Project Report-Read intesivelly

DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAME OF THE COURSE COMPUTER
ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Project title: Fire Detection and Intimation System.
Project type: Problem solving.
Name of Candidate: Wambura Makongo
Supervisor : Mr. Mwasaga
Academic year: 2010/2011
Admission Number: 0802015154
Call/contact Me: (+255) 782 874 492 , jopendecember2011@gmail.com , www.ngomako.tk
February, 2011

i
DECLERATION
I am, Wambura Makongo a student in Computer Studies Department, with
Registration number 0802015154 hereby declaring that all the work described in this report is my own work.
Whenever I have used information from other sources, I have given the relevant reference of the source materials so that it can be clearly distinguished what is my own work and what have been quoted from other sources.
………………………………… ………………………………
Supervisor’s name…Mr. Mwasaga Student name Wambura Makongo

ii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank my God for his marvelous grace to the accomplishment of my project.
My special thanks to the Estate manager who allowed me to undertake my project in her estate. My special thanks to my mother, Esther Rhobi, my young brother Mr. J.Werema and Mr Lucas Msimbete for their assistance in all stationary costs
I would like to acknowledge my project supervisor Mr. Moses Mwasaga whom has been advising and instructing me on how to go towards the achievement of my project.
My special thanks to Mr. Simbeye who has been my lecture in this field of Automation
Lastly I must express my special thanks to Mr. Fimbombaya and my colleague students for their encouragements to achievement of my project.

iii
ABSTRACT
This report describes designing and implementing Fire detection and intimation system for Dar es salaam Institute Of Technology (DIT) hostel which located in the main campus-Ilala District Dar es Salaam .
The Institute hostel use Fire extinguishers in each hostel but these extinguishers are not totally working. So in case of fire outbreak, the Institute has no any system for fire detection which can detect smoke before it outbreak.
Also all workshops, laboratories, offices, classes and Library lacking fire detection systems .
Thus, by designing a Fire detection and intimation system which detects smoke in case of fire outbreak in the hostel will encourage or be a starting point for the Institute to implement in the places mentioned above.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLERATION ............................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEGEMENT............................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Objectives Of The Project ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Main Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance Of The Project ................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................3
2.0 Literature Reviews .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Current System..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Disadvantages Of Current System ..................................................................................................... 3
The Proposed Systemt .................................................................................................................6
3.0 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Observation ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.2 Oral Interviews . ................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.3 Consultant Experts ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.4 Internet Surfing ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................11
4.1 Tools To Used ......................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER FIVE……………………............………..………………………………………...12
5.1 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………….. .........12
5.1.1 Components Values ............................................................................................................ 12
5.2 Circuit Operation ...................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER SIX………………………………………………………………………..……......20
6.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 20
6.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 20
Refference ......................................................................................................................................21
Appendex .......................................................................................................................................22

v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Questionnaire………………...……………………………………………………...…10
Table 2: Cost Estimates……………………………………………………………..…………...19
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure3 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................10
Figure 6 Circuit Diagram ..............................................................................................................17
Figure 4 Flow Chart For Proposed System .................................................................................. 15
Figure 5 Ladder Logic Diagram For The Proposed System ........................................................ 16
Figure 1 Data Flow Diagram (Dfd) Level 0 ................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2 Data Flow Diagram (Dfd) Level 1…………………….……………….……….............5
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Tools and Symbols..................................................................................................................…...12

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
DIT hostels are located near the Morogoro and Bibititi road junction . The DIT hostel facilitates the accommodation services. The hostel has high number of students who are living within the campus but it hasn’t fire detector which can detect smoke and giving alert in case fire outbreak.
The institute provides the engineering courses in the level of ordinary, bachelor and other courses such as certificate in Information Technology (IT).
1

2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Many Hostels are becoming in fire trouble/hazards where the hostellers can loose their belongings/properties and lives. To reduce that problem the system for fire detection and alert in case fire outbreak should be designed and implemented
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES
 To design and implement an automatic fire detection and intimate system for DIT hostels.
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To design the circuit for detecting smoke.
 To design a subsystem to intimate incase smoke is detected
The above mentioned objectives will be met by consulting the difference experts especially in designing and implementing the circuit.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
 The project reduces fire hazards: After designing and implementing the circuit for fire detection and alert in case smoke detected will be the way of reducing fire hazard in DIT hostels
 To protect hostellers from injury or death caused by fire.
 In case of fire outbreak ,the system alerts hostellers and collectively to extinguish

