A 100mm line PQ is inclined at 30 degrees to the HP and 45 degrees to the VP. Its midpoint M is 20mm above the HP and in the VP. P is in the third quadrant and Q is in the first quadrant. The projections show PQ inclined at 30 degrees to the HP in front view and 45 degrees to the VP in top view, with midpoint M at 20mm above the HP in both views and the ends P and Q in their respective quadrants as given.
Projection of lines(new)(thedirectdata.com)Agnivesh Ogale
The line AB is inclined at 40 degrees to the VP. End A is 20mm above the HP and 50mm from the VP. The front view measures 65mm and the vertical trace is 10mm above the HP. To determine:
1) The true length of AB is 65/cos40° = 75mm
2) The inclination to the HP (θ) is 30 degrees
3) The horizontal trace is 10mm above the VP
A line AB is given with information about the positions of ends A and B relative to the principal planes and their distances. The task is to draw the projections of the line and determine its true length and true inclinations to the two principal planes. Additional information may be given such as true length, inclinations, traces etc. Relevant projections are to be drawn and missing information like inclinations are to be calculated.
The document provides information and instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes, and solids. It discusses the key elements needed, including a description of the object, observer location, and object placement relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. Guidelines are given for naming different views in projections using notations like a, a', and a" for the top, front, and side views of a point A. Examples are presented of drawing the projections of a point placed in different quadrants and of lines with different orientations. Methods are described for determining the true length and true inclinations to the planes when given the projections or when given other properties like the true length, inclinations, and object placement.
The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
This document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It explains key concepts like quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), true length, inclination angles and more. Examples are given of drawing projections of a point and various types of lines (vertical, parallel, inclined) placed in different quadrants. The document establishes important parameters and notation for solving projection problems, including true length, angles of inclination, view lengths and positions of endpoints. Sample problems are worked through applying these concepts and parameters to draw projections when given information like dimensions, inclinations and endpoint positions.
The problem provides the top view, front view and position of one end of a line AB. The top view measures 65mm, the front view measures 50mm, and end A is in the horizontal plane and 12mm in front of the vertical plane. To solve the problem:
1) Draw the top view parallel to the XY line since in that case the front view will show the true length.
2) Extend the top view to determine the true length of 75mm.
3) Use trapezoidal method to determine the inclinations of the line with the principal planes as 30 degrees with the horizontal plane and 48 degrees with the vertical plane.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
Projection of lines(new)(thedirectdata.com)Agnivesh Ogale
The line AB is inclined at 40 degrees to the VP. End A is 20mm above the HP and 50mm from the VP. The front view measures 65mm and the vertical trace is 10mm above the HP. To determine:
1) The true length of AB is 65/cos40° = 75mm
2) The inclination to the HP (θ) is 30 degrees
3) The horizontal trace is 10mm above the VP
A line AB is given with information about the positions of ends A and B relative to the principal planes and their distances. The task is to draw the projections of the line and determine its true length and true inclinations to the two principal planes. Additional information may be given such as true length, inclinations, traces etc. Relevant projections are to be drawn and missing information like inclinations are to be calculated.
The document provides information and instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes, and solids. It discusses the key elements needed, including a description of the object, observer location, and object placement relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. Guidelines are given for naming different views in projections using notations like a, a', and a" for the top, front, and side views of a point A. Examples are presented of drawing the projections of a point placed in different quadrants and of lines with different orientations. Methods are described for determining the true length and true inclinations to the planes when given the projections or when given other properties like the true length, inclinations, and object placement.
The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
This document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It explains key concepts like quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), true length, inclination angles and more. Examples are given of drawing projections of a point and various types of lines (vertical, parallel, inclined) placed in different quadrants. The document establishes important parameters and notation for solving projection problems, including true length, angles of inclination, view lengths and positions of endpoints. Sample problems are worked through applying these concepts and parameters to draw projections when given information like dimensions, inclinations and endpoint positions.
The problem provides the top view, front view and position of one end of a line AB. The top view measures 65mm, the front view measures 50mm, and end A is in the horizontal plane and 12mm in front of the vertical plane. To solve the problem:
1) Draw the top view parallel to the XY line since in that case the front view will show the true length.
2) Extend the top view to determine the true length of 75mm.
