This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming fundamentals in Java, including basic concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It discusses Java features, the Java program structure, variables and data types, operators, expressions, arrays, and control statements. Object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. The benefits and applications of OOP are also highlighted.
The root of all modern language is ALGOL (Algorithmic Language), introduced in the early 1969s. ALGOL was the first computer language to use a block structure. In 1967, Martin Richards developed a language called BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) primarily for writing system software. In 1970, Ken Thompson created a language using main features of BCPL and called it simply B. B was used to create early version of UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories. C was evolved from ALGOL, BCPL and B by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories in 1972 for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is now one of the most widely used programming languages.
The root of all modern language is ALGOL (Algorithmic Language), introduced in the early 1969s. ALGOL was the first computer language to use a block structure. In 1967, Martin Richards developed a language called BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) primarily for writing system software. In 1970, Ken Thompson created a language using main features of BCPL and called it simply B. B was used to create early version of UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories. C was evolved from ALGOL, BCPL and B by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories in 1972 for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is now one of the most widely used programming languages.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This is the Complete course of C++ Programming Language for Beginners. All Topics of C++ programming Language are covered in this single power point presentation.
Visit: www.cyberlabzone.com
Non-linear classification models rely commonly, on kernel functions. Models are highly dependent on a training (labeled) data sets. Models and therefore their underlying kernel have to adapt to the most recent labeled observations.
This presentation describes a solution to automated the evaluation and selection of a kernel function appropriate to a specific training set in online training.
Previous post we discussed what is a user defined function in MATLAB. This lecture we will discuss how to define a function and how to call the function in a script.
Components of a function is discussed in the previous lecture. The first statement in a function must be function definition.The basic syntax of a function definition is:
function[a, b, c]= basicmath(x,y)
Basically a function accepts an input vector, perform the operation, and returns a result. The sample function given has two input variables and three output variables. But we can also have functions without input or/and output.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This is the Complete course of C++ Programming Language for Beginners. All Topics of C++ programming Language are covered in this single power point presentation.
Visit: www.cyberlabzone.com
Non-linear classification models rely commonly, on kernel functions. Models are highly dependent on a training (labeled) data sets. Models and therefore their underlying kernel have to adapt to the most recent labeled observations.
This presentation describes a solution to automated the evaluation and selection of a kernel function appropriate to a specific training set in online training.
Previous post we discussed what is a user defined function in MATLAB. This lecture we will discuss how to define a function and how to call the function in a script.
Components of a function is discussed in the previous lecture. The first statement in a function must be function definition.The basic syntax of a function definition is:
function[a, b, c]= basicmath(x,y)
Basically a function accepts an input vector, perform the operation, and returns a result. The sample function given has two input variables and three output variables. But we can also have functions without input or/and output.
Spring Day | Spring and Scala | Eberhard WolffJAX London
2011-10-31 | 09:45 AM - 10:30 AM
Spring is widely used in the Java world - but does it make any sense to combine it with Scala? This talk gives an answer and shows how and why Spring is useful in the Scala world. All areas of Spring such as Dependency Injection, Aspect-Oriented Programming and the Portable Service Abstraction as well as Spring MVC are covered.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
3. Features of OBJECT ORIENTED
PARADIGMS
1. Data
2. Objects
3. Data structures
4. Methods
5. Hidden data
6. Communication
7. Addition of new data
8. Bottom up approach
4. Basic concepts of OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
I. OBJECTS & CLASSES
II. DATA ABSTRACTION & ENCAPSULATION
III. INHERITANCE
IV. POLYMORPHISM
V. DYNAMIC BINDING
VI. MESSAGE COMMUNICATION
5. I.OBJECTS & CLASSES
• Object-Basic runtime entity
• Class- Collection of objects of similar type
6. II.DATA ABSTRACTION &
ENCAPSULATION
• Encapsulation–Wrapping up of data and
methods into single unit(called class).
• Data hiding –Insulation of data from direct
access by program.
• Data abstraction Representing essential
features only.
9. V.DYNAMIC BINDING
• Linking of procedure call to code.
• Linking of method call to its corresponding
method definition takes place only during
runtime.
11. BENEFITS OF OOP
• Inheritance
• Time saving and high productivity.
• Data hiding
• Multiple objects
• Mapping of objects
• Easy to upgrade
• Communication through messages
• Can manage software complexity easily
12. APPLICATIONS OF OOP
• Real time systems.
• Simulation & Modelling.
• Object oriented DB
• AI
• Neural networks
13. JAVA FEATURES
Introduction:-
• Java is an object oriented language developed
by Sun Microsystems.
• Original name was OAK . Later renamed to
JAVA.
• Platform neutral language(platform
independent.)(Java Virtual Machine).
• Java is both compiled and interpreted
language.
16. JAVA FEATURES
1. Java is both a compiled and an interpreted language.
2. Platform independent and portable-Write Once Run
Anywhere.
