Project Management and Financial Doping in Football

Project Management Wembley
A. Project Background
i.
Project Description
The aim of the Wembley Stadium project was to build a new 90,000 seat state of art stadium. The
new stadium was going to be used for a variety of functions ranging from football and rugby
matches to concerts and private events. The stadium was to have a 50–year design life, and be both
functional and architecturally significant. In addition, it was essential that the stadium allowed as
much daylight and ventilation to reach the pitch as possible. A main goal was to have the build
achieve UEFA five–star stadium status. The project was to be funded by a combination of state
(National Lottery Fund) and private investment.
Multiplex
Multiplex is a global contractor based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. Reasons for Project Failure
i.
The new Wembley stadium was completed in 2007–five years late, £360m over budget, and
surrounded by legal disputes. Before we perform our analysis, we would like to highlight some of
the facts that lead to failure.
Design
Multiplex argued that Mott MacDonald's design for the Wembley steel work was not fit for purpose
and that the initial designs were not correct, constructible, coordinated and consistent. In other
words, although the design looked good, it was very challenging and maybe impossible to replicate
to scale.
Scope Changes
The initial scope was to include football, rugby, and athletics in the same stadium. This later became
very controversial and resulted in the removal of athletics from the design in 1999, because of the

technical and commercial challenges of accommodating three sports within the same stadium. In
2001, the scope was further changed with the removal of a hotel from the project, the expansion of
hospitality suites, and considerably changes to the north side of the stadium. These changes took
Mott MacDonald an additional 8 months to redesign.
Contracting
There was no formal bidding process. In addition, it appeared that not all bidders were treated
equally. This can be seen when the bidding process was opened back up after the contractors were
narrowed down to
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The Impact Of Financial Doping
2.4.3 Financial Doping
With high levels of financial losses encroaching the world of football, the need to spend in order to
compete developed a phenomenon known as financial doping. This is a situation in which an owner
of a sports franchise invests their own personal wealth into securing success, rather than relying on
revenue generated via the franchise related activities. This reflects on what Sloane (1971) says that
football club owners are utility maximisers rather than profit maximisation. Being motivated by
success as their clubs participate in prestige competitions, some may argue that their investments are
not 'sustainable' and the impact of sugar daddies has been titled as 'financial doping' (Muller et al.,
2012). A significant proportion of debt accumulated in the league is in the form of 'soft loans', which
is low or zero interest loans from the clubs' owners. These soft loans will rarely be called in, which
differentiates them from loans taken out from a bank. The severity of financial doping in English
football has been referred to as a "melting pot" with teams such as Liverpool, Manchester United,
Manchester City and Chelsea all receiving financial support from their billionaire owners. With
external sources of money being introduced into the game, it highlights how football is able to stay
afloat and thrive despite making substantial financial losses. The APFG in 2009 noted that there
were severe doubts about whether it is sustainable in the medium or long

Manchester United
Strategy We aim to increase our revenue and profitability by expanding our high growth businesses
that leverage our global community and marketing infrastructure. The key elements of our strategy
are: Expand our portfolio of global and regional sponsors: We are well positioned to continue to
secure sponsorships with leading brands. Over the last few years, we have implemented a proactive
approach to identifying, securing and supporting sponsors. In addition, we are focused on expanding
a regional sponsorship model, segmenting new opportunities by product category and territory. As
part of this strategy, we have opened an office in Asia and are in the process of opening an office in
North America. These are in addition to our London and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
is a very professional company, and is in possession of these characteristics. It actually needs so, if it
wants to achieve its declared goal, „to be the most successful teem in football"
(http://ir.manutd.com/manutd/about/bustrat/). As to the last part of the question, identifying internal
and external factors, please refer back to the Porter's Five Forces Model above Major cost categories
of the company, the drivers behind these costs, and the internal and external factors that influence
costs the most There are three major cost categories, those related to the operation and development
of the corporate Manchester United, the costs related to the operation and development of the
sporting club, and other, related costs. The corporate costs include such costs as dept and maintance
costs, and costs related to the commercial activities of the company. Examples of club related cost
include the compensation of the players and staff, and purchase of new players and stuff. The other
costs include, for instance infrastructural costs, such as the maintance and development cost of the
stadium of MU, the „Old Trafford". The drivers of the costs of Manchester United, and the internal

Soccer Informative Speech
What is the most popular sport in the world? Soccer. Almost a billion people tuned in to watch the
FIFA world cup. Soccer has become increasingly popular in the last decade, and has gained a major
foothold in the United States. Millions of kids and adults love playing, watching, and practicing the
game. Soccer has lots of rules and regulations, a very interesting history, and extremely popular
events around the world. According to Dictionary.com, modern soccer is a form of football played
between two teams of 11 players, in which the ball may be advanced by kicking or by bouncing it
off any part of the body but the arms and hands. The goalkeeper however can can use any part of
their body, including the arms and hands, anywhere inside ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to fifa.com, the world cup includes 32 different teams, each from a different country.
Most international teams consist of the best players from all of the professional club teams in that
country. Qualifying for the world cup starts up to 3 years in advance of the actual world cup. The
most recent world cup, which lots of you probably watched was in 2014. It was held in Rio De
Janeiro, Brazil and was won by Germany. This world cup location was very controversial because of
Brazil's economic status. In order to host the world cup, Brazil's government had to build lots of
extremely large, extremely expensive, soccer arena's and stadiums. They spent billions of dollars on
them. And because of this, Brazil had to close down school's because they had no money to pay the
teachers with. There have been 19 World Cups since the first one in 1930. Each world cup has been
held in a different country around the world. Even though there are 32 teams in each world cup, all
have been won by one of only 8 different nations. The world cup has become one of the most widely
loved events in all of sports. The championship match in the 2014 world cup, between Germany and
Argentina, had over a billion viewers. According to britannica.com, other major soccer events
include the UEFA Champions League, and the UEFA European football

Football : The Most Watched Sport
RONALDO Football. The most watched sport in the world. And we're not talking about the football
with the Mannings, Deflategate, and Adrian Peterson. What's being talked about is what Europe and
most of the world call football, but America calls it soccer. Soccer was first invented in China in 300
B.C, where kids would kick leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Greeks and Romans played
soccer for fun, but it wasn't until the 18th century when people would start to play soccer as a full–
time game. Football was first introduced to the Olympics in the 1900 Summer Olympics after the
sport wasn't in the 1896 Olympics. Women's football, however, wasn't in the Olympics until 1996.
Many American kids and other players have played soccer in leagues by the time soccer was
introduced into the Olympics, but men that wanted to go pro would have to move to Europe to play
until 1993 when America's MLS began. But this article isn't about the history of soccer. This article
is about one of the biggest rivalries in sports history since the question of is Lebron James better
than Michael Jordan. The question is who's the better player: Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi.
Even though they play for different teams, are in different leagues, and both want the title for best
player, they do have a lot in common. Ronaldo is only two years older than Messi, and both didn't
grow up with a lot. Both athletes started by a young age, and both made it to professional and
national teams before most