3) Use trapezoidal method to determine the inclinations of the line with the principal planes as 30 degrees with the horizontal plane and 48 degrees with the vertical plane.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
This document discusses the principles of engineering graphics related to projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It begins by defining the different types of lines such as vertical, horizontal, and inclined lines. It then provides examples of how to determine the front view, top view, and true length of a line given information about its inclination to the planes and the positions of its ends. The document emphasizes that the front and top views of a line inclined to both planes will have reduced lengths. It concludes by discussing the special case of a line lying in a profile plane, where the front and top views will overlap on the same projector line.
The document discusses the orthographic projections of straight lines. It defines five basic cases of lines: vertical, parallel to both planes, inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, inclined to both planes. It provides pictorial representations of each case and notes about front and top views. The document then presents several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of a line given information like its true length, angles of inclination, and positions of its ends. Diagrams illustrate the key steps and parameters involved in the problems.
1. The document discusses the concept of traces of a line, which are the points where a line or its extension intersect reference planes like the horizontal plane (H.T.) and vertical plane (V.T.).
2. It provides steps to locate the horizontal trace (H.T.) and vertical trace (V.T.) when given the projections of a line.
3. Several example problems are included that demonstrate how to draw the projections of a line and locate its traces, given information about the line's inclination, length, or position relative to the reference planes.
The document discusses the concepts and methods of projecting lines in engineering graphics. It defines key terms used in line projections such as true length, front view length, top view length, end projector distance, and inclinations. It presents different categories of line positions with respect to reference planes and provides examples of each with their orthographic projections. The document also contains several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of lines given information about their lengths, positions of endpoints, and inclinations to the planes. It describes the process for locating the horizontal and vertical traces of a line when given its projections.
A line AB is given with end A at 15mm above the HP and 20mm in front of the VP, and end B at 50mm above the HP and 75mm in front of the VP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. The projections and true shape of the line are to be drawn, and its true length and true inclinations with the principal planes are to be found.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Given: Length of line AB (TL) = 90mm
θ (inclination with HP) = 45°
TV makes an angle of 60° with VP
* To find: Inclinations with planes (θ, Ø), projections of line AB
* Since θ is given as 45°, draw FV making an angle of 45° with XY line.
* TV makes an angle of 60° with VP. So draw TV making an angle of 60° with XY line.
* TV gives the length of TL when it is parallel to XY line. So TL = 90mm.
* This gives the projections of line AB.
This document contains descriptions of 23 problems involving projections of lines and objects. The problems provide information about the positions of various lines and objects in relation to reference planes (ground and vertical planes). For each problem, you are asked to draw the projections, determine lengths, angles, distances, and other values based on the information provided. The goal is to visualize the 3D situations and use principles of projections to solve practical geometric problems.
This is Mechnicial Engineering's subjrct technicial drawing slides
topic name is Projection of lines.
this would help you in how you draw front side and top view of a line.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, and solids. It defines key terms like object, observer, horizontal and vertical planes. Points and lines can be placed in four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes. Front, top and side views are drawn by placing the views in the same plane for the observer. Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point and various orientations of lines, including determining true lengths and inclinations from the given views. Notations and procedures for determining views, true lengths, and angles are defined.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines key terms and concepts used in orthographic projections including quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), horizontal plane (HP), and vertical plane (VP). Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point located in different quadrants, as well as different types of lines, such as vertical, parallel, and inclined lines. Guidelines are provided for determining the FV and TV based on whether the object is above or below the HP and in front of or behind the VP. Methods for finding true lengths, angles, and orientations are also described when only FV and TV are given.
1. The document discusses the process of determining the projections of plane figures that are positioned in different orientations relative to reference planes.
2. It describes how the inclination of a plane figure's surface relative to the horizontal or vertical plane, as well as the inclination of its edges, are given.
3. The document outlines a three step process to determine the front, top, and side views of an object: 1) assume an initial position, 2) apply surface inclination, 3) apply edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by describing their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It explains that problems will give the plane figure and its inclination to the planes. The document outlines the 3 step process: 1) assume initial position, 2) consider surface inclination, 3) consider side/edge inclination. Examples are given of different inclinations and the steps are applied to sample problems.