3. Object Oriented.
4. Robust and Secure.
5. Distributed.
6. Automatic Memory Management.
7. Dynamic binding
8. High performance.
9. Multithreading.
17. Some features in C/C++ are eliminated in java.
They are listed below.
• No Pointers
• No Preprocessor Directives
• No Multiple Inheritance in Classes
• No operator overloading.
• No global variables.
18. Simple Java Program
class Welcome
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java world “);
}
}
20. Simple Java Program
/* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates and open the template in the
editor. */
package college;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql;
class sum
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=10,j=25;
k=i+j;
System.out.println(“THE SUM IS “+k);
}
}
21. Download JDK and install in
Windows10- Use the following
YouTube link.
https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video?fr
=mcafee&ei=UTF-
8&p=download+jdk&type=E211US1045G0#id=4
&vid=3aa873b105c9f56e6a73b619da6222ba&a
ction=click
Compilation code- javac filename.java
Execution code- java filename
22. JAVA TOKENS
• In Java every statement is made up of smallest
individual elements called tokens. Tokens in java
include the following:-
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Separators
23. 1. Keywords
• Keywords cannot be redefined by a
programmer
• Keywords cannot be used as identifier name.
Eg: Abstract, Assert, Boolean, Break, Byte, Case.
• Java language has reserved 50 words as
keywords.
24. 2. Identifiers
• Programmer designed tokens. Used for naming
variables, methods, classes etc.
• An identifier can contain alphanumeric
characters, but it should begin with an alphabet.
• Identifiers are case sensitive.
• Underscore and dollar sign are two special
character allowed.
• Eg:A23C
• Bob@gmail - Wrong
25. 3. Literals
• LITERAL is a program element that represents
an exact (fixed) value of a certain type. Java
language supports the following type of
literals.
1. Integer Literals. (Ex. 123)
2. Floating point Literals. (Ex. 88.223)
3. Character Literals. (Ex. ‘.’ , ‘a’ , ‘n’)
4. String Literals. (Ex. “Hello World”)
5. Boolean Literals. (Ex. True,false)
26. 4. Separators
• Symbols used to indicate where group of code
are divided and arranged.
• ()
• {}
• []
• ;
• ,
• .
27. 5. Operators
• Tells the computer to perform certain
mathematical or logical manipulations on data
and variables. Different types are:-
1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Unary Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Equality and Relational Operators.
5. Logical and Conditional Operators.
6. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators.
7. Special operators
29. 3. Assignment Operators
Eg:a=b+c;
a=a+1; and a+=1; same meaning.
a+=1 is shorthand assignment operator.
4. Equality and Relational Operators
Eg: a==b;
a!=b;
• Value of relational expression is either true or false.
• It is used in decision statements.
Eg: a<b;
a>b;
a<=b;
a>=b;
30. 5. Logical and Conditional Operators.
• Used to form compound conditions by combining 2 or more
relations.
&& -logical AND
|| -logical OR.
! – logical compliment.
Eg: a>b && x==10;
?: - Conditional ternary opeartor(shorthand for if-then-else
statement).
Eg: x=(a>b)?a:b;
31. 6. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right sift
>>> Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
32. 7. Special Operators
1. Instanceof operator
Eg: person instanceof student.
• Checks whether object person belongs to class student or not.
• Returns either true or false
2. Dot operator /member selection operator
• Used to access variables and methods of a class object.
Eg: Person1.age;
Person1.salary();
Where person1 is an object .
Age is a variable
Salary() is a method.
35. EXPRESSIONS
• Java expressions are used to implement some computation.
• Syntax: Variable=Exprerssion;
• Simple Expression : x=a+b;
• Complicated expression : a*(b+c)/(m+n)*f;
In this example,
1. (b+c) or (m+n) executed first since it is written inside
brackets.(From left to right or right to left. Refer operator
precedence table in Unit1Part1.pdf).
2. a*(b+c), or (m+n)*f executes multiplication operation secondly.
3. Finally division operation takes place.
36. COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
• Command line arguments are parameters that are supplied to the
application program at the time of invoking it for execution.
• Eg:- public static void main(String args[]).
• Eg: javac hello.java
java hello 123 abc 12.88
Then,
• args[0] contains 123
• args[1] contains abc
• args[2] contains 12.88
• Wrapper classes are used to convert the string to corresponding
simpler data type.
• ie, static int parseInt(String s)
• For example: int value= Integer.parseInt(“123”)
• Int total=args.length;
• Converts stirng 10 to integer data type.
37. Fibonacci series
class fib{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n;
int a=0,b=1,c;
n=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c=a+b;
System.out.println("The next number is "+c);
a=b;
b=c;
}
}
}
38. VARIABLES
• Variables refers to names of storage location
which is used to store data vales.
