "penis envy" by suggesting
that men feel "womb envy" because they are unable to bear
children.