Lionel Messi Research Paper
Lionel Messi is an Argentine born soccer striker who plays for Argentina and for the Spanish futbol
club F.C. Barcelona. He is often called the "successor of Diego Maradona", a great soccer player. By
June 2014, he was earning $64.7 million, and was the second highest paid soccer player in the
world. With his careers in Europe and South America, and the records he currently holds, Lionel
Messi is the greatest soccer player ever to live.
At age 11, Messi was diagnosed with human growth hormone deficiency, but the medical obstacles
did not impede him. The young star was born on June 24, 1987, in Rosario, Argentina, an industrial
city about 250 miles north of Buenos Aries. The child was born to Jorge Messi and Celia Cuccittini.
The boy showed

Barcelona Essay
1.0 Introduction to FC Barcelona Football club Barcelona, also known as Barça, Blaugrana,
Azulgrana or simply FCB is a famous professional club of football that is centred in the heart of
Barcelona, Catalan, Spain. The man who was responsible for the existence of the club was the late
Joan Gamper, a Swiss man that introduced the football game to Barcelona. Officially founded on
29th of November 1899, it has grew from having only 12 members at the beginning to a club that is
known worldwide for its magnitude of influence in football. Unlike many other football clubs in the
world, no specific organization or company that runs or own FC Barcelona. The club itself is owned
by the public, the supporters of FC Barcelona also known as "socios" through ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The free–of–sponsors jersey was one of the things that FC Barcelona was proud of because it
symbolises their strong stand for their Catalan roots. The club also in the earlier days was the only
football club to say no to any corporate cash as the club's revenue came from the members of the
club. As time goes by, however, the debts of the club was getting higher plus there were various
company that wanted to sponsor the football club (Dudley, 20114). Finally, FC Barcelona took the
initiative to receive official sponsors from some of the biggest brands in the world to balance the
debt and multiplying the revenues. Today, we can see that FC Barcelona is expanding its name and
brand by taking in sponsors like Nike, signing with the company for shirt sponsorship with
estimated revenue around 150 to 155 million euros for the new 2016/17 season (Noble, 2016).
Moreover, FC Barcelona has recently renewed its sponsorship deal for another year with one of the
club's big sponsor, Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) which estimated to bring around 44 million euros
to the club (Long,

The History Of The Soccer Under-17 Football Championship?
Again the initiative comes from the European continent. Under the aegis of the Union of European
Football Associations (UEFA). The first edition of the European Under–17 Football Championship
took place in 1982 in Italy.
A year later, from 25 August to 2 September 1983, the Confederation of Soccer of North America,
Central America and the Caribbean or CONCACAF organized the first edition of the North
American, Central and Caribbean Football Championship Of children under 16 in Trinidad and
Tobago. A few months later, from 3 to 10 December 1983, the Confederation of Oceania Football
(OFC) invented the first edition of the Oceania Soccer Under–17 Championship.
Under the aegis of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL), the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U20 Tunisian selection, she finished last of his group and is eliminated in the first round.
During his second participation in the fifth edition organized by the Soviet Union from 24 August to
7 September 1985. The Tunisian team lost to Bulgaria, Hungary and Colombia. She finished last of
his group and leaves from the first round. At the continental level, the U20 Tunisian selection has
signed a remarkable presence only at the fourth edition of the U20 African Cup as finalist after a
draw at home and a defeat in Nigeria against the locals.
International career of the Tunisian football selection minus 17 years
Today's continental and international competition for footballers under the age of 17 represents the
first confrontation in the professional career of elite footballers after a pre–training phase
characterized by thorough preparation to ensure a consistent move towards high performance level.
The participation of the Tunisian U17 selection at the international level has been certified since the
fifth edition of the World Cup of Under–17 football, organized by Japan from 21 August to 4
September 1993. The Tunisian selection is third in its group after a victory against China, marked as
the first victory won by Tunisia in this competition. After losing to Poland and Chile, the Tunisian
squad left in the first round. At the twelfth edition of the U17 World Cup, hosted by South Korea
from August 18 to September 9, 2007.

Foundation of Marketing
Barclays Premier League – Matches | Marketing Plan
Executive Summary
The total size of European football market is up to €15.7 billion in 2008/2009. It is proven that
football industry stay strong under the pessimistic economic environment. In Europe, England's
Barclays Premier League, Spain's La Liga, Germany's Bundesliga, Italy's Serie A and France's Ligue
1 are recognized as "The 5" by organizations and supporters worldwide.
This paper explains the market analysis and current situation of games of who tops in the "The 5" –
English Premier League, the world most successful football league. It also demonstrates how EPL
manages the marketing part, by applying three marketing theories, which is consumer behavior,
market segmentation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In total, 380 matches will be held by 20 clubs playing 38 matches from August to May.
Nowadays, EPL becomes one of the most popular and lucrative sports organization which the
weekly audience reaching 103 million, turnover and gross profit amount to £1.20 billion and £106
million (ref. 2 P63).
Application – Consumer Behavior
The want is the most important reason of consumption on EPL matches, it is also the sources of
need recognition of the customers. The wants could be defined as people's desire to seek
entertainment in leisure and family–time, sports–lovers' wants to support their own team, and in
some cases, consumers' zealotry for big games.
Potential customers would do information search before making decision. At this time, public
sources like newspaper (e.g. match reports) and television (e.g. highlights and goals of a week) give
them information of the match feature. Personal sources like comments, discussions or even debates
between friends are providing information as well, meanwhile, friend becomes the influencer, who
would persuade and push the consumption.
It is a norm that people would support the football league of their own country. Chart (Ofcom
& Human Capital, 2005) also illustrates that half of the respondents support EPL as they
concern their own teams, the reason is mostly accord with their locations or

Seminar 2 Essay example
Stockholm University
Stockholm Business School
Business Ethics
Seminar 2
Contextualisation Case 6
Corporate governance of professional football clubs: for profit or for glory?
Shadan Abdullah(930514–6541)
Per Jonsson (780827–0479)
Victor Savigny (902710–P154)
Pui Shan Szeto (921026–P500)
Omkar Vedpathak (940126–P152)
The main stakeholders of football clubs, their 'stake' in the organization and legitimacy of their
interests.
Some European football clubs have in, approximately in the last three decades, developed from
being relatively small local organizations, into global giants in terms of multi–million businesses
supported and followed by millions of stakeholders from all over the world. How does one relate ...
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With normative stakeholder theory one tries to explain (in these settings) why football clubs should
take into account the interests of the stakeholders. It is easy to sympathize with the customer group
in this matter. They are the foundation stone that has built the club through the years and they have
invested money, emotions and their private time. But they are not as important as they once was for
the club. This given that another stakeholder group (Suppliers e.g. broadcasting companies, sponsors
etc.) now serves the business with monetary funding's, hence the times have changed. Ultimately
though, the suppliers will almost certainly vanish if the customers stop buying the product.
Shareholders and employees can easier than the customers in this case find another business to join,
they are not exclusive in the same way as the customers.
The descriptive stakeholder theory can also be useful to the settings in trying to state whether and
how the football clubs do listen to the stakeholder's interests. Also in this context the clubs can rely
on their loyal customer base. Even though if you treat them bad (expensive tickets, changing the
club badge and colors etc.) they will not ultimately stop buying the product. You might however as a

owner/ shareholder have a customer rebellion on your hands. Shareholders can more easily sell their
stocks if they feel neglected by the club, suppliers will search for other