The document contains 12 exercises involving the projections of various geometric shapes and solids including lines, planes, prisms, pyramids, cones and composite solids. Many of the exercises involve determining lengths, angles of inclination, traces, true shapes, developments of cut surfaces, and shortest paths on developments. Projections are drawn to illustrate the orientation and measurements of each geometric object under different cutting plane conditions.
Projection of Lines Engineering drawingbaskaransece
The document contains descriptions of two lines with given dimensions and positions in space. It asks to draw the projections of the lines onto the horizontal and vertical planes and find the true inclinations of the lines relative to these planes. For the first line, it is 80 mm long with one end 10 mm above and 15 mm in front of the reference planes. The second line is 85 mm long with one end 25 mm above and 20 mm in front of the planes, and its projections onto the planes have given lengths.
1. A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity with length and width but no thickness. For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane.
2. When projecting a plane, its shape, inclination to reference planes, and the inclination of edges are given. Planes can be parallel or inclined to one or both reference planes.
3. This document provides examples of projecting rectangular and pentagonal planes in different positions relative to the reference planes. The examples demonstrate determining the true shape view and projecting points for planes oriented parallel or inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes.
This document provides instructions and examples for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by establishing conventions for labeling different views, such as using primes (') to denote top views. It then demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a point A placed in different quadrants. Additional concepts covered include drawing projections of various types of lines, such as vertical, horizontal, and angled lines. The document presents numerous problems showing how to determine projections, true lengths, and angles based on information provided about the point or line. It emphasizes important parameters to remember when drawing projections, such as true length, angles with planes, and view lengths. Finally, it defines the term "trace" as the point where
The document describes different types of projections of points and lines in space. There are 9 types of point projections depending on whether the point lies in one of the 4 quadrants, or on one of the planes. Line projections can be parallel to two planes and perpendicular to the third, inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, or inclined to both planes. Examples of problems involving drawing the projections of lines in various orientations are presented.
- A line AB is given with end points A and B located at specific distances above and in front of the principal planes
- The problem asks to draw the projections of the line AB and find its true inclination with the horizontal and vertical planes
- Key details provided include the true length of the line, locations of the end points relative to the principal planes, and sometimes the front or top view measurements
- The response will involve sketching the front and top views of the line and calculating the angles of inclination θ (with HP) and Φ (with VP)
A line AB is given with various properties:
1. Its end A is located at a certain position above and in front of the principal planes.
2. Its end B is located at another position above and in front of the principal planes.
3. Additional information like true length, true inclinations, front view length may be given.
The task is to draw the projections of the line AB and determine its true inclinations with the principal planes if not already given.
This document discusses the principles of engineering graphics related to projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It begins by defining the different types of lines such as vertical, horizontal, and inclined lines. It then provides examples of how to determine the front view, top view, and true length of a line given information about its inclination to the planes and the positions of its ends. The document emphasizes that the front and top views of a line inclined to both planes will have reduced lengths. It concludes by discussing the special case of a line lying in a profile plane, where the front and top views will overlap on the same projector line.
The document discusses the orthographic projections of straight lines. It defines five basic cases of lines: vertical, parallel to both planes, inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, inclined to both planes. It provides pictorial representations of each case and notes about front and top views. The document then presents several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of a line given information like its true length, angles of inclination, and positions of its ends. Diagrams illustrate the key steps and parameters involved in the problems.
1. The document discusses the concept of traces of a line, which are the points where a line or its extension intersect reference planes like the horizontal plane (H.T.) and vertical plane (V.T.).
2. It provides steps to locate the horizontal trace (H.T.) and vertical trace (V.T.) when given the projections of a line.
3. Several example problems are included that demonstrate how to draw the projections of a line and locate its traces, given information about the line's inclination, length, or position relative to the reference planes.
The document discusses the concepts and methods of projecting lines in engineering graphics. It defines key terms used in line projections such as true length, front view length, top view length, end projector distance, and inclinations. It presents different categories of line positions with respect to reference planes and provides examples of each with their orthographic projections. The document also contains several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of lines given information about their lengths, positions of endpoints, and inclinations to the planes. It describes the process for locating the horizontal and vertical traces of a line when given its projections.
