Cctv report

Ancillary Services, Building Services. University College of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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INTRODUCTION
What is CCTV System?
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific
place on a limited set of monitors. Closed circuit television is an off air television system, it
differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted or publicly
distributed
Elements of the CCTV System.
 Camera
 Lens
 Monitor Unit
 DVR/ NVR
 Cable (Coaxial / Ethernet)
 DC Power Supply

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CCTV SYSTEM
Why Use CCTV…?
1. Reduce Cost and Risk.
2. Prevent and Deter Crime.
3. Fool-Proof Coverage.
4. Reduce Property Insurance Premiums.
5. Increase Customer's confidence.
6. Easy to implement.
7. Keep Your Employees Honest.
8. Encourage Good Behavior.
9. Prevent Safety Incidents.
Simple CCTV System
The simplest system is a camera connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial cable with the
power for the camera being provided from the monitor. This is known as a line powered
camera. Probably the earliest well-known version of this was the Pye Observation System that
popularized the concept of CCTV, mainly in retail establishments. It was an affordable, do-it-
yourself, self-contained system.
Basic Line Powered CCTV System
Elements of the CCTV System.
 Camera
 Lens
 Monitor Unit
 DVR/ NVR
 Cable (Coaxial / Ethernet)
 DC Power Supply

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Types of CCTV Systems
Analog CCTV system
• Analog security cameras capture an analog video signal and transfer that signal over
coax cable to the Digital Video Recorder (DVR). Each camera may be powered by
plugging in the power supply right at the camera or by using RG59 Siamese cable
which bundles the video and the power cables.
• Requires an DVR to capture image
Digital / IP CCTV system
• IP stands for Internet Protocol, and basically refers to a digital video camera that can
send and receive data via a computer network.
• Requires a NVR to capture image.

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CCTV System’s block Diagram
RJ45 cable
Power cable
Coaxial Cable/
Ethernet Cable
VGA Cable
USB Cable
USB
Router
Cameras
Speaker
DC
12V
DVR/
NVR
Monitor
Mouse

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CCTV camera types
CCTV cameras are being installed everywhere for purpose of security and crime prevention
and detection. There are many type if CCTV cameras are available for this purpose.
1. Indoor Camera
Indoor camera as its name suggests used for indoor security mechanism. These are suitable
for security in homes, schools, offices, hotels etc…
2. Outdoor Camera
Outdoor camera is used for outdoor places. They are mostly used for entry and exist points
with limited night lighting. These cameras have hard Shell vandal-proof casings.

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3. IR Day / Night Camera
IR day/night cameras are used for high alert security areas were surveillance needs to
happened day and night. These cameras are used by military personal, in parking lots and
high security zones. The cameras are ideal for outdoor surveillance applications
4. Dome Camera
Cameras are installed inside a dark dome and are design in a way that they go unnoticed
by visitors. These cameras can be rotated and tilted Manually. Dome cameras are used in
public place like railway station, bus terminals, and other areas where there is a huge
gathering of people.
5. Bullet Camera
It is Cylindrical shape or Tapered shape, similar to that of a "rifle bullet.". It was in Outdoor.
Installed inside protective casings, which protect against dust, dirt, rain, hail and other
harmful elements. It was use for long distance viewing. It has Fixed or Varifocal lenses.

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6. Fish Eye camera
The fisheye camera is a single camera which allows you to record everything with a 180 or
360-degree panoramic view. The strength of this camera can reduce the quantity of cameras
needed to cover the same surveillance area.
7. PTZ Camera (Pan Tilt Zoom Camera)
PTZ stands for Pan Tilt and Zoom. Those are the movements the camera can do when
somebody is remotely controlling it by using a computer or joystick. Most movable camera
allows the person monitoring it to move the camera from right to left (Pan), up to down
(Tilt), and from a tight angle to a wide angle. (close up Zoom)
8. Network / IP CCTV Camera
An IP camera is a video camera that is networked over a Fast Ethernet connection. The IP
camera sends its signals to the main server or computer screen via an
Internet or network link. It is mostly used in IP surveillance, closed-circuit television
(CCTV) and digital videography.