Soccer Betting
Why Betting On Soccer Has Offers The Lowest Sports Betting Risk
The first part of this article helps you become a better gambler by pointing out the elements of your
betting style that are flawed. The second part of this article explains why soccer betting offers the
lowest risk. Some of the elements mentioned in relation to soccer will exist in other sports, but this
article contends that football offers the most favourable conditions for punters to triumph over the
bookies without having to spend thousands to do so.
Low Risks "IF" Your Natural Compulsions Are Removed
In other words, if you were a robot that was able to pick soccer bets like a human, but that had the
gambling habits of a robot (i.e. logical, clinical, unemotional), then ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Playing like a robot doesn't mean setting up a betting system because you still need to pick your bets
like a human. Here is what information tipsters use to make their picks. Try using some of their
information sources.
INSERT PIC – Sports Bet Prediction Info
The Soccer Specifics That Make It Low Risk
Here are the elements in soccer that make it particularly low risk. These elements exist in other
sports too, but in professional soccer they exist in a way that most favours the punter.
High variables
There are a lot of things that can go wrong during a game, and each game lasts over 90 minutes, and
things may go wrong at any time. A player may slip over in the changing room at half time. Players
may be bribed, it may start raining, the keeper may sprain a wrist, and the referee may make a poor
decision. There are so many things that may change before, during and after the game that you
cannot be sure of anything. This is not the case with many other sports.
Lots of

Manchester United case Essay
Strategic Management: Case Study. Team 5. Manchester United: Looking Beyond 2011–12 Season.
By the year of 2011 Sir Alex Ferguson was working hard to keep succeeding as he has been doing it
since his arrival with Manchester United. Key acquisitions, new line–ups and strategic decisions had
been made. In the other side of the "enterprise", let's say the commercial and financial side, Mr.
David Gill; current CEO of Manchester United was as well making strategic decisions within the
club. For instance the headquarters needed to me relocated due to the large amount of staff that was
working within the club by those years. David Gill was also in charge of the main 3 sources of the
club's revenue: –Match–day revenues. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other brands are associated with specific licensing deals such as "Red Cafes" and "Theatre of
Dreams" restaurants. Other sources for Manchester come from different partners like Audi and
Budweiser just to mention a couple. Is important to mention also that part of these revenues come
from the summer programs that are being done within the United States and Asia, places (specially
Asia) in which Manchester United has an immense fan base. Being broadcasting the most important
with a total of 37% of the total revenue, while match–day and sponsorship/commercial revenues
with 35% and 28% respectively. The case also mentioned that Manchester United had some
financial issues due to the outrageous acquisition financed by debt. Besides those debt issues, we
can state that Manchester United is quite stable and performs extremely well financially speaking.
After analyzing this we cab make some proposals for keeping the strong performance they have
now: –To keep going and to make stronger and log term alliances with the current sponsors, as well
as with the TV partners the Club has. –The stadium has just been rebuilt so besides the promotion
that Manchester can make, there are not additional changes that can substantially help the already
huge attendance to increase. –However there is one change that Manchester can do and will lead the
club towards a more transparent, efficient and with less debt future, and the change is

Jean Marc Bosm Football Player For Belgian League Team
The Bosman Ruling
The ease and freedom with which clubs transfer players between one another today would not have
been possible without the Bosman Ruling.
Jean–Marc Bosman was a football player for Belgian leagues team R.F.C de Liege, where he had a
contract until June 30th, 1990. When R.F.C. de Liege offered Bosman a new contract with a 75
percent salary reduction, Bosman declined the offer and was automatically placed on the transfer list
for the club. A second division team in France, USL Dunkerque, expressed interest in signing the
player and both teams negotiated the transfer. USL Dunkerque agreed to pay 1,200,000 Belgian
Francs for the first season and 4,800,000 Belgian Francs if they ended up acquiring the player after
the end of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1293). Bosman also took legal action against UEFA, the European Football Association, to the
European Court of Justice in an attempt to invalidate UEFA's "gentlemen's agreement". The
gentlemen's agreement, also known as the 3–plus–2 rule, allowed domestic leagues to set their own
maximum number of foreign players that a particular club could have. The 3–plus–2 rule states that
only three foreign players and two foreign players who had been in the country for more than five
years could play on the field at the same time for a club in domestic matches. In April 1992, the
Belgian Court of Justice declared no legal consequences for the suit, so Bosman decided to drop the
charges against his club and the Belgian league in order to develop a new claim against UEFA. In
his new claim, he stated that the 3–plus–2 rule and European transfer system breached the Articles
48, 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome, and they should be considered null and voided. (Lee, 1995) On
December 15th, 1995 the European Court of Justice finally reached a verdict and the transfer market
in European football was changed forever. According to Case C–415/93, "The European Court of
Justice ruled that it was illegal for clubs to stop players from moving clubs once their contracts have
expired. The European Court of Justice also banned the restrictions that a club could have on the
number of players that belong to the European Union." Before the rule was established, clubs had
the

Steven George Gerrard : An English Professional Footballer
Steven George Gerrard, MBE (born 30 May 1980) is an English professional footballer who plays
for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy as a central midfielder. He spent the majority of his career
playing for Premier League club Liverpool, with most of that time as their captain. Gerrard spent 17
seasons at Anfield, making his Liverpool debut in 1998, cementing his place in the first team in
2000, and succeeding Sami Hyypiä as team captain in 2003. His honours include two FA Cups,
three League Cups, one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup, and one UEFA Super Cup.
Gerrard scored Liverpool 's first goal and won the penalty kick for the third as Liverpool came from
3–0 down to defeat Milan in the 2005 Champions League Final.[3] He joined Major League Soccer
club LA Galaxy in July 2015, following the conclusion of the 2014–15 season with Liverpool.[4]
Gerrard made his international debut for the England national football team in 2000, and represented
his country at the 2000, 2004 and 2012 UEFA European Football Championships, as well as the
2006, 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups – captaining the team at the latter two tournaments.[5] He
was named as the permanent England captain shortly before UEFA Euro 2012,[6] where he was
named in the UEFA Team of the Tournament.[7] Gerrard became the sixth player to win 100 caps
for England in 2012,[8] and is currently third in the country 's all–time appearance list. He ended his
international career in July 2014, having won 114 caps. Regarded

Marketing Strategy ‚Äì Adidas
Q1. What is the Marketing Mix for Adidas? Product The group has maintained a culture of
providing high quality products aimed at providing the best value to the costumer. The products
portfolio is continuously enhanced through creations and innovations throughout the companies
various categories. This is pursued in order to cater to the various needs and wants of consumers
worldwide. Well–known brands for sports apparels, equipment and accessories, the Adidas group
has a diverse brand portfolio consists of: Adidas: footwear, apparel and accessories; Reebok:
footwear, apparel and accessories; TaylorMade Adidas Golf: Golf Equipment, footwear, apparel and
accessories; Rockport: Dress, casual and outdoor footwear, apparel and accessories; ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Promotion The Adidas group sells products in virtually every country of the world. Thus, different
promotional tools are used in order to reduce the number of lost customers and to increase sales. The
group has set up an unparalleled portfolio of promotion partnerships with international recognized
sports associations (e.g. UEFA, FIFA, NBA, NFL, and NHL). Henceforth, commercials, ads, apps
for smart phones, product placement, sponsorships for athletes and sport events (e.g. Berlin
Marathon 2011) are implemented. Adidas has provided the Official Match Ball containing Logo of
the Adidas for FIFA World Cup 2010 (South Africa). Adidas is tier one partner and sponsor for the
coming London 2012 Olympics – one of the important Sporting Event of the World. The officials
and staff of 2012 Olympics wearing Adidas Sportswear during Inaugural and Closing ceremonies
will always leave Adidas in the brains of the Millions of the people watching these ceremonies.
Adidas has hailed its biggest ever UK marketing campaign 'Take the Stage' for lifting sales of
London 2012–related merchandise to around £100m. Q2. Why Adidas Sponsor In London Olympics
But Not New York Or Malaysia? A worldwide sporting event like The Olympics or world Cup
provides a huge marketing opportunity for sports apparel companies, which have long enjoyed a
spike in sales during such events. Historically, the