A line AB is given with end A at 15mm above the HP and 20mm in front of the VP, and end B at 50mm above the HP and 75mm in front of the VP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. The projections and true shape of the line are to be drawn, and its true length and true inclinations with the principal planes are to be found.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Given: Length of line AB (TL) = 90mm
θ (inclination with HP) = 45°
TV makes an angle of 60° with VP
* To find: Inclinations with planes (θ, Ø), projections of line AB
* Since θ is given as 45°, draw FV making an angle of 45° with XY line.
* TV makes an angle of 60° with VP. So draw TV making an angle of 60° with XY line.
* TV gives the length of TL when it is parallel to XY line. So TL = 90mm.
* This gives the projections of line AB.
This document contains descriptions of 23 problems involving projections of lines and objects. The problems provide information about the positions of various lines and objects in relation to reference planes (ground and vertical planes). For each problem, you are asked to draw the projections, determine lengths, angles, distances, and other values based on the information provided. The goal is to visualize the 3D situations and use principles of projections to solve practical geometric problems.
This is Mechnicial Engineering's subjrct technicial drawing slides
topic name is Projection of lines.
this would help you in how you draw front side and top view of a line.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, and solids. It defines key terms like object, observer, horizontal and vertical planes. Points and lines can be placed in four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes. Front, top and side views are drawn by placing the views in the same plane for the observer. Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point and various orientations of lines, including determining true lengths and inclinations from the given views. Notations and procedures for determining views, true lengths, and angles are defined.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines key terms and concepts used in orthographic projections including quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), horizontal plane (HP), and vertical plane (VP). Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point located in different quadrants, as well as different types of lines, such as vertical, parallel, and inclined lines. Guidelines are provided for determining the FV and TV based on whether the object is above or below the HP and in front of or behind the VP. Methods for finding true lengths, angles, and orientations are also described when only FV and TV are given.
1. The document discusses the process of determining the projections of plane figures that are positioned in different orientations relative to reference planes.
2. It describes how the inclination of a plane figure's surface relative to the horizontal or vertical plane, as well as the inclination of its edges, are given.
3. The document outlines a three step process to determine the front, top, and side views of an object: 1) assume an initial position, 2) apply surface inclination, 3) apply edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by describing their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It explains that problems will give the plane figure and its inclination to the planes. The document outlines the 3 step process: 1) assume initial position, 2) consider surface inclination, 3) consider side/edge inclination. Examples are given of different inclinations and the steps are applied to sample problems.
The document contains 12 exercises involving the projections of various geometric shapes and solids including lines, planes, prisms, pyramids, cones and composite solids. Many of the exercises involve determining lengths, angles of inclination, traces, true shapes, developments of cut surfaces, and shortest paths on developments. Projections are drawn to illustrate the orientation and measurements of each geometric object under different cutting plane conditions.
Projection of Lines Engineering drawingbaskaransece
The document contains descriptions of two lines with given dimensions and positions in space. It asks to draw the projections of the lines onto the horizontal and vertical planes and find the true inclinations of the lines relative to these planes. For the first line, it is 80 mm long with one end 10 mm above and 15 mm in front of the reference planes. The second line is 85 mm long with one end 25 mm above and 20 mm in front of the planes, and its projections onto the planes have given lengths.
1. A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity with length and width but no thickness. For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane.
2. When projecting a plane, its shape, inclination to reference planes, and the inclination of edges are given. Planes can be parallel or inclined to one or both reference planes.
3. This document provides examples of projecting rectangular and pentagonal planes in different positions relative to the reference planes. The examples demonstrate determining the true shape view and projecting points for planes oriented parallel or inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes.
This document provides instructions and examples for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by establishing conventions for labeling different views, such as using primes (') to denote top views. It then demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a point A placed in different quadrants. Additional concepts covered include drawing projections of various types of lines, such as vertical, horizontal, and angled lines. The document presents numerous problems showing how to determine projections, true lengths, and angles based on information provided about the point or line. It emphasizes important parameters to remember when drawing projections, such as true length, angles with planes, and view lengths. Finally, it defines the term "trace" as the point where
The document describes different types of projections of points and lines in space. There are 9 types of point projections depending on whether the point lies in one of the 4 quadrants, or on one of the planes. Line projections can be parallel to two planes and perpendicular to the third, inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, or inclined to both planes. Examples of problems involving drawing the projections of lines in various orientations are presented.