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9. High Definition (HD) CCTV Camera
HD security cameras, also known as HD CCTV cameras and HD over Coax cameras, are
capable of capturing high definition video surveillance footage up to 1080p resolution
(1920 x 1080 pixels). This page contains two types of HD of coax cable type security
cameras: AHD and TVI.
10. Wireless CCTV Camera
Wireless security cameras are closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that transmit a
video and audio signal to a wireless receiver through a radio band. Many wireless security
cameras require at least one cable or wire for power; "wireless" refers to the transmission
of video/audio.

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CCTV Camera selection
If we select the camera, we will consider about these categories
Indoor or Outdoor
These terms refer to the installation of cameras in environments interiors or exteriors
according to the physical structure and materials manufacture of the cameras. The cameras
made with cases metallic and more robust, correspond to hostile environments, which they
include humidity, exposure pollution to sun and extreme weather conditions. The interior
cameras are made of plastic and its design is more delicate.
Day / Night Surveillance
The main feature you must be looking in security and surveillance cameras is the clarity of
image, whether it is day or night. Problems come in recording videos during night or in
darkness. Cameras depend on the available light for recording of clear images. For night
recording, cameras can be Day/Night camera (True and Digital) or an IR camera.
Lens Selection
The purpose of a lens is to focus correctly an image on the faceplate of the camera sensor.
Image format Like the camera sensor, the lenses have also different formats: ¼ ", 1/3", ½
", 1". The lenses must have at least the specified format of the camera in which they are
going to install. In case the lens does not correspond to sensor format, the viewing angle is
will be reduced because part of the information will fall outside the sensor images, but we
will not have problems of focus.
Camera Form Factor
A camera form factor describes the type of body the camera has, ranging from bullet
cameras to domes and small covert cameras. The different bodies are suited for different
locations, including indoors or out, giving you the ability to select the camera specific to
your surveillance needs

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Video Codec
Video compression is the process of using a codec to go through your video files to reduce
or eliminate unnecessary files. This makes your video files smaller, so you can store more
video on your NVR hard drive or camera’s Micro SD card.
There are two main types of compression, H.264 and MJPEG, while MPEG4 is an older
version. Almost all IP surveillance camera come with a video compression codec.
Motion Detection
When you set up motion detection, you select a region or area to monitor, say a doorway.
The way it works is to compare sequential images from your video and if enough of the
pixels have changed between those frames, the camera software determines something
moved and sends you an alert.
POE (Only for IP) / Power source
Power over Ethernet (POE) is a technology that lets network cables carry electrical power.
Wireless
Wireless security camera systems from CCTV Camera Pros consist of a wireless
transmitter and receiver antennas and allow closed-circuit cameras or IP security cameras
to transmit a wireless signal using a 5.8 GHz signal up to 4 miles.
Viewing angle

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Sensitivity
Express the minimum level of lighting with which the camera can acquire images and is
expressed in LUX. The less amount of LUX requires a sensor, the lower the minimum
amount of lighting required by it for the taking of images.1 Lux corresponds to the intensity
of lighting a candle at a distance of 1 meter. (1 lumen / m2). It must be measured with a
photometer and choose a camera 10 times better than reading.
Pixels
Picture element, ('image element'), is the smaller homogenous unit in color that forms part
of a digital image. The image capture area of the CCD chip is formed by a number of photo-
sensors independent Each one of these photo sensors It is known as Pixel. There are 2 ways
in which you can Specify the number of pixels:
1. "Real pixels", which is a count of each pixel present in a CCD sensor.
2. "Effective pixels", which are a count of all the pixels used to store the image.
BLC (Back Light Compensation)
In images where a bright light source is behind the subject of interest, the subject would
normally appear in silhouette. BLC allows the camera to adjust the exposure of the entire
image to properly expose the subject in the foreground. WDR is a more effective alternative
to BLC because it handles multiple exposure zones to give both the highlight and low light
areas a proper exposure.
AES (Automatic Electronic Shutter)
Exposure time is controlled automatically within a range of 1/60 sec. to 1/100000 sec. to
obtain an adequate signal when the IRIS switch is moved to AES. When the back panel
switch is turned to VIDEO or DC, the exposure time is fixed 1/60 sec