The Notion Of Lex Sportiva
The notion of Lex Sportiva in many ways mirrors the nature of the debate regarding its subject
matter. Two academic schools of thought have debated since the 1980 's as to to the role of national
legal systems within sporting contexts. More recently however, the debate has changed to one which
questions the validity of Lex Sportiva or global sports as a genuinely distinguishable, and unique
branch of law. As Gianni Infantino has suggested "both politicians and legal scholars have discussed
the much vexed question of the so–called sporting exception. Academic Ken Foster has claimed that
Lex Sportiva is even more niche, arguing that legal principles applied to sporting circumstances do
not necessarily amount to the formation of Lex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Siekmann and Soek have suggested the CAS is responsible for "the development of a new and
useful jurisprudence derived from its awards". One could justifiably argue that the CAS fills the gap
between sporting governing bodies and traditional legal systems in the sense it will hear matters of
purely sporting significance. Simply, those cases that do not fall within the remit of traditional legal
judgements. This somewhat intermediary role is illustrated in Football Association of Serbia v.
UEFA, in which the Serbian football association wished to contest the awarding of a point sanction
during qualifying for the 2016 European Championships. Clearly in this case there is no breach of
European community law. Yet, the CAS enables a bespoke service to challenge sporting judgements
regardless of the opinion of traditional legal systems. Therefore one may justifiably argue that the
CAS is a quasi–judicial body that successfully provides a reference on the unique nature of sporting
regulation and codification. However as James has suggested "The UK has no formal definition of
sport and consequently no formal definition of sports law" perhaps meaning that lex Sportiva is a
not as clearly defined as previously assumed. As late as the 1980 's the laws relationship with
sporting contexts was typified by a piece–meal, ad–hoc approach to legislation

Coca Cola 's Internal Environment Essay
To understand the coca cola company's internal environment, you have to understand its philosophy
this next few paragraphs are the mission statement given by Roberto Goizueta in a booklet entitled
'Coca–Cola, a Business System toward 2000: Our Mission in the 1990s'.
"Bringing refreshment to a thirsty world is a unique OPPORTUNITY for our Company... and for all
of our Coca–Cola associates... to create shareholder value. Ours is the only production and
distribution system capable of realizing that opportunity on a global scale. And we are committed to
realizing.
With Coca–Cola as the enterprise, ours is a worldwide system of superior brands and services
through which we, our franchises, and other business partners deliver satisfaction and value to
customers and consumers. By doing so, we enhance brand equity on a global basis. As a result, we
increase shareholder wealth over time.
Our GOAL for the 1990s sounds deceptively simple: It's to expand our global business system,
reaching increasing numbers of consumers who will enjoy our brands and products more and more
often.
To succeed we will make effective use of our fundamental RESOURCES: brands, systems, capital,
and, most important, people. Because these resources are already available, one might assume we
need only to draw on them for achieving our goal. Nothing could be more wrong.
The CHALLENGE of the 1990s will be not only to use these resources but to expand them... to
adapt them... to reconfigure them in constantly changing

Financial Fair Play Rules
The elite Spanish and English Football clubs have enjoyed the global football explosion over the last
two decades. For example, Barcelona and Real Madrid have used revenue generated from
Champions League and the Spanish League to buy the best players in the world at very high prices
(Markus 45). This has made the teams become the centre of investment for billionaires who are keen
to have a share of the teams. It is from this perspective that the professional soccer teams end up
overspending in the name of getting hold of the best players in the world. Moreover, some teams
such as Manchester United have been reported to be overstretching their budgets by paying massive
interests to its players. This results in losses which might lead to bankruptcy and fall of the football
team. By analyzing such trends, professional clubs may end up being in unhealthy financial
positions, which throated their survival and the stability of football as a global sport (Homewood
para. 10). Based on these concerns, there is a need to regulate the spending of football clubs so as to
guarantee that there is a level ground for all top division soccer teams in Europe (Dijk 45). This
paper analyzes Financial Fair Play regulations and their effects on professional soccer clubs in
Europe as well as their prospective effects on the economy. Background According to Veysey (para.
1), the Financial Fair Play (FFP) rules came into effect as from June 1, 2011. Unanimous votes were
secured across Europe for the

The Popularity Of British Football
British football is definitely one of the most hit sports in the world. Besides, the highly competitive
structures of football competitions in Britain, including promotions, inter club transfers and
ownership transfers has allowed its fan base around the world to keep growing. Its charm has
attracted not only football followers around the world, but also the local and international buyers.
More importantly, English football clubs are still very good in making money out of the game.
According to a report from Deloitte 's sports business group, English football clubs have earned
combined revenue of 2.98 billion Euros (Choudhury, 2016). The popularity of British Football clubs
is very large, as well as the whole football culture in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the year 1871, 50 clubs had become the members of the football association. In 1872, the first
football competition in the world was initiated as FA Cup. In the same year, Great Britain made it
first international football match between England and Scotland. By the year 1888, the first league
championship was on the move. The rapid rise of organised football gave a start to the development
of professionalism and speculation in the sport. The popularity of the sport also influenced its spread
outside the country; therefore other European countries also started forming their football
associations. This ultimately led to the consistent development of international football community
(FIFA.com, 2016).
Opposite to the fact that England has been historically dominant in football, the England national
football team has won the World Cup only once in 1966. Also, in terms of national football team, the
United Kingdom is not represented as one team. Instead, all the countries in the UK – England,
Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales – have their own football teams (Bloomsbury–
international.com, 2014).
Despite the failure of the national team of the home country of football, Britain has generated one of
the most dominated and the most unpredictable football leagues, English Premier League, and many
of the best football clubs not only in the entire Europe but also in the world. The English Premier
League (EPL), also called as