- A line AB is given with end points A and B located at specific distances above and in front of the principal planes
- The problem asks to draw the projections of the line AB and find its true inclination with the horizontal and vertical planes
- Key details provided include the true length of the line, locations of the end points relative to the principal planes, and sometimes the front or top view measurements
- The response will involve sketching the front and top views of the line and calculating the angles of inclination θ (with HP) and Φ (with VP)
A line AB is given with various properties:
1. Its end A is located at a certain position above and in front of the principal planes.
2. Its end B is located at another position above and in front of the principal planes.
3. Additional information like true length, true inclinations, front view length may be given.
The task is to draw the projections of the line AB and determine its true inclinations with the principal planes if not already given.
- Pranav Kulshrestha provides his contact information including social media handles and Skype/Wechat IDs.
- The document discusses several problems involving drawing projections of lines with given information about their true lengths, inclinations to planes, and positions of endpoints. It provides examples of determining missing information like true inclinations when some parameters are given.
The document discusses traces of lines and problems involving traces of lines. It begins by defining horizontal trace (HT) and vertical trace (VT) as the points where a line or its extension intersects the horizontal and vertical planes. It then provides steps to locate HT and VT when given projections of a line. Several example problems are worked through, showing how to draw projections of a line and determine its inclinations when given information about its traces or endpoints. The document also discusses cases where a line lies in an auxiliary view plane or profile plane.
1) The document discusses orthographic projections of points, lines, and planes. It provides notation for different views, such as front view (FV) and top view (TV).
2) Key concepts covered include locating an object relative to horizontal and vertical planes using quadrants, and drawing the FV and TV based on the object's location. Examples are given for points located in different quadrants.
3) Projections of straight lines are also discussed, including lines parallel or inclined to the planes. True length, reduced length, and inclinations of views are important parameters.
4) Several example problems are provided to demonstrate how to draw orthographic projections of points and lines in different configurations. Steps are
1) The document discusses orthographic projections of points, lines, and planes. It provides notation for different views, such as front view (FV) and top view (TV).
2) Key concepts covered include locating an object relative to horizontal and vertical planes using quadrants, and drawing the FV and TV based on the object's location. Examples are given for points located in different quadrants.
3) Projections of straight lines are also discussed, including lines parallel or inclined to the planes. True length, reduced length, and inclinations of views are important parameters.
4) Several example problems are provided to demonstrate how to draw orthographic projections of points and lines in different configurations. Steps are
This document discusses the principles and methods for projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It describes 5 simple cases of lines in relation to the horizontal and vertical planes. Key points include:
- Lines can be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the planes
- True length shows true inclination, apparent length shows apparent inclination
- Procedures are provided for obtaining true lengths and inclinations from apparent projections and vice versa
- Additional cases addressed include lines in profile planes and applications to practical situations
Orthographic Projections of Straight lines with Step by step procedure and with solved examples.
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projection of straight line and point in engineering drawind Deena nath singh
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, and basic solids. It explains that to draw projections, you need information about the object, observer, and object location. Points are used as simple examples, with their front, top, and side views explained. Guidelines are provided for naming different views and standard notations. Projections are demonstrated for a point placed in each of the four quadrants formed by the horizontal and vertical planes. Methods for drawing projections of lines are described, including vertical lines, lines parallel to both planes, and lines at various angles to the planes. Trapezoidal and rotational methods are explained for determining true lengths and angles from given projections.
Projection of Line basics, Projection of line parallel to both the planes, projection of line perpendicular to one plane, projection of line inclined to one and both the planes
This document discusses projections of points and lines when a line is inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes by 45 degrees. Key points:
1. When a line is inclined to the HP and VP by 45 degrees, its top view and front view projections will lie on the same straight line.
2. If one end of the line is nearer the VP, the projections and line will have a specific positioning.
3. In this special case where the inclinations sum to 90 degrees, the horizontal and vertical traces are obtained using the trapezoidal method rather than the usual method.
This document provides information and examples regarding the orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by defining key terminology and notation used in orthographic projections. It then discusses the projections of a single point located in different quadrants and orientations relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. Next, it examines simple cases of projecting straight lines in different orientations. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the front, top, and side views of a line given information about its length, orientation, and the position of its ends. The document concludes by discussing traces of lines where they intersect the horizontal and vertical planes.