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HLC (Highlight Compensation)
HLC function is helpful in preventing highlight from head of car, flashlight. The tech is
specialized in detecting the highlight dot and make the highlight weaker. It is usually used
for Parking lot entrance, highway, toll station. It can capture the HD picture of car license
plate at night. In current CCTV market, the ANPR camera or LPR camera must be with
HLC function.
WDR (Wide Dynamic Range)
WDR function make the light area and dark area clearer. WDR is the ratio of lightest signal
and Darkest signal with DB as one unit. Previously the WDR function is caused by CCD
which has special DSP circuit. The special circuit is able to process the light exposure and
dark exposure together and make perfect picture or video. Due to the limitation of CCD
sensitive, it is difficult to make a back through. However, so far WDR of CMOS can be up
to 160DB.120DB is real WDR. Less than 120DB is DWDR (Digital WDR). In future, the
WDR from CMOS tech will capture the market of CCTV Camera. By the way DWDR
function is that the picture is processed by the software not CCD or CMOS components.

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AWB (Automatic White Balance)
Color temperature is directly related to environment and it influences on the color of image.
AWB feature can automatically adjust the white balance in response to varying light
conditions to reproduce accurate color without any color-cast caused by different lighting
source (e.g. incandescent, fluorescent and quartz light).

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LENS
The purpose of a lens is to focus correctly an image on the faceplate of the camera sensor.
Image format Like the camera sensor, the lenses have also different formats: ¼ ", 1/3", ½ ", 1".
The lenses must have at least the specified format of the camera in which they are going to
install. In case the lens does not correspond to sensor format, the viewing angle is will be
reduced because part of the information will fall outside the sensor images, but we will not
have problems of focus.
Focal length
It is the distance between the center of the lens and the point
focal length in mm. There are three basic types of lenses:
1. Fixed Focal Length
2. Variable Focal distance
3. Zoom
There are 2 types of lenses:
Fixed
Fixed lens are those lenses Where lens size doesn’t change, all we can do is focus, we
can’t zoom in or zoom out
Common sizes are - 12mm, 08mm, 06mm, 04mm, 3.6mm, 2.8mm,

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Varifocal
In Varifocal lens size can be changed during the installation process & Zoom in and
Zoom out is possible.
Common Sizes available are - 2.5mm~8mm, 3.0mm~12mm, 5.0mm~50mm
These lenses allow to define practically any angle of a scene, what increases the effects
of surveillance. Installers do not need to wear eyeglasses different focal lengths and the
installation is more effective since they can find angles of correct scenes without
modifying the installation of the camera. If the requirements of the field of vision after
performing the installation, it is simple to change them by modifying the configuration
of the focal length of the lens
Focal length can be adjusted by 3 methods:
• Manual (No Cable)
• To be used only indoors and where the lighting condition is always the same
• Auto Iris (With a Cable)
• Adjusts automatically to allow more or less light to be received by the CCD
Chip in the Camera
• Motor Zoom (With cable and & telemetry receiver is needed)
• To be found mostly with Pant and Tilt systems, the zoom & Focus can be
manually controlled

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MONITOR UNIT
The function of monitors is to display video images for viewing. The selection of monitors is
as important to the quality of the image as the selection of cameras, lenses, and other
components in the imaging chain. liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and LED displays, various
sizes, and other features. Considerations for monitor selection.
Resolution
The resolution of a camera defines how much detail you can play a camera. How much the
greater the number of pixels or TV Lines (TVL), will be more clear the detail of the image.
 RV = Counted from above to below, standard NTSC = 525, PAL = 625
 RH = Counted from side to side
 Points or horizontal pixels and vertical
Pixels
Picture element, ('image element'), is the smaller homogenous unit in color that forms part of
a digital image. The image capture area of the CCD chip is formed by a number of photo-
sensors independent Each one of these photo sensors It is known as Pixel.
There are 2 ways in which you can Specify the number of pixels:
"Real pixels", which is a count of each pixel present in a CCD sensor.
"Effective pixels", which are a count of all the pixels used to store the image.