Life of Cristiano Ronaldo
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro,[2] OIH, (born 5 February 1985),[3] commonly known as
Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguesefootballer who plays as a forward for Spanish La Liga club Real
Madrid and who serves as captain of the Portuguese national team. Ronaldo became the most
expensive footballer in history after moving from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer
worth £80 million (€93.9 million/$131.6 million). In addition, his contract with Real Madrid, in
which he is paid €12 million per year, makes him one of the highest–paid footballers in the world,
[4] and his buyout clause is valued at €1 billion as per his contract.[5] Ronaldo began his career as a
youth player for Andorinha, where he played for two years, before moving ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Sporting staff were made aware of the condition and Ronaldo's mother gave her authorisation
for him to go into hospital. While there, he had an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise
the area of his heart that was causing the problem. The surgery took place in the morning and
Ronaldo was discharged from hospital by the end of the afternoon; he resumed training only a few
days later.[20] In November 2002, Ronaldo was invited to Arsenal's training ground, London
Colney to meet manager Arsène Wenger and his coaching staff.[21] Wenger, who was interested in
signing the midfielder had arranged to meet Ronaldo's representatives, Formation (who suggested
the player originally to Gérard Houllier, then Liverpool's manager) in the subsequent months to
discuss a transfer arrangement.[22] However he came to the attention of Manchester United
manager Alex Ferguson in the summer of 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the
inauguration of theEstádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. Ronaldo's performance impressed the
Manchester United players, who urged Ferguson to sign him.[23] Ronaldo was offered to Barcelona
for less than the €15 million

Messi Persuasive Speech
In 2014, the world was captivated by the FIFA World Cup. Let?s paint a picture of that epic match.
In what was seemingly the perfect end to a perfect sports tournament, Leo Messi put his home
country of Argentina on his back and led them to the final against a perennial football juggernaut in
Germany. With the game tied 1–1 throughout the second half, Mario Gotze (Germany) put in the
go–ahead goal in extra time to take a 2–1 lead. With the game coming to its conclusion, Argentina
was awarded a free kick outside Germany?s box, but just within scoring range. To take the shot,
none other than Messi. With the undivided attention of the world, including me, on Messi?s left foot,
the Argentinian forward had his shot at would have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Messi stood five yards off the ball with German goalkeeper (GK) Manuel Neuer staring him
down, it seemed as though this would be Messi?s crowning achievement. For just a few moments,
as Messi took his steps forward to take the shot, the world and time itself seemed to stop. He pushed
it. Just above the left side of the goal. With that, Germany drained the last few minutes off the clock,
and hoisted the beautiful World Cup trophy. For Messi, who was reaching a juncture in his career
where experts thought he might retire from international football, there was nothing but question
marks and missed opportunities. That match concluded what was a terrific World Cup. The United
States of America had shown out for their fans, Messi had made a final (with a chance to win), the
original favorite, Brazil, was eviscerated by Germany, and those Germans closed out one of the most
dominant World Cup runs in recent memory. With a plethora of stories for fans to follow, the World
Cup 2014 was a great sporting experience, regardless of how you feel about the sport itself. Now,
four years later, the eyes of the sports world will once again be on soccer when the World

What Is The Real Madrid Essay
Real Madrid is perhaps the most famous football club not only in Europe but also throughout the
world. This team has its fans even in the most distant points of the Earth. The team has a record the
most league titles in Spain, whereas the club has the biggest financial budget in the world.
March 6, 1902, the two brothers Palacios, Pedrosa and Julián founded the football club Madrid, and
after eighteen years the Spanish King Alfonso XIII awarded the capital team Sociedad with the royal
title "Real", which the club still bears today. However, after 1931 the king was forced to leave
Spain, and until 1939, the club still had the old name, Madrid CF.
Since the very founding, the team immediately became one of the strongest in Spain and in 1905 the
club won Copa del Rey (the "Royal Cup") for the first time. Moreover, the "Royal Club" was able to
achieve this trophy 19 times. In 1928, the Club of Madrid was one of the organizers of the La Liga,
and three years later ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the finals of the Spanish Cup Los Blancos were able to take revenge, beating the
Catalans. In general, despite the fact that Real has a Madrid derby with Athletics, the main meeting
for Los Blancos is a game against Barcelona. The standoff between the two clubs is probably the
most serious in the continent. Each meeting between them becomes historical. Therefore, the game
between Barcelona and Real is known as El Clásico.
The reason why El Clásico is a matter of principle consists in the traditional confrontation between
the regions of Catalonia and Castile. Even more serious was this rivalry in the Franco's time, when
Barcelona was the only national symbol for the Catalans, who always strive for their independence,
whereas Real was promoted and favored by the government. Atlético Madrid is also a traditional
rival, which was considered for a long time as "the club of the working

Local and National Provision of Football Essay
Local and National Provision of Football
I have chosen the sport of Football to study in my local and national provision; the assignment
consists of 6 sub–headings;
· Grassroots development.
· Provision for pathways/for elite performance.
· Additional agencies and bodies.
· Provision for male/female competitors.
· Provision for disabled participant's local/elite.
· Critical analysis/evaluation
Grassroots Development
The Football Association is the main governing body in England, and is responsible for all areas of
football development in the country, from grassroots level up to the elite.
The F.A has many schemes running in order to develop the grassroots level. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Foundation is the UK's largest sporting charity, With grants ranging from £100 to £1m, the
Foundation can help with all your needs, whether it is a new changing room, community project,
floodlights, pitch drainage or a football kit for your junior team.
The grassroots–funding stream primarily supports organisations that wish to build, develop or
refurbish facilities in order to increase and sustain participation.
Path from grassroots to elite
'Making it' as a footballer is a long and hard road to go down, it takes years of development and
plenty of determination. For many the journey begins from as young as playing for a local team at

u7's. This is a very basic learning step in football, as you go up through the years, u11's and
onwards, this is when clubs will send out scouts to begin to look at players who show potential, and
bring them into a Y.T.S (youth training system) For e.g. in Teignmouth the local team is
Broadmeadow, from here there are places like Torquay United or Plymouth Argyle. Generally, teams
like these

The Impact Of Ffp Regulations On The Competitive Balance...
BMAN31391
ECONOMICS OF SPORTS
S/NO: 9327588
Introduction
The UEFA Financial Fair Play (FFP) Regulations have come to terms in 2009 and it has been widely
discussed due to the nature of the rules that was imposed on the clubs. The aim of this essay is to
discuss the impacts of FFP Regulations on the competitive balance in European Football. The first
section of this essay is an introduction to the UEFA FFP Regulations. Secondly, introduction of the
Fort and Quirk Model will be used to analyse the effects of competitive balance. Thirdly, summaries
of sports economists' view on the FFP Regulations are reported. The final section will be a
conclusion on the effects of UEFA FFP Regulations on the competitive balance of the leagues.
UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations
The UEFA FFP Regulations is about improving the financial health of European football club
(UEFA, 2014). The regulation was implemented at the end of 2012 season where all clubs had to
abide to the rules and regulations to obtain the license to play in the UEFA Champions League
(UEFA, 2010). Deloitte (2014a, p. 2) refers the FFP break–even requirement as 'a change potentially
as profound as that brought about by the Bosman ruling.'
The main objectives are being documented in UEFA's 2014 'Club Licensing and Financial Fair Play
Regulations' handbook (refer to Appendix). The break–even rule will prevent clubs from spending
more than what they could earn. Clubs have to adhere to aggregate

Research Paper On Greek Food
Greece is a very old and well known country. Greek food is very well known. Most people only
know about gyros and hummus but there is more. Greek mythology is also important to them. Many
people know about Greek mythology, but not the real stories, and, sometimes some people make
names with it like Nike. Greeks also like many different sports like football, basketball and have
won the UEFA European Championships four times. I think that Greece is a pretty nice country with
many interesting things and it is also an important country because it is well known.
Greek food has become eaten in many places around the world. The one food item that they use the
most in cooking is olive oil. They use it in many different dishes and sometimes as dressing.