This document provides information about orthographic projections and related concepts. It defines key terms like true length, front view (FV), top view (TV), traces, and includes 10 important parameters to remember. Several example problems are shown with step-by-step solutions for drawing the projections of lines given information about their views, lengths, angles and positions of endpoints. Diagrams clearly illustrate the relationships between true length, views, traces and other elements in different scenarios.
Projection of straight line engineering drawingAnurag Harsh
The document discusses various concepts related to projections of straight lines including:
- Definitions of straight lines and their projections in different views
- Notations used to describe lengths, angles and positions of straight lines
- Different positions of straight lines relative to reference planes including perpendicular, parallel and inclined lines
- Examples demonstrating how to draw projections of straight lines given data on their positions, lengths and angles
1. The surface of a 300-600 mm long set square is inclined 450 to the vertical plane (VP).
2. One end is 10 mm above the horizontal plane (HP) and the other end is 35 mm above the HP.
3. The longest side of the set square will be drawn vertically in the front view, with one end at 10 mm and the other at 35 mm above the HP, to show the true shape inclined 450 to the VP.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It defines key terms and concepts needed such as quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), horizontal plane (HP) and vertical plane (VP). Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point and straight lines in different positions, including when they are inclined to the HP and/or VP. Methods are outlined for determining true length, angles and orientations based on the given views. Notations and a diagram of relationships between important parameters are also explained.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines key terms and concepts used in orthographic projections including quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), horizontal plane (HP), and vertical plane (VP). Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point located in different quadrants, as well as different types of lines, such as vertical, parallel, and inclined lines. Guidelines are provided for determining the FV and TV based on whether the object is above or below the HP and in front of or behind the VP. Methods for finding true lengths, angles, and orientations are also described when only FV and TV are given.
This document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It explains key concepts like quadrants, front view (FV), top view (TV), true length, inclination angles and more. Examples are given of drawing projections of a point and various types of lines (vertical, parallel, inclined) placed in different quadrants. The document establishes important parameters and notation for solving projection problems, including true length, angles of inclination, view lengths and positions of endpoints. Sample problems are worked through applying these concepts and parameters to draw projections when given information like dimensions, inclinations and endpoint positions.
This document provides instruction on orthographic projections and line projections. It begins by explaining the notation used to label different views of projections. It then covers concepts like quadrants, point projections in different locations, and line projections in different orientations. Examples are given of projecting points and lines in different positions in space. Key parameters for line projections are defined, including true length, angles of inclination, lengths of front and top views, and more. Step-by-step solutions are provided for sample problems of projecting lines with given information.
Similar to Projection of lines(new)(thedirectdata.com) (20)
Section and development(thedirectdata.com)Agnivesh Ogale
1. The solid is composed of half a cone and half a hexagonal pyramid sandwiched together.
2. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 degrees to the HP and passing through the midpoint of the axis.
3. The front view, sectional top view, and true shape of the section are drawn showing the cut points.
4. The development of the remaining parts of the half cone and half pyramid are drawn separately, with cut points marked.
Drawings provide a better understanding of objects than verbal or written descriptions by depicting shape, size, and appearance in less time. Drawings have become an important communication tool across many fields including engineering. There are different types of technical drawings like orthographic projections which show multiple views of an object projected onto reference planes perpendicular to the view. Orthographic projections include front, top, and side views projected onto vertical, horizontal, and profile planes respectively using first or third angle projection methods.
Section and development(thedirectdata.com) 1Agnivesh Ogale
1. The solid is composed of half a cone and half a hexagonal pyramid sandwiched together with their bases joined.
2. It is cut by a section plane inclined 45 degrees to the HP and passing through the midpoint of the axis.
3. The front view, sectional top view, and true shape of the section are drawn showing the cut edges.
4. The development of the remaining parts of the half cone and half pyramid are also drawn, with the cut edges marked.
1) Draw an ellipse with a focus at point F and directrix CD where the distance between F and CD is 65mm.
2) Divide the line segment CF into 7 equal parts. Mark the third division from F as point V.
3) The ellipse is drawn through points C, V, and B.
The document describes different types of engineering curves including involutes, cycloids, spirals, and helices. It provides definitions and examples of how to draw each type of curve. Specifically, it explains how to draw an involute by winding a string around a circular pole and marking the path of the free end. It also describes how to draw different types of cycloids by having a small circle roll along a straight or curved path, and marking the location of a point on the circle's perimeter. Methods for drawing spirals and helices are also mentioned.