3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fire detector system is the system or circuit which implemented in the houses or hostels to detect smoke in case of fire outbreak Controls, J. (2006). These systems are designed to detect smoke of different densities Thomas, C. (2007), through that technology the cigarette (smoking) smoke is where violated from the electricity smoke.
2.2 CURRENT SYSTEM
The current system has no fire detection in case of fire outbreak. It has the old fire extinguishers which located in each floor but are not working and students are not educated how to use them
2.2.1 DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT SYSTEM
 It is not easy to help and cure hostellers because no one educated to use them in case of fire outbreak.
 It needs the hostellers to have enough education of using the available resource
 The system can’t intimate incase hostellers are far

4
Data flow Diagram of the current system
Figure 1

5
Data flow Diagram of the current system (level 1)
Figure 2

6
THE PROPOSED SYSTEMT
The proposed system will include the subsystem that detects smoke and alerts automatically in case smoke detected. Through that, the proposed system will give the high opportunity of taking action (to extinguish) when fire outbreak, the system will include smoke detector sensor, microcontroller, buzzer/bell and wires to the main objectives

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This project is being done under prototyping-based methodology. In his prototyping –based methodology, the analysis, design, and implementation phases are performed concurrently and all these three phases are performed repeatedly until the system is completed.
The first prototype (the first part of the system the user will use) is shown to the users and project sponsors who provide comments. These comments are used to re-analyze, re-design and re- implement the second prototype that provides few new features.
This process occurs until the analyst, user, and sponsor agree that it provides enough functionality to be installed and used in the required area.
This prototyping-based methodology has one of the great advantage in which it allows user to interact with the system even if it is not ready for wide-spread organizational use.
This methodology includes the following methods:-

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3.1, DATA COLLECTION
The method of gathering information about the existing system has been done by oral interview, observation and questionnaires as the following sample of questions shown in the table below;
3.1.1 OBSERVATION I will around within the DIT hostel to observe about the current system.
3.1.2 ORAL INTERVIEWS This done by asking questions face by face to get the real data.
3.1.3 CONSULTANT EXPERTS The consultation of experts will be also used in designation and implementation of the circuit for fire detection.
3.1.4 INTERNET SURFING Also the internet surfing will be used to read more references concerning fire detection and alert systems.

9
3.2 Table 1: Questionnaires
NUMBER
QUESTION
ANSWER
1.
How many hostels do you have at main campus?
Four(4) hostels
2.
Do you have fire detectors in your hostels?
no
3.
Do you need fire detectors in the hostel?
yes
4.
Where (other than in the hostels) do you want fire detectors to be implemented?
In all workshops and laboratories
5.
How your current system is in case of fire outbreak?
We have old fire extinguishers but are not working.

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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 TOOLS TO USED AND THEIR SYMBOLS
Tools to be used to accomplish the specific objectives of the project are;
S/N NAME SYMBOLS
i. Smoke detector sensor
27.0 VOUT
3
U1
MCP9700
ii. Cable (wire)
iii. Switch/start button.
iv. Buzzer/bell
BUZ1
BUZZER
v. Comparator
3
2
1
4 8
U1:A
LM193
vi. Transistors(NPN) 2N2222
vii. Five resistors
R1
1k
viii. Relay
RL1
G2R-14-DC5
ix. Light Emitting Diode (LED)-Green
D1
x. One Red lamp
L1
12V

