Solid Catalyzed Reactions
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL BACKGROUND
4.1 General Considerations
5 SOLID CATALYZED GAS REACTIONS
5.1 Reaction Kinetics
5.2 Tests for Transport Limitations
5.3 Building a Reaction Kinetic Equation
6 INTRAPARTICLE
6.1 Types of Pore System
6.2 The Catalyst Effectiveness Factor
6.3 The Measurement of Effective Diffusivity
7 ENHANCEMENT OF INTRAPARTICLE
8 NOMENCLATURE
8.1 Dimensionless Parameters
8.2 Greek Letters
8.3 Subscripts
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9.1 Further Reading
APPENDICES
A LANGMUIR - HINSHELWOOD KINETICS
FIGURES
1 EFFECTIVE RATE CONSTANT
2 ITERATIVE APPROACH TO REACTOR MODEL
DEVELOPMENT
3 COMMON LABORATORY MICROREACTORS (FLOW TYPE)
4 THE BERTY REACTOR
5 STEPS IN BUILDING A REACTION RATE EQUATION
6 A CENTRAL-COMPOSITE DESIGN FOR TWO FACTORS
7 FIRST ORDER ISOTHERMAL IRREVERSIBLE
REACTION WITHIN A CATALYST SPHERE
8 INTEGRAL YIELD vs CONVERSION SHOWING EFFECT OF PELLET DIFFUSION
9 PREDICTED AND EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS FACTORS
10 STRUCTURAL PERMEABILITY vs PRESSURE PARAMETER Z FOR BI-MODAL SUPPORTS
11 EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR vs THIELE MODULUS AND INTRAPARTICLE PECLET NUMBER
12 RELATIVE INCREASE IN CATALYST PERFORMANCE
Solid Catalyzed Reactions
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL BACKGROUND
4.1 General Considerations
5 SOLID CATALYZED GAS REACTIONS
5.1 Reaction Kinetics
5.2 Tests for Transport Limitations
5.3 Building a Reaction Kinetic Equation
6 INTRAPARTICLE
6.1 Types of Pore System
6.2 The Catalyst Effectiveness Factor
6.3 The Measurement of Effective Diffusivity
7 ENHANCEMENT OF INTRAPARTICLE
8 NOMENCLATURE
8.1 Dimensionless Parameters
8.2 Greek Letters
8.3 Subscripts
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9.1 Further Reading
APPENDICES
A LANGMUIR - HINSHELWOOD KINETICS
FIGURES
1 EFFECTIVE RATE CONSTANT
2 ITERATIVE APPROACH TO REACTOR MODEL
DEVELOPMENT
3 COMMON LABORATORY MICROREACTORS (FLOW TYPE)
4 THE BERTY REACTOR
5 STEPS IN BUILDING A REACTION RATE EQUATION
6 A CENTRAL-COMPOSITE DESIGN FOR TWO FACTORS
7 FIRST ORDER ISOTHERMAL IRREVERSIBLE
REACTION WITHIN A CATALYST SPHERE
8 INTEGRAL YIELD vs CONVERSION SHOWING EFFECT OF PELLET DIFFUSION
9 PREDICTED AND EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS FACTORS
10 STRUCTURAL PERMEABILITY vs PRESSURE PARAMETER Z FOR BI-MODAL SUPPORTS
11 EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR vs THIELE MODULUS AND INTRAPARTICLE PECLET NUMBER
12 RELATIVE INCREASE IN CATALYST PERFORMANCE
This presentation related to molecular diffusion of molecules in gases and liquids. Also includes inter-phase mass transfer and various theories related to it like two film theory, penetration theory and surface renewal theory.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
Single and multiple effective evaporator (mee)Sumer Pankaj
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.[1] In a multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used.
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by an African-American inventor and engineer Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845. Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.
Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment.
Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
This presentation related to molecular diffusion of molecules in gases and liquids. Also includes inter-phase mass transfer and various theories related to it like two film theory, penetration theory and surface renewal theory.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
Single and multiple effective evaporator (mee)Sumer Pankaj
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.[1] In a multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used.
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by an African-American inventor and engineer Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845. Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.
Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment.
Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
a brief presentation of increasing efficiency of refrigerants using nanotechnology. its main objective is to reduce other pollution effects produced due to refrigerants.
Robust Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalyst for N2O abatement – Valid...CarmenMoncada10
Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalysts were developed, optimizing washcoating procedure, active phase loading, and its deposition method via impregnation and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, μRS, SEM/EDS, and BET, revealing that the catalyst layer deposited over cordierite carrier, consists of a washcoated micrometric α-Al2O3 (0.1–0.3 µm grains), where spinel nanocrystals (30–50 nm) were uniformly dispersed. It was found out that the SCS method to synthesize and finely disperse spinel nanoparticles results in significant better catalytic performance in low-temperature N2O decomposition than the classic impregnation method. The effectiveness factor evaluated, based on catalyst morphological features and deN2O catalytic results, was found to be ≈1. The determined mass transfer coefficients and type of the catalyst working regime (purely kinetic in the whole temperature range) provide the useful platform for rational design of a real deN2O catalyst.