Eg: int i;
int i=3,j=5;
• Can take different values at different times during
execution of the program.
• Similar as identifiers.
• Assignment method
• readline() method.(Type casting)
39. Variables example- readLine()
import java.io.Console;
class exampleread
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String str;
Console con = System.console();
if(con == null)
{
System.out.print("No console available");
return;
}
str = con.readLine("Enter your name: ");
con.printf("Here is your name: %sn", str);
}
}
40. VARIABLES(readLine() & Type casting
using wrapper classes)
import java.io.Console;
class examplereadline
{
try{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int age=0;
Console con = System.console();
age= Integer.parseInt(con.readLine("Enter your age") );
con.printf("Here is your age:%dn", age);
}
}
Catch{
}
}
41. Scope of variables
• Instance variables - Created when objects are instantiated and
takes different values for each object.
Eg: student s1=new student();
• Each object has its own copy of instance variables.
• Class variables - Available to all methods in a class.
• Local variables – Local to the method inside it is declared.
42. Scope of variables-Example
// Demonstrate block scope.
class Scope {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10) { // start new scope
int y = 20; // known only to this block
// x and y both known here.
System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}
}
43. CONSTANTS
• Constants refer to values that do not change
during the execution of the program.
• Java supports following types of constants.
44. • Integer constant. Eg:2021.
• Real/Floating point constant. Eg: 32.567.
• String constant. Eg: “Hello World”.
• Character constant. Eg: ‘a’.
• Final float pi=3.142;
• Apart from these types of constants java also
supports backslash character constants.
BACKSLASH CONSTANT PURPOSE
b Backspace
f Form feed
n New Line
r Carriage return
t Horizontal tab
Backslash
46. Data types
Integer
char a = 'G';
int i=89;
byte b = 4;
short s = 56;
float f = 4.7333434f;
double d = 4.355453532d;
47. Data types- Example
class datatypes{
public static void main(String args[]){
char a = 'G';
int i=89;
byte b = 4;
short s = 3;
double d = 4.355453532d;
float f = 4.7333434f;
System.out.println("char: " + a);
System.out.println("integer: " + i);
System.out.println("byte: " + b);
System.out.println("short: " + s);
System.out.println("float: " + f);
System.out.println("double: " + d);
}
}
48. ARRAYS
• An array is a group of contiguous/related data
items that share a common name.
• Syntax: Data type Arrayname[];
• Eg: int salary[9] or int[] salary;
• 3 steps to create the array.
• 1) Declare the array->Only a reference of array
created.
• 2) Create the memory allocation->
salary=new int[9];
• 3)Putting values to memory location.
49. Array representation:-
Int a=Arrayname.length; // To find length of the array.
One dimensional Arrays.
Array Literal
In a situation, where the size of the array and variables of
array are already known, array literals can be used.
int[] intArray = new int[]{ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 };
50. class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
51. Arrays as Parameters
An entire array can be passed as a parameter to a
method
Like any other object, the reference to the array is
passed, making the formal and actual parameters aliases
of each other
Changing an array element within the method changes
the original
An array element can be passed to a method as well, and
follows the parameter passing rules of that element's
type
52. class Testarray3{
//creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
static void min(int arr[]){
int min=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)
if(min>arr[i])
min=arr[i];
System.out.println(min);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
min(a);//passing array to method
}}
54. Array-Assigning values can be done directly or
using loops.
public static void main(String args[])
{
// declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][] = { {2,7,9},{3,6,1},{7,4,2} };
// printing 2D array
for (int i=0; i< 3 ; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j < 3 ; j++)
System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
55. Multi Dimensional Arrays
• int[][][] intArray = new int[10][20][10]; //a 3D
array .
• Known as Jagged Arrays.
• Strings- Character Array or String Objects.
56. STRINGS
• It is the most common part of many java
programs.
• String represent a sequence of characters.
• The simplest way to represent a sequence of
characters in java is by using a character array.
• Example:
char charArray[ ] = new char[4];
charArray[0] = ‘J’;
charArray[1] = ‘a’;
58. STRING ARRAYS
• Array can be created and used that contain
strings.
• Above statement create following effects:
59. In Java, strings are class objects and implemented
using two classes,namely, String and StringBuffer.
A java string is an instantiated object of the String
class.
Java string as compared to C strings, are more
reliable and predicable.
A java string is not a character array and is not
NULL terminated.
60. STRING METHODS
String class defines a number of methods that
allow us to accomplish a variety of string
manipulation tasks.
Eg: 1) s2=s1.toLowercase;
2) s2=s1.toUppercase;
3) s1.compareTo(s2) //To sort array of
strings.
61. STRING BUFFER CLASS
StringBuffer is a peer class of String.
While String creates strings of fixed_length,
StringBuffer creates strings of flexible length that
can be modified in term of both length and content.
We can insert characters and substrings in the
middle of a string to the end.