Similarities And Differences Between Football And Soccer
Arguments about football and soccer have been ongoing since both sports gained popularity over a
hundred years ago, which leads us to the controversies commonly seen today. To begin with, the
question over the name of the sports has been viewed as a major issue since football and soccer
became widely known. I experienced this issue first hand when I traveled to Germany and Sweden
last summer for a soccer tournament and instantly noticed the difference from the moment I arrived.
All of the signs and the people called soccer 'football' and it came as a complete surprise to me, but
their passion for the game remained just as strong or even stronger than seen in North America.
Soccer, also termed 'the beautiful game', was first given the name ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to score, the team with the ball must cross the end zone without having an illegal play,
otherwise known as a "flag." The team is awarded 6 points and the kicker must either kick a 'Point
After Touchdown'(PAT) for an additional point or the team can attempt to score two points by
attempting to again cross the end zone, but this time starting from the two–yard line. The rules of
soccer, however, completely differ from those of American football. Like football there are 11
players on the field with specific positions, but the "object of soccer is for a player to get the ball
into the other team's goal by using any part of the body except the player's hands and arms. The
goalie is the only player allowed to touch the ball with the hands and arms and then only while he is
located in his own penalty area" (upperdublinsoccerclub.org). If any of these rules are broken by the
players, the referee gives the player either a yellow card as a warning or a red card for an automatic
ejection from the game. So, as you can see, whereas football primarily utilizes your hands, soccer
leverages everything but your hands. In addition to this, all soccer players are required to wear shin
guards and soccer cleats, but if it is organized soccer, a team jersey, team shorts, and long socks are
also required. In football, however, the players are required to wear much more: football cleats,
shoulder pads, thigh pads, knee pads, hip pads, mouthguard, jockstrap, cup, neck

Zidane Research Paper
Lawrence Swartz
Professor Aubrey Zinn
English 101
8 Oct. 2014
Zinedine Yazid Zidane VS Ronaldo Luis Nazario de Lima Being the world's most popular sport,
soccer; commonly known as football, is not only a portion of peoples' culture, but a way of life.
Meaning that it emotionally connects people together through games by creating a sense of
community for all fans around the world, regardless of what teams they support. However, all of this
would have been nonviable without the contribution of such players as ZinedinYazid Zidane and
Ronaldo Luis Nazario de Lima. They are two of the most astounding soccer players of all time not
only because of their championships, competitiveness or greatness, but also because of the fact that
they responded to the responsibility of being global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have had astonishing careers and will forever be reminisced as some of the finest inspirational
figures in the culture of football. Indeed they are both the Michael Jordans of the soccer community.
The world of football would never be the same without their marvelous contributions to the sport.
That being said, the final decision goes to Zidane, this is simply because of his triumphs. These
reasons being that he was voted the preeminent player of the past 5 decades, named on the World
Cup dream team, as well as his induction into Goal's hall of fame. All of these triumphs and
successes automatically outweigh the majority of Nazario de Lima's accomplishments. Zidane's
prosperity will forever be an inspiration to both current and the future generation's soccer players.
Considering the fact that many people base their arguments on insufficient facts, this detailed
information will provide them a clear comprehension of why Zidane is the better player thus ending
the ongoing

Manchester United F.C
MANCHESTER UNITED F.C. Manchester United | | Full name | Manchester United Football Club |
Nickname(s) | The Red Devils[1] | Founded | 1878, as Newton Heath LYR F.C. | Ground | Old
Trafford (Capacity: 75,811[2]) | Owner | Glazer family | Co–chairmen | Joel and Avram Glazer |
Manager | Sir Alex Ferguson | League | Premier League | 2010–11 | Premier League, 1st | Website |
Club home page | | Home colours | Away colours | Third colours | | Current season | Manchester
United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater
Manchester, that plays in thePremier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in
1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo–yo club, achieving its all–time lowest
position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of the club 's principal
benefactor, J. H. Davies, in October 1927, the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that
Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in
December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[19] In the 1938–39 season, the
last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[19]
Busby years (1945–1969) Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969) The Busby
Babes in Denmark in 1955 In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the
managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team
selection, player transfers and training sessions.[20] Busby led the team to second–place league
finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First
Division, its first league title for 41 years.[21] With an average age of 22, the media labelled the
back–to–back title winning side of 1956 "the Busby

Sergio Ramos Research Paper
Sergio Ramos García, known to some as the best defender in the world, is one of many elite
footballers in Spain. His courage and strength made him the revelation of La Liga in the 2004/2005
season in La Liga. Afterwards he played for Sevilla, where he had played since he began in the
youth academy. His superior quality was quickly recognized by one of the top teams in Spain to this
day, Real Madrid. They did not let his talent go to waste and they signed him immediately. Ever
since starting his professional career at Real Madrid, Ramos has been the most essential player in
the defense and has played both as a central defender and as a right–back. He is a natural leader in
the team and has always set a high standard for his teammates in terms ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He has one very prestigious awards including the UEFA European Under–19 Championship in
2004, the UEFA European Championship in 2008 and 2012, and the UEFA Super Cup in 2014 and
2016 with Real Madrid and Spain amongst others. Individually, he has won many more awards such
as La Liga Best Defender annually from 2011 to 2015 and has earned a spot on the UEFA Team of
the Year and the FIFA FIFPro World XI since 2008. Sergio Ramos was and still is one of the most
important parts of the Spanish international team. He is a universal player who is able to play
successfully in multiple positions. Although his main position is right–back, he is actively used as
central defender and box–to–box midfielder. He is a superior ball winner, has tremendous speed, and
is unstoppable in the air. In fact, the majority of his goals were jumping headers under pressure
which only makes him more dangerous in the 18. Many of his awards come from these relatively
calm goals and game–winning in high pressure situations. During his relatively short–lived career,
Ramos has played nearly 600 matches in various competitions, club, and international. He is sure to
continue his success in the years to come, and with his level of consistency, he will soon surpass
many of his colleagues in the football world, and earn the title of best player in the

Clyde Best: The Role Of Racism In Professional Football
"As I ran through the tunnel, they were going to throw acid in my face. I was petrified and I
probably never moved so much and so fast on a soccer field in my life", (Morley 10). This is said by
Clyde Best, the first black player to step on England's field for its top division. Best faced extreme
discrimination, reflecting the strong resistance to immigrants landing on Britain's shores back then.
According to Federal International Football Association(FIFA), any discrimination of any kind
against a country, private person or group, skin color, ethnic, national or social origin, gender,
language, religion, political opinion or any other opinion, birth or any other status, sexual orientation
or any other reason is punishable by controversial sports in history. Racism is a growing problem in
professional soccer that affects the player's mental focus, can cause physical harm and affect the
overall credibility of the sport.
There is not much evidence on the early days history of racism in soccer. One of the first black
player to play at a top level like Best was Andrew Watson. In the early 1800s, Watson became
captain of Scotland's international team. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's going to bring somebody with the stature of Balotelli or Boateng to stroll off amid a match that
really matters for those in control to consider this important. According to Blatter, he said: "Walk
off? No. I don't think that is the solution...I don't think you can run away, because then the team
should have to forfeit the match. "This issue is a very touchy subject, but I repeat there is zero
tolerance of racism in the stadium, we have to go against that"(Dan 1).There may be zero tolerance
from FIFA, yet it would appear to be there is short of nothing being carried out by FIFA. Blatter is
minimal more than a social mouthpiece on the