12
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DATA ANALYSIS
There are five blocks/dormitories in the DIT main campus
Block/dormitory I has 30 rooms and 6 bath/toilet rooms =36smoke detectors
Block/dormitory II has 12 rooms and 4 bath/toilet rooms =16smoke detectors
Block/dormitory III has 30 rooms and 6 bath/toilet rooms =36 smoke detectors
Block/dormitory IV has144rooms,4 bathrooms and 4 toilet rooms =152 smoke detectors.
Block V has 144 rooms,4 bathrooms and 4 toilet rooms =152 smoke detectors.
Each room in blocks I, II, III, (IV) and (V) should need one smoke detector and one system in each bath/ toilet room for all blocks (I-V).
From the proposed system, the following specifications of devices will be applied to achieve/meet the specific objective.
5.1.1 COMPONENTS VALUES
Voltage (source) to the circuit (Vcc) =15V
Relay current (Ic) = 12v =0.05A
240ohm
Ic max= 15 =0.0625A
240ohm
For h fe =100
IB= IC/100 ; 0.05/100=0.5mA
For VR2
VR2= ( R2) X VCC ; ( 40) X15V= 8.22V
( R2+R1) ( 40+33)
Base resistance (Rb) ; VR2=IBRb + VBE
RB= VR2-VBE ; 8.22-0.7 =15.04K
IB 0.5m
R1 and R2 are parallel;
RT=RB = (R1XR2 ) ……………………………………………………………..(i)
(R1+R2)
But RB = 15.04k ; Then , VR2= ( R2 ) X VCC (15V).
(R1+R2)
From the above ; R1= 0.82R2……………………………………………(ii)
Substitute (ii) into (i)

13
RB = (R1XR2 ) ; 15.04k= 0.82 x (R1)2 ; R1= 33.38K
(R1+R2 ) (1.82 R1 )
Again from (ii); R2= (33.38k) = 40.24k
( 0.82 )
FOR Q1 h fe =100 and vcc = 15v, Then VC= VA (voltage at Anode) and when Q1
not conducting Vcc=Vc=15v ,then R4=R5=15ohms
When there is conduction in Q1, Vc=7.5v=VCE
Ic1 max=15v/33 = 0.45mA
Power departed
Power (p) =VCE x IC ; 7.5v x 0.45m= 3.14X103W
IC = VCC-VCB = 0.23 X 103A
33X103
R6 = ( 15V - 0.7V) = 28.6k
( 1.05m)
The sensitivity of the sensor is 40ft=12m length, now the number smoke detector in each room is one (1).
The coil resistance=240ohms,
Ic max= (15V ) = 0.05A;
(240ohm)
For h Fe=100
Ib= ( c ) =
(100)
When Q1 is conducting: Vcc=VA while Q1 not conducting, Vc =Vcc =15V
Comparator.
(Vcc x R4) = (15x 10) =11.25v (constant)
(R5 +R4) (33+10)
OUTPUT OF Q1
V out = (V3-V2) x A, where A =voltage gain of comparator
V2= ( R3 ) x Vcc = (150 ) x 15 = 14.06v
(R4+R3) (10+150)
Vcc =Ic Rc+ Vce,
V3 = Vce = vcc - IcRc……………………………………………………... …………………(i)

14
Ic= hefx Ib………………………………………………............................. …………………(ii)
INPUT OF Q1
R sensor=30k , Now Vb=Vin sensor
Vb=Ib Rb+ Vbe; where Vbe=0.7v and
Vb=Vin sensor= (30 ) x 15 = 7.14v
(30+33)
71.4= (Ic x 30) +0.7; Ic=21.5mA
(100)
From …………………………………………………………………………………………….(i)
V3=15-(21mx33) = 14.29v
From the comparator:
Vo = (V3-V2) x A; A is voltage gain of the Comparator
Vo = (14.29-14.06) x 5.0v=1.15V
STANDARD VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS
Resistor one (R1) = 33kohm
Resistor two (R2) = 40kohm
Resistor three (R3) = 150kohm
Resistor four (R4) = 10ohms
Resistor five (R5) = 33kohm
Resistor (R6) = 33kohm
Resistor (R7) = 220ohms
Voltage to the Buzzer =voltage to the Relay=12V,
Transistor: Q1 =Q1 = 2N2222A
Flow chart or proposed system

15
Figure 4
INITIALIZE SENSOR
START
SPLAY RED LAMP
IS THE SENSOR DETECTED SMOKE?
AUDIBLE ALARM
SPLAY GREEN

16
Ladder logic diagram for the proposed system
Key: 001 =Start switch
002 =Smoke sensor
033 =Stop button
009 =Green-LED
010 =Red-Lamp
011 =Alarm
001 009
033
009
010
002
011
Figure 5
END