CCUS in the USA: Activity, Prospects, and Academic Research - plenary presentation given by Alissa Park at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Fuel Cells are becoming the preferred alternate energy but unless the constraints are understood and dealt with it will not be adopted at the rate it should
1. DAN F SMITH DEAPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS
SPRING 2016
PROJECT PRENSENTATION ON
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
BY
SAINATH REDDY GUNDREDDI (L20400923)
ROHIT SHINDE (L20355026)
SONG WANG (L20359977)
2. INTRODUCTION
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
METHODOLOGY AND ITS COMPONENTS
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION AND ITS COMPONENTS
PROCESS INTENSIFYING EQUIPMENT
PROCESS INTENSIFYING METHODS
BACKGROUND
HISTORY
PROCESS IN DECADES
ALGORITHM FOR PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES
CATALYSTASSISTED PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS FROM NATURAL GAS
RESIN WATER ELECTRODE IONIZATION
POWER GENERATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES(MSW)
SIMULATION FOR POWER GENERATION FROM MSW
SIMULATION BUILD UP
PROCESS FLOW SHEET
COMPONENTS LIST
THERMODYNAMIC PACKAGE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. Process intensification is commonly seen as one of the most promising
development paths for the chemical process industry.
One of the most important progress areas for modern chemical
engineering.
Process intensification concerns only engineering methods and
equipment.
Process Intensification has gained a momentum as a revolutionary
approach to chemical process, in around last two decades.
PI has been described as “the key to survival of the fittest in international
competition”.
Various scientists are interested in Process intensification due to its
enormous advantages.
4. “A strategy for making dramatic reductions in the size of a Chemical Plant so as to
reach a given production objective” - C. Ramshaw, 1995
In other words, Process Intensification is a Modern approach that aims to shrink the
size of a chemical plant but at the same time increases their efficiency.
Process - Route to manufacture
Liquid processing
Gas processing
Solid processing
Multiphase processing
Intensification
Reduce footprint
Reduce cost
Reduce environmental impact
Increase output
Increase value and or quality of product
Increase safety, reduce risk
5. PROCESS INTENSIFICATION AND ITS COMPONENTS
As shown in Figure , the whole field generally can be divided into two areas: process-intensifying equipment,
such as novel reactors, and intensive mixing, heat-transfer and mass-transfer devices; process intensifying
methods, such as new or hybrid separations, integration of reaction and separation, heat exchange, or phase
transition (in so-called multifunctional reactors), techniques using alternate energy sources (light, ultrasound,
etc.), and new process-control methods (like intentional unsteady-state operations).
7. As highlighted in Figure , most process-intensifying methods
fall into three well-defined areas: integration of reaction and
one or more unit operations into so-called multifunctional
reactors, development of new hybrid separations, and use of
alternative forms and sources of energy for processing.
Multifunctional Reactors
Membrane Reactors
Hybrid Separations
Use of alternate forms and sources of energy.
8. HISTORY
Today, we are witnessing important new developments that go beyond “traditional”
chemical engineering. Engineers at many universities and industrial research
centers are working on novel equipment and techniques that potentially could
transform our concept of chemical plants and lead to compact, safe, energy-
efficient, and environment-friendly sustainable processes.
These developments share a common focus on “process intensification” — an
approach that has been around for quite some time but has truly emerged only in
the past few years as a special and interesting discipline of chemical engineering.
In 1995, while opening the 1st International Conference on Process Intensification
in the Chemical Industry, Ramshaw, one of the pioneers in the field, defined
process intensification as a strategy for making dramatic reductions in the size of a
chemical plant so as to reach a given production objective.
These reductions can come from shrinking the size of individual pieces of
equipment and also from cutting the number of unit operations or apparatuses
involved.
In any case, the degree of reduction must be significant; how significant remains a
matter of discussion.
9. Global Process Intensification
1970s Major Chemical Companies
Research Laboratories
ICL, Shell, Bp, Courtaulds, Exxon
“Product Invention”
Polymers, PEEK, Pruteen,
PHB, Carbon Fibers.
Processes; Fluidized beds.
1980s “Market forces” Mergers, sales and
acquisitions.
Pharma
Heat Exchange Networks (HENS). Colin
Ramshaw.
“Process Intensification”
Spinning Disc reactor.
1990s
Emergence of Asia and Middle East as
major players. Emergence of
Biotechnology, Nanotechnology.
Batch to Continuous.
Membranes.
2000s Co2, Energy, Biofuels, Displays,
Telecoms
Nanotechnology
Microfluidics
Pharma, Batch to continuous
Car catalyst exhaust
2010s
“Economic pause”
Telecoms
Electric cars
Alternative energy sources
Pharma; continuous tablet.
Batteries.
Ink Jet Technologies
10.
11. CATALYST ASSISTED PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS FROM NATURAL GAS
Introduction: Liquid Ethylene, an important olefin, is a key building block in the production
of numerous chemicals and polymers and the largest volume organic chemical produced in the
United States and the world today
Problem Statement:
• In this process, hydrocarbons (either a natural gas liquids (NGLs) or naphtha feedstock) are
pyrolyzed at temperatures of 800°C–900°C and then cooled.
• Coke forms and deposits on internal surfaces of the coils. These coke deposits cause
undesirable side effects, including constricting the flow of ethylene through the furnace,
forcing higher furnace temperatures to maintain performance, and eventually halting
ethylene production to remove coke from the furnace walls.
Process:
• Apply a novel catalytic coating on internal surfaces of the coils where ethane is converted at
extremely high temperatures to ethylene.
• The coating catalyzes the oxidation of the carbon on the surface, greatly reducing coke
formation and its associated problems.
Conclusion :Less coke formation within the coils contributes to longer run times and lower
decoking frequency, leading to savings in energy and corresponding greenhouse emissions
12. RESIN WATER ELECTRODE IONIZATION
Introduction:
• Electrode ionization (EDI) is a modified version of electro dialysis (ED) that
contains conductive ion exchange (IX) resin beads within the dilute compartment
Problem Statement:
• In Electro Dialysis, dilute solutions are used where due to the limited ion
concentration, ionic conductivity decreases and electrical energy is wasted in water
splitting.
Process:
• EDI combines the advantages of ED and IX chromatography. It utilizes in-site
regeneration of the IX resin beads by a phenomenon known as “water splitting”.
Water splitting on the surface of the IX resin beads regenerates the beads and
ensures higher ionic conductivity within the dilute compartment.
• The conductive IX resin beads in EDI provide sufficient ionic conductivity, even
with a dilute solution, and provide an efficient ion transport pathway through the IX
resin beads.
Conclusion:
• This technology offers enhanced fluid and flow distribution, higher conductivity,
superior pH control, ease of materials handling and system assembly, and a porous
solid support for incorporation of catalysts, biocatalysts, and other adjuvants.
13. POWER GENERATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTES(MSW)
Introduction:
• Incinerator Plant Power generation from municipal solid wastes (MSW) is an
attractive technology in the areas of renewable energy utilization. MSW can be
converted into energy both by the direct burning of MSW to produce electricity
and by indirect burning by converting MSW into refuse derived fuel.
Problem Statement:
• In RDF Plant, incineration involves a complex chemical process in which
many harmful products are generated (SOx, NOx, HCl, CO, HF, dioxin, furans,
Hg, etc.)
• The plant contains five main parts. RDF combustion, post-combustion, + NOx
reduction, making heat recovery in order to generate the steam and Solid
separation.
• Process:
• Conclusion:
14. •Heat recovery section: the steam
generator has three vertical radiant
passes and a horizontal convection
pass with surfaces of the
evaporators, super heaters and
economizers;
• Flue-gas treatment section: it
consists of a SNCR system, a
spray absorber system and a
baghouse filter;
•Power generation section: it
consists of a condensing turbine
unit, coupled directly with the
generator.
16. For the components C, CaSO3, CaSO4 and CaCl2, it’s choosy to change the type from conventional to the
solid, but in the flue-gas treatment section we have to specify it to solid type.
17. There are couples of dynamic package which can be used to set up the simulation, following gives the
property methods selection.
IEDAL gas property methods is for the RDF combustion section including post-combustion and NOx
reduction parts. When the reactions happened in the stoichiometric reactor, the reactor generate the
products including CaSO3, CaSO4 and CaCl2. Because of the electrolyte mixture, we choose ELECNRTL
method to get accurate parameters.
18. Process Intensification has gained a momentum as a revolutionary approach to chemical
process, in around last two decades. PI has been described as “the key to survival of the fittest
in international competition”. With much emphasis on sustainable development nowadays, PI
can come handy and make chemical and pharmaceutical processes much greener. Chemical
Process and industry fraternity is looking towards PI as new paradigm in to lead chemical
process industries. It took over transport phenomena.
The potential for PI remains largely untapped, but the economic rewards for those companies
that to introduce PI are likely to be substantial and this will have environmental benefits for a
more sustainable future for generations to come.
Future work will focus on the laboratory protocols section of the methodology. This involves
further development of experimental equipment and procedures to demonstrate intensified,
continuous operation. This is a vital part in proving the success of a PI concept and will allow
determination of the benefits achievable, without the need for building a continuous pilot
plant
Awareness of PI still has to be raised in some sectors of the chemical industry, though there
are signs that many firms are looking towards innovation as a means of gaining a competitive
edge and meeting legislation. A change in the way process development is traditionally done
will be required for innovation to be properly adopted. This PI methodology provides a
mechanism to promote such a change by encouraging PI to be considered where it may