Btec Level 3 Business 3.1 P1
Task 1 (P1)
Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations.
Coca–Cola;
– Product Development – Branding
Based in America, Coca–Cola have been selling beverages for 125 years and to this day they now
have more than 500 brands and 3,500 beverage products and sell 1.7 billion servings per day in over
200 countries. In 2010 they turned over $35,119 million. Its slogan is 'Enjoy!'
http://www.thecocacolacompany.com/ourcompany/ar/pdf/TCCC_2010_Annual_Review.pdf Product
Development as a marketing technique is where a business develops a new product to sell to
existing customers. Such as, if a customer buys a Playstation game and then buys the expansion
pack that offers more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The club motto is 'Prepared' which is printed under the lion on the badge. The assets of the club is
worth around £250 million, although Randy Lerner paid £63 million for the club.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. www.astonvilla.vitalfootball.co.uk
Relationship marketing as a marketing technique is where a business focuses on the long term value
of customers. Tesco club cards are used to gain loyalty from their customers as the company gives
them something back. This persuades people to continue to shop at Tesco rather than any other
supermarket. This loyalty offer helps the company keep a customer for life.
Business Studies BTEC Book Level 3 – (Bevan, Coupland–Smith, Dransfield, Goymer, Richards)
2010
Aston Villa uses relationship marketing by having their own credit card with reward points, for
example if you transfer at least £200 in the first 90 days then you receives a free away shirt. Also as
a football club, most fans are fans for life, so there are season tickets and a range of fashion items,
from children's to teens to adult clothing and merchandise. The wide range of children's toys and
clothing help gain more fans for life, most children support what their parent's support, so by
marketing children's products they have more future customers.
http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsIndex/0,,10265,00.html Aston Villa use product development as a
marketing technique by introducing new products and ideas to sell to existing

Manchester United
The Red Devils Soccer is one of the most famous and most viewed sports around the world. Every
country has its league, and every league consists of a certain number of competing teams. Modern
soccer, or soccer as we now know it, started in England; the home of the Barclays Premier League.
The Barclays Premier League is known to be one of the most exhilarating, competitive and
unpredictable leagues in the world. Many strong teams compete in the Barclays Premier League and
it is always hard to expect who the winner will be, but for the past few years, out of all the teams
competing in the Premier League, one team stood out and proved that it is truly the best English
team in this period of time, and that team is Manchester United. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The best example that shows how hard Manchester United fight for the title is what happened last
season (2011–2012) with Manchester City as Manchester United won against Sunderland, while
Manchester City were losing to Queens Park Rangers, which is something that no one expected,
until the last few minutes when Manchester City scored two goals, won the match and therefore won
the title by goal difference. Manchester United weren't only successful in England, but also in
Europe with around 200 UEFA Champions League appearances and 5 major European titles.
Manchester United is a team that doesn't miss the UEFA Champions League too often especially
after Sir Alex Ferguson took over. In the current UEFA Champions League (2012–2013),
Manchester United qualified to the knockout stage and was chosen to go against Real Madrid and
everyone knew that it is going to be a very exciting game to watch. In the first leg, everyone was
rooting for Manchester United to lose against Real Madrid as the game was played on Real Madrid's
field; Santiago Bernabeuo, but Manchester United didn't fail to rise to the occasion, score the first
goal in the game and tie with Real Madrid. However, in the second leg

Sociology: Soccer
Sports Studies: Soccer
Profesor: Sean Steele
Hal Emas
April 24 2013
Final Paper
The Calciopoli
Corruption and money go hand in hand. Money is a motivating factor for corruption, and the
transfer of money or other special benefits often finances corruption.
It is a sad fact of life, but you don't have to look very hard to find some form of corruption in
virtually any area of life, wherever it is in sports, politics or business.
Almost on a daily basis can you read about a new case of corruption involving some illegal cash
advance.
Unfortunately, football is not immune to the ill effects of corruption. Football has always reflected
the society it represents, in both its good and bad, and this is the one reason fans are drawn to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was terrible to think that the officials of the game were also the responsables for a certain final
score for a game.
At the end they had to pay, an Italian court ordered that the referees involved in the 2006 match–
fixing scandal to pay $5.25 million in damages to the Italian Football Federation.
And also one of the referee selector during the seasons of the scandal, Paolo Bergamo, received the
heaviest fine of $1.31 million dollars, while his colleague, another referee selector, Pierlugui
Pairetto had to paid $1.05 million dollars.
Also the former Italian soccer federation vice president Innocenzo Mazzini was fined $918,000
dollars, and former referees Massimo de Santis and Tullio Lanese were each fined $656,000 dollars,
nine other were fined smaller accounts.
Calciopoli scandal is likely the best example of the interaction between ordinary justice and sports
justice and the strong differences existing among them. A major issue concerning these two different
types of law concern their timetables. The sport judicial trial was far quicker that the normal one.
The first decision arrived at the 14th July 2006, while the last decision was taken on the 24th of
November 2006. Such velocity could impact the depth of these trials. However, great and most
urgent needs of getting a sentence, required by UEFA, forced the sport

The speed, the agility, the ability to manoeuvre the ball...
The speed, the agility, the ability to manoeuvre the ball to the opposing side of the field, the ability
to reflect and the ability to outsmart your opponent is what makes you a real champion. The player
sprints across the field, she passes the midfielders, the defenders and without realizing she knows
she's there, just the goalie, the net and her. Prodigious cheers and roars are coming from the crowd,
which contemplate the splendid dribbles that took place. And then... an unbelievable cross from an
unrealistic place finds the head of the star striker and the ball goes in and was able to rest on the
back of the net. The crowd goes wild, it is a defining moment in the game, and this is what women's
football has developed into, this is what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They say women have been playing "football" for as long it has existed, evidence suggests that there
was an ancient version of the game that was seen by FIFA as the earliest form of football, called Tsu
Chu, which involves kicking a ball through an opening space into a net. The use of hands is not
allowed.
There are many dates estimated recognized as the first matches ever recorded, Scotland has been the
country were women football has mainly taken place. There is evidence of an annual match being
played in Scotland in the early 1790s, but the first match was recorded by the Scottish Football
Association which took place in 1892 in Glasgow. In England, the first recorded match of football
played between women took place in 1895. Throughout the years, women football has become more
civilised, The Football Association has documented early involvement of Women in Europe. They
say in 12th century French Women have been playing football as part of the era's folk games, also in
the 1790's Scotland included football in the annual Mid–Lothian competition, evidence shows the
fact that women have been playing this sport for as long as men have.
In 1863, the FIFA and head football governing bodies introduced a more civilised threat to the game,
they introduced standardized rules to avoid and prohibit violence in the field, making the game more
safe and more acceptable for women to take part in. The most