17
5.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R5
33kohm
R1
15kohms
R2
15kohm
R6
33kohm
3
2
1
4 8
U1:A
1458
POWER SOURCE
R3
15R
R4
15R
R7
220R
D1
LED-GREEN
Q2
2N2222A
RL1
D2 12V
1N4007
RL1(NO)
BUZ1
BUZZER
RED LAMP
12V
red
Q1
2N2222A
Figure 6

18
5.0 CIRCUIT OPERATION
When there is no smoke detected, light beam from the Light Emitting Diode (LED) shoots and does not reach the Sensor ( S) , hence Transistor Q1 is in conducting state and Vc =Vin(sensor) =12V hence deferential input to the comparator is 0V and comparator output is also =0V , by that time Q2 is in cutoff state and really Relay is not energized
When the sensor is in conducting , Q1 is pulled out of conduction since no enough voltage at its base to forward bias it; it then forced to cutoff region. Under this condition Vc = Vcc.
Under smoke condition, smoke migrates between the light beam and scatters the light, the scattered light then reaches the sensor S1,and it start to conduct pulling the base of Q1, All the VCC drops across R6,When Q1 is cutoff state , all VCC appears across VCE of Q1. VC is then=VCC
The two UN equal voltage, VC and Vin(sensor), are then applied to the comparator the differential input is amplified to +12.
The output of the comparator forward biases the transistor Q2 into conduction.
Once transistor Q2 is conducting, enough current flow through the relay coil (R1) .The relay then closes contact (RL1)
Energizing the controlling circuit, then indicator lamp and electric buzzer starting.

19
6.4 Table 2: Cost Estimates
ITEM
QUANTITY
PRICE
Smoke detector sensor
1
50000
Cables/wires
-
10000
Buzzer/bell
1
40000
Switch
1
10000
microcontroller
1
40000
Transport
-
5000
Communication
-
6000
Miscellaneous
10000
TOTAL
171000

20
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 CONCLUSION
This report demonstrates completion of senior project one for the year 2010/2011. The report contains background information, definition of the problem, project objectives, and significance of the project, methodology and data collection. Finally FIRE DETECTION AND INTIMATION SYSTEM design and implementation for DIT hostels is aiming at saving the hostellers’ lives, resources and other properties also to be a starting point for the institute to implement the system for fire (smoke) detectors
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
The proposed system with its associated features should be put into consideration for further analysis and design so that it can be used for the implementation of Fire Detection and Intimation system. Also the institute management especially Estate manager should make sure that there is communication between hostellers and Fire Rescue; this is because the hostellers are the ones who are living in hostels. Through this project , I advise the Institute to implement the fire detection system in all offices, workshops and hostels to reduce or avoid the fire hazards that occurring in different areas such as hostels. The implementation of the project could not met due to the lack enough tools for implementation of the real circuit, this happened because of the financial factor.

21
REFFERENCE
1. Thomas. C, (2007) Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Cambridge.
2. National Fire Protection Association, (2009), Smoke Alarm Safety Tips. Safety Information, New York.
3. www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/products/building,efficiency/security- solutions/fire-safety-products.html (Feb.2011)
4. Johnson, C. ( 2006),Fire detection and fire alarm systems, Aspirating smoke detectors
5. Errata ,R .(2009).Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems. IEEE, Cambridge.
6.www.skiveprojects.com/ieee-projects/embedded/residential-safety-
(FIRE DETECTORS PROJECTS)
7. BBC News (2003). Fire Detecting Devices. New York.
http://www.fireprotection.co.uk/, 20/05/2011

22
APPENDEX
Oral interview questions
1 . How many hostels do you have at main campus?
. Four hostels
2. Do you have fire detectors in your hostels?
No
3. Where (other than in the hostels) do you want fire detectors to be implemented?
In all hostels and workshops
4. Do you need fire detectors in the hostel?
Yes
5. How your current system is in case of fire outbreak?
We have old fire extinguishers but are not working

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