This document discusses research methods in second language acquisition. It covers qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Some key points: - Qualitative research is exploratory, while quantitative research aims to quantify problems numerically. Quantitative methods rely more on measurable data and structured collection. - Ethics are important when involving human subjects. Informed consent and IRB approval are required. Risks and benefits must be outlined. - Common data collection measures include elicited imitation, truth-value judgments, reaction time tests, and picture description tasks. These provide insights into language processing and use. - Variables must be clearly defined and measurable. Studies aim for validity through random sampling, reliability through replication, and appropriate research design.

1. UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS
FUERZAS ARMADAS
ESPE
Learning Activity 1.1
English Project Design

2. CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Research

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.
- It is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
- Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way
of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed
into useable statistics.

4. * Quantitative Research uses
measurable data to
formulate facts and uncover
patterns in research.
* Quantitative data collection
methods are much more
structured than Qualitative data
collection methods.

5. CHAPTER 2
• Issues Related to Data Gathering
Obtaining Informed Consent
From Second Language Learners

6. Ethical Issues In Research Involving Human
Subjects
Second language researchers often have questions about why
approval from institutions and informed consent from individuals is
necessary to collect data
Ethical considerations for research involving human subjects are outlined
in various publicly available international and U.S. government
documents.
The use of research assistants who speak the participants' LI may be
especially valuable in this respect.

7. IRB
IRE reviews are
designed to ensure
the protection of
human research
subjects.
The job of the IRB
is to ascertain that
the investigator
is in compliance with
federal standards for
ethics
This includes
equitable selection
of subjects, adequate
communication of
information.
It is also the
responsibility of the
IRB to
investigate any
alleged or suspected
violations of
protocols.

8. PreparingaProtocolfor
theIRB
- Information about any strategies or
procedures for recruitment
- A description of the potential benefits
that may reasonably be expected
from the research.
- An explanation of the potential risks
(physical, psychological, social,
legal, or other)
- A description of the consent
procedures to be followed.

9. CHAPTER 3
• COMMON DATA COLLECTION MEASURES
Data collection in second language research is multidimensional

10. PILOT TESTING
• It considered to be a small-scale trial of the proposed procedures, materials,
and methods.
• It includes coding sheets and analytic choices.
THE SIGNIFICANCE
OF DATA
COLLECTION
MEASURES
• One goal of research is to uncover information about learner behavior
• Role plays involve "acting" situations and are also useful for establishing
specific contexts.
RESEARCHING
FORMAL MODELS OF
LANGUAGE
• Universal Grammar (UG), arguably the most common paradigm within the
general category of formal models.
• The UG approach to second language acquisition begins from the
perspective of learnability.

11. Materials
Order of
Presentation.
Number of
Sentences.
Timing.
Context.Comparisons.
Modality.
Pictures.

12. Elicited Imitation
Elicited imitation, like acceptability judgments, is used to determine
grammaticality.
Magnitude Estimation
It is useful when one wants not only to rank items in relation
to one another, but also to know how much better X is than Y.
Truth-Value Judgments and Other Interpretation Tasks
Truth-value judgments are a way of understanding how people
interpret sentences.

13. PROCESSING RESEARCH
Sentence
Interpretation
The Competition Model has
spurred a great deal of
research that focuses on how
learners process
information.
T
The major concern is what
information people use in
coming to an understanding
of the relationships of
words in a sentence.
Reaction
Time
Reaction time is considered
here because it is believed to
shed light on how people
process certain parts of
language.
It is assumed that the more
time it takes to respond to a
sentence, the more
processing "energy" is
required.
Moving
Window
The moving window
technique is another
elicitation measure that is
typically carried out on a
computer
Moving window techniques
can provide information
about processing times for
various parts of the
sentence.

14. INTERACTION-BASED RESEARCH
Picture
Description
Tasks
Spot the
Difference
Jigsaw Tasks
Consensus
Tasks
Consciousness-
Raising Tasks
In a jigsaw task, which is a two-way task, individuals
have different pieces of information.
Spot the difference tasks utilize pictures that are
different in predetermined ways.
Many picture description tasks
are information-gap tasks.
Consensus tasks generally involve pairs or groups of
learners who must come to an agreement on a certain
issue.
It facilitates learners' cognitive processes in
terms of awareness of some language area
or linguistic structure.