The document describes different methods for drawing ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas which are known as conic sections. These curves are formed by cutting a cone with planes. Ellipses can be drawn using the concentric circle method, rectangle method, oblong method, arcs of circle method, and rhombus method. Examples are given demonstrating how to draw ellipses using each of these techniques. Parabolas and hyperbolas are also defined and their eccentricities described. Methods for drawing tangents and normals to these curves are also mentioned.
A pentagonal prism with a 25mm base and 50mm axis is resting on one of its rectangular faces on the HP. The axis is inclined at 45° to the VP.
1. Assume the prism is standing on the HP. Draw its TV showing the true pentagonal base shape.
2. Draw its FV with the axis vertical and perpendicular to the VP.
3. Incline the axis 45° to the VP. Draw the new inclined FV and project the TV.
The document discusses the steps to solve problems involving the projections of plane geometric figures. It provides 3 key steps: 1) Draw front and top views of the initial position assuming certain surfaces are parallel to reference planes. 2) Draw new front and top views considering surface inclinations. 3) Draw final front and top views accounting for edge inclinations. Examples are given showing the application of these steps to problems involving rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, circles, and other shapes. Guidance is provided on initial assumptions and tracing outlines between views.
The document discusses the basic concepts for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It provides information on the necessary components for drawing projections, including the object, observer location and position of the object relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It then examines different cases for projecting points and lines, showing how their front, top and side views change based on the object's location in one of the four quadrants formed by the planes. Diagrams illustrate the projected views and how they are drawn on the orthographic planes.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
1. Projection of straight line
Line inclined to both HP & VP
Type-I
Given projections (FV & TV) of the line. To find True length & true
inclination of the line with HP (θ) and with VP(Φ).
PROBLEM
End A of a line AB is 15mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP while
its end B is 50mm above HP and 75mm in front of VP. The distance
between end projectors of the line is 50mm. Draw projections of the
line and find its true length and true inclination with the principal
planes. Also mark its traces.
2. b’ b1’
θ: True inclination of
the line with HP = 24º
50
a’ b2’ α : Inclination of FV of
θ α the line with HP/XY
HT VT’ 15
X Y
v
h’
50
Ø: True inclination of
20
Φ β b1 the line with VP = 41º
a
β : Inclination of TV of
75 the line with VP/XY
b b2
3. Line inclined to both HP & VP
Type –II
Given (i) T.L., θ and Ø,
(ii) T.L., F.V., T.V.
to draw projections, find α, β,H.T. and V.T.
PROBLEM
A line AB, 70mm long, has its end A 15mm above HP and 20mm in front
of VP. It is inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to VP. Draw its projections and
mark its traces.
4. b’ b1’
a’ 30
HT b2’
15 VT’ Y
X
h’ v
20
b1
a 45
b2
b
5. Q10.11 The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm,while its front
view measures 50mm. Its one end A is in HP and12mm in front of VP. Draw the
projections of AB and determine its inclination with HP and VP
To draw FV &TV of the line
Given, Hint: Draw ab1=65mm // to XY.
AB
TL=75mm,TV=65mm,FV=50mm Because when TV is // to XY, FV
To find θ & Ø gives TL.
A is in HP & 12mm→VP b’ b1’
Ans. θ=31º
Ans. Ø=49º
a’
X Y
31º
12
65 b1
a
49º
b b2
6. Q10.12 A line AB, 65mm long has its end A 20mm above H.P. and 25mm in
front of VP. The end B is 40mm above H.P. and 65mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of AB and show its inclination with H.P. and V.P.
Given, To draw FV &TV of the line Hint1:Mark a’ 20mm above
AB H.P & a 25mm below XY
TL=65mm
To find θ & Ø
A is 20mm ↑ HP & 25mm →V.P. b’ b1’ Hint2:Draw locus of b’ 40mm
B is 40mm ↑ & 65mm → V.P. above XY & locus of b 65 mm
below XY
a’ b2’
40
18º
20
X Y
25
38º Ans. θ=18º
b1
a 65
Ans. Ø=38º
b b2
7. Q10.13:The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5cm apart. The end A is
2cm above the H.P and 3cm in front of V.P. The end B is1cm below H.P. and
4cm behind the V.P. Determine the true length and traces of AB, and its
inclination with the two planes
Given,
To find,
A0B0=50mm True Length, θ,Ø, H.T. and V.T.