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VIDEO RECORDERS
Video signal recording devices
Definition - A video recorder in digital format is an equipment that allows the recording of
signal of video in digital format. You can find several elements, from according to the type of
technology used in the video-cameras:
1. -DVR (Digital Video Recorder)
2. -NVR (Network Video Recorder)
3. -HVR (Hybrid Video Recorder)
Digital Video Recorder (DVR, Digital Video Recorder)
It is an interactive recording device of video signal in digital format. Hardware, consists mainly
of a disk hard, a processor, the buses and ports of communication.
The software, which provides various functionalities for the treatment of video sequences
received, access to guides programming and advanced search content
You can find several types of DVR:
1. -PC-Based
2. -Stand Alone
3. –Mobile
Mobile DVR
It is a video signal recording equipment in digital format, to be installed in transport service
vehicles, to record video signals in movement.
Network Video Recorder (NVR, Network Video Recorder)
It is software that records video signal in digital format in a disk drive hard drive, a USB storage
flash drive, an SD memory card or some other medium or massive information storage device.
An NVR does not provide hardware for capture the video signals. Can run on a dedicated
device, usually on an Operating System embedded
Alternatively, to support or improve functionalities and services, can incorporate Operating
Systems Linux or Windows with processors standard and a VMS software (Video Management
Software).

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An NVR is used in the systems of Video Surveillance IP.
The video signal in a DVR is encoded and processed in the device, whereas in an NVR the
video signal is already encoded and processed from the camera, then it is transmitted to the
NVR for storage and remote viewing.
Residential NVR systems are usually wireless and simple to configure, allow access from a
web browser and can notify the users by e-mail if any alarm goes off.
Hybrid NVR / DVR systems incorporate functions of both devices, it is say that they allow the
connection of analog and IP cameras.
Compression Standards
The compression converts your data original format to a smaller format, so they can be stored
or transmitted more efficient.
Compression DOES NOT alter the final quality perceived by the Operator, due to that in the
compression process affect only those parts of the video signal that humans we cannot detect
as colors and redundant images.
The standard used by a DVR define the efficiency to store the video signal with good quality
and occupying the lowest possible space.
The most popular formats:
1. MPEG-1
2. MPEG-2
3. MPEG-4
4. H.261
5. H.263
6. H.264
7. H.265

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Video signal transmission
Coaxial / Ethernet
CCTV can be analog or IP based. Depending on that the cables can be Coaxial cable or
CAT5/CAT6 (RJ45) cables also known as Ethernet cables. Cables connect the camera with the
DVR /NVR. You can also find Siamese CCTV cables. Siamese cables contain an coaxial cable
that connects the camera to the DVR and an 18 gauge 2 conductor power cable that supplies
power to the camera from the SMPS power supply.
VGA Cable
Video Graphics Array is a standard type of connection for video devices such as monitors and
projectors.

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HDMI Cable
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) provides an interface between any audio/video
source for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio
data from an HDMI-compliant source device,

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Cable Connectors
BNC Connectors
• A type of connector used to connect Coaxial cables.
RJ 45
• A type of connector used to connect Ethernet cables.

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Storage
The storage capacity is linked to different factors:
1. Equipment configuration (FPS or Samples) per second, resolution, quality of image,
recording modes, etc.)
2. Hard Disk Capacity (1Tb, 2Tb, 3Tb, etc.)
3. Complexity of what is being recorded (images with a lot or little movement).
The most appropriate way to handle the issue is calculating the capacity of storage (hard disk)
that requires to store the range of desired time.
RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
It is a real-time data storage system that uses multiple data storage units (hard disks or SSD)
among which distribute or replicate the data.
Depending on your configuration (often referred to as "level"), the benefits of a RAID with
respect to a single disk are: greater integrity, greater tolerance to failures, greater performance
and greater capacity.

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APPLICATIONS OF CCTV CAMERA
• Bars
• Cash rooms
• Gaming machines
• Historic sites
• Holiday Sites
• Hospitals
• Number plate recording
• Public Spaces and other Large Areas
• Reception areas
• Retail
• Schools
• Shops
• Football and cricket stadiums
• Staff theft and fraud
• Swimming pools
• Vandalism and theft
• Car park
• Vending machines
• Warehouse CCTV
• Other uses

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REFERENCES
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=19951
https://www.adimec.com/auto-white-balance-color-imaging-under-changing-lighting-
conditions/
https://www.unifore.net/ip-video-surveillance/network-camera-basic-knowledge-icr-awb-
agc.html
https://www.hkvstar.com/technology-news/hlc-highlight-compensation-vs-blc-backlight-
compensation.html
https://www.safetrolley.com/angle-coverage-cctv-ip-camera
https://www.cctvcamerapros.com/DVR-Web-Browser-Viewing-s/449.htm
https://www.videosurveillance.com/services/security-services.asp
(on 2018 – 07 -22)

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