15. STRATEGIES AND COGNITIVE
PROCESSES
-Take place
within a classroom
context.
-It can be arrived at
on the basis of
observational
data.
Observations
-Self-report: can gain
information about
general approaches
to something.
-Self-observation:
can be introspective
(within a short
period of the event)
or retrospective.
-Self-revelation (also
known as "think-
aloud").
Introspective
Measures

16. SOCIOLINGUISTIC/PRAGMATICS-
BASED RESEARCH
• This methodology allowed for
comparability of the discourse.
• attempt to set up situations in which
certain language events will recur.
Naturalistic
Settings
• can benefit from eliciting narratives
from learners.
• Planning can impact the quantity
and quality of what is produced.
Elicited
Narratives

17. • This is particularly useful if one wants to investigate
speech acts such as apologies, invitations, refusals, and so
forth.
Discourse
Completion
Test (DCT)
• Closed role plays are similar to discourse completion
tasks but in an oral mode.
• Open ole plays, on the other hand, involve interaction
played out by two or more individuals in response to a
particular situation.
Role Play
• How people react to pragmatic infelicities.
• To stage scenarios according to variables of interest,
videotape them, and prepare specific questions for
observers.
Video
Playback for
Interpretation

18. EXISTING DATABASES
CHILDES
The childes database was designed to facilitate
language acquisition research
• It allows researchers to study conversational interactions
among child and adult first and second language learners
and includes a variety of languages and situations

19. CHAPTER 4
• Research Variables, Validity, and Reliability
• It understands how to design a study in second language research.

20. HYPOTHESES
A hypothesis is a
type of prediction
found in many
experimental
studies; it is a
statement about
what we expect to
happen in a study.
VARIABLE
TYPES

21. Independent and Dependent Variables
• The independent variable is the one that we
believe may "cause" the results.
• the independent variable is manipulated to
determine its effect on the dependent
variable.
Independent
• the dependent variable is the one we measure
to see the effects the independent variable
has on it.
• The dependent variable would be expressed
in terms of the number or percentage of
word-final consonants correctly identified.
Dependent

22. OPERATIONALIZATI
ON
• Operationalization allow
measurement.
• Researchers provide
working definitions of
variables, known as
operationalization.
MEASURING
VARIABLES: SCALES
OF MEASUREMENT
• The three most commonly
used scales are nominal,
ordinal, and interval.
• An ordinal scale might be
useful in ordering students
for placement into a
writing program,
VALIDITY
•To make sure that the
results of our study are
valid.
•There are many types of
validity, including content,
face, construct, criterion-
related, and predictive
validity.

23. External Validity
Random
Sampling.
Random sampling refers
to the selection of
participants from the
general population that
the sample will represent.
There are two common
types of random sampling:
simple random and
stratified random
sampling.
Nonrandom
Sampling.
Nonrandom sampling
methods are also common
in second language
research
Common nonrandom
methods include
systematic, convenience,
and purposive sampling.

24. RELIABILITY
• Reliability in its simplest definition refers to consistency, often meaning
instrument consistency.
Test-Retest.
In a test-retest method of determining reliability, the same test is given to the same group of
individuals at two points in time.
Equivalence of Forms.
There are times when it is necessary to determine the equivalence of two tests.
Internal Consistency.
Split-half procedure is determined by obtaining a correlation coefficient by
comparing the performance on half of a test with performance on the other half.

25. CHAPTER 5
• Designing a Quantitative Study

26. RESEARCHMATERIALS
Insufficient tokens.
Task appropriateness for
the elicitation of target
structure.
Insufficient examples for
learners to understand
what to do.
Imprecise instructions.

27. INTACT CLASSES
Intact classes are commonly and often by
necessity used in research for the sake of
convenience.
It can enhance the experimental validity of a
study.
COUNTERBALANCING
Counterbalancing refers to an experimental
design in which the ordering of test items or
tasks are different for different participants.
To counterbalancing treatments, researchers
can also explicitly test for order effects.

28. RESEARCH DESIGN TYPES
Correlational
(Associational)
Research
• To test a relationship between or among variable.
• To make predictions.
Experimental
and Quasi-
Experimental
Research
• Design types can range from truly experimental (with
random assignment) to what is known as quasi-
experimental (without random assignment)
Measuring the
Effect of
Treatment
• Pretest/Posttest Design
• Posttest-On/y Design

29. Repeated Measures Design
The basic characteristic of a repeated measures design also
known as a within-group design. It is that multiple
measurements come from each participant.
Factorial Design
A factorial design allows researchers to consider more than
one independent variable, generally moderator variables
Time-Series Design
A time-series design involves repeated observations over a
set period of time.

30. FINALIZING THE
PROJECT
Putting
together the
design
Following is a
checklist of
some of the
most
common areas
There are
many areas to
consider