A is 20mm ↑ HP & 30mm →V.P.
B is 10mm ↓ & 40mm ← V.P.
b b2
a’
40
HT b2’
20
VT’
v
X h’ Y
50
10
b’ 20º
30
Ans. θ=20º
a 50º b1
Ans. Ø=50º
8. Q10.14:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 45 to the H.P. and its top view
makes an angle of 60 with the V.P. The end A is in the H.P. and 12mm in front
of V.P. Draw its front view and find its true inclination with the V.P.
b’
Given, b1’
T.L.=90mm, θ=45º, β=60º A
is in the H.P. & 12mm→V.P.
To find/draw,
F.V.,T.V. & Ø
Ans. Ø = 38º
a’
X Y
45º
12
b1
60º 38º
a
b b2
9. Q10.16:The end A of a line AB is 25 mm behind the V.P. and is below
the H.P. The end B is 12 mm in front of the VP and is above the HP The
distance between the projectors is 65mm. The line is inclined at 40 to
the HP and its HT is 20 mm behind the VP. Draw the projections of the
line and determine its true length and the VT
Given, To find/draw,
A0B0=65mm F.V., T.V., T.L., VT’
A is 25mm ←V.P.& is ↓H.P. B
is 12mm →V.P. & is above HP θ
= 40º b’ b1’
b2’
VT’
a
b1
HT
25
b2
20
X h’
v
Y
12
40º
a’
b
65
10. 10.17:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 30 to the HP. Its end A is 12mm above the HP and
20mm in front of the VP. Its FV measures 65mm. Draw the TV of AB and determine its
inclination with the VP
b’ b1’
a’
30
12
X Y
20
44 b1
a
Ans: Ø = 44º
b b2
11. Q10.23:Two lines AB & AC make an angle of 120 between them in their FV & TV. AB is
parallel to both the HP & VP. Determine the real angle between AB & AC.
C
c2 ’ c1 ’
c’
112 Ans. 112º
b’ 120 a’
X Y
b a
c2 c1
120
c
12. Q8:A line AB 65 mm long has its end A in the H.P. & 15 mm infront of the V.P.The end B is in
the third quadrant. The line is inclined at 30 to the H.P. and at 60 to the V.P. Draw its
projections.
13. Q10.19 A line AB, inclined at 40º to the V.P. has its end 50mm and 20mm above the H.P.
the length of its front view is 65mm and its V.T. is 10mm above the H.P. determine .the
true length of AB its inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.
Given, To find,
Ø = 40º, A is 20mm↑HP, B TL, θ & HT
is 50 mm ↑ HP, FV=65mm, VT is
10mm ↑ HP
b1’ b’
a’
50
b2’ 21º HT
VT’
20
10
X Y
40º v h’
b1 Ans,
a
TL = 85 mm,
θ = 21º &
HT is 17 mm
behind VP
b2
14. Q6. The top view of a 75mm long line CD measures 50 mm. C is 50 mm in front of the VP &
15mm below the HP. D is 15 mm in front of the VP & is above the HP. Draw the FV of CD &
find its inclinations with the HP and the VP. Show also its traces.
Given, To draw,
TL = 75 mm, FV =50 mm, FV & to find θ & Ø
C is 15mm ↓ HP & 50 mm → VP,
D is 15 mm → VP d1’
d’
Hint 1: Cut anarc of 50 mm
from c on locus of D
Hint 2: Make TV (cd), // to XY
so that FV will give TL
X Y
15
d2
d Ans: Ø=48º
c’ Locus of D
50
Ø=48º Ans: θ=28º
θ=28º d1
c
15. Q10.10 A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at 30º to the H.P. and at 45º to the V.P. Its
mid point is in the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections, if its end P is in
the third quadrant and Q is in the first quadrant.
Given,
To draw,
TL = 100, θ = 30º, Mid point M is
20mm↑HP & in the VP FV & TV
End P in third quadrant &
End Q in first quadrant
q’ q1’
p2 p
p2’ m’ q2’
30º
20
p1
X Y
m q2
p1’ p’
q q2