The Beer Market Is One Of The Largest Exporting Products
The beer market is one of the largest exporting products in the world; the beer market holds a stable
empire in international customers' mind. The alcoholic beverages are always employed in most
social situations and becomes more officially. One of the pastimes in Russia is drinking alcohol and
they have the highly ranking for alcohol consumption (Blake, 2014). In the past, drinking vodka was
one of the most Russian cultures but due to its negative affect, other alcohol such as beer now
replaces it. As a result, the consumption of beer has witnessed a dramatic upward trend, which
would be analysed more detailed in following paragraphs.
According to Deconinck and Swinnen (2015, 85–86), from the 1960s to 1980s and the early 1990s,
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 1996 to 2007, the average of beer consumption in Russia raised around five times from 15 to
80 litres per capita, making beer become the most popular alcoholic drinks in Russia now and also
transforming Russia into the world third largest beer market (Deconinck and Swinnen, 2015, 83).
According to the reports done by Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada (2012) that Russia is the
largest vodka market in the world, but Russian seemed to reduce consuming this alcohol, whereas
the market trends of beer market in Russia experienced an opposite trend, it increased significantly.
Figure 2 also shows that beer replaced the vodka market in 2000 due to beer has been more
popularised as a more casual drink while vodka had a higher risk of early deaths in mainly affect
(Mazumdar, 2014). In 2010, the overall of Russian people consumed 68 litres of beer, however there
were only 12 litres and 7 litres for spirits and wine. It can see from the data that alcohol market and
beer market is bigger than other kinds of alcohol market such as whiskey and cognac (Agriculture
and Agri–Food Canada, 2012).
During the past decade, the attitudes of Russian was changing and this lead to the sale of the beer
market. According to BBC NEWs (2011), the beer sales have been increasing by 40% whereas the
sales have been falling down by around 30% for vodka market in Russia, which can see from the
data Russian drink more beer than

The Impact Of Ffp Regulations On The Competitive Balance...
Introduction
The UEFA Financial Fair Play (FFP) Regulations have come to terms in 2009 and it has been widely
discussed due to the nature of the rules that was imposed on the clubs. The aim of this short essay
would be to discuss the impacts of FFP Regulations on the competitive balance in European
Football. The first section of this essay is an introduction to the UEFA FFP Regulations. Second, we
briefly introduce the Fort and Quirk Model that will be used to analyse the effects on competitive
balance. Thirdly, we look at findings from sports economists on the FFP Regulations. The final
section will be a conclusion and summary on the effects of UEFA FFP Regulations on the
competitive balance of the leagues.
UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations
The UEFA FFP Regulations is about improving the financial health of European football club
(UEFA, 2014). The regulation have came in force at the end of 2012 season where all clubs had to
abide to the rules and regulations to obtain the license to play in the UEFA Champions League
(UEFA, 2010). Deloitte (2014a, p. 2) refers the FFP break–even requirement as 'a change potentially
as profound as that brought about by the Bosman ruling.'
The main objectives are being documented in UEFA's 2014 'Club Licensing and Financial Fair Play
Regulations' handbook (refer to Appendix). The break–even rule will prevent clubs from spending
more than what they could earn. Clubs have to adhere to aggregate break–even deficit of less than
EUR 5 m.

The Sports Of Association Football Essay
"Soccer" redirects here. For other uses, see Soccer (disambiguation).
This article is about the sport of association football. For football associations, see Football
association. For the English association, see The Football Association.
Association football
Football iu 1996.jpg
The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to kick the ball beyond the opposing team 's goalkeeper and
between the goalposts to score a goal
Highest governing body
FIFA
Nicknames
Football, soccer, the beautiful game, the world game[1]
First played
19 December 1863, Limes Field, Mortlake, London, England[2]
Characteristics
Contact
Yes
Team members
11 per side (including goalkeeper)
Mixed gender
Yes, separate competitions
Type
Team sport, ball sport
Equipment

Football (or soccer ball)
Venue
Football pitch (also known as football field, football ground, soccer field, soccer pitch or simply
"pitch")
Presence
Country or region
Worldwide
Olympic
Yes, men 's since the 1900 Olympics and women 's since the 1996 Olympics
Paralympic
Yes, 5–a–side since 2004 and 7–a–side since 1984
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer,[3] is a sport played between two
teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200
countries, making it the world 's most popular sport.[4][5][6][7] The game is played on a rectangular
field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing
goal.

The Creative Leader
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP: IN WENGER WE TRUST
What makes a creative leader? Creativity, as an intangible quality, is difficult to describe in
fundamental terms. Likewise, leadership is another virtue that cannot be easily qualified as the
impacts of true leadership are far–ranging and difficult to measure. Couple these two qualities
together and what you get is an exceptionally abstract concept that becomes even more challenging
to qualify. However, in Leadership Without Easy Answers, Dr Ronald Heifetz of Harvard University
manages to provide an in–depth analysis and description of creative leadership. Heifetz ultimately
describes leadership as an activity that mobilises people and guides them towards adaptive change.
What I hope to achieve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where Arsenal's teams of old were built on a meld of toughness and flair, Arsenal's new focus
shifted to technical proficiency through possession football. Despite the derision from football
analysts, Wenger stuck to his beliefs and moulded an Arsenal team that approached each game with
a view to dominate possession and patiently wear down opponent's defences. Foremost in Wenger's
ideology was a flexibility to change – apparent in the shift in tactical philosophy, which he backed
up with a stubborn belief in his players and player empowerment. Wenger's actions correlate to what
Heifetz considered key to adaptive leadership, by sticking to his beliefs despite fierce opposition,
taking ownership and responsibility for his decisions whilst trying his best to gradually ease fans
and observers to see the logic behind his choices. Perhaps the best example of Wenger's creative
leadership is his direction and policy for Arsenal, which takes into account both Wenger's innate
belief and the financial climate that has loomed upon English football in recent years. The
generation that succeeded Arsenal's 'Invincibles' were focused on youth development, which
culminated in Wenger's 2009 team which fielded an average age of 22 years 238 days – the 2nd
youngest team in the history of the English Premier League. Wenger's faith in his young team was
largely decried by football analysts, recalling pundit

Sport in Istambul
Sport in Istanbul Sport in Istanbul takes a very big place. There are many different kinds of sport
available on both Asian and European parts. Water sports such as scuba dive and rafting are very
attracting to tourists who come from all over the world and Soccer is very popular among Turkish
citizens. There are many different sport stadiums that are based on the both sides of Istanbul, but
actually many of them belong to Football clubs like Galatasaray, Besiktas and Fenehbahce. Also,
Istanbul holds Vodafone Istanbul Marathon every year. Thousands of Turkish people come out to
stroll and hundreds of athletes run to break new records. I and my friends have participated In 2013
Istanbul Marathon too, it was a great sport experience. As I mentioned previously, many tourists that
come to Istanbul usually do scuba diving. The closest place in Istanbul is Prince's islands. Many
tourists who have dived out there said that the deep waters near the islands are not transparent and
the visibility is not good, but some people say there are diving areas near the islands that allow to
have a great experience of being under the water. Touring agencies offer many scuba diving courses
for the first comers and for professionals, equipment is generally provided by trip organization.
Rafting is an adrenaline filled, exciting experience, a perfect escape from the big city for a day or
weekend, and an ideal group for people of all ages! With its

Project Management and Financial Doping in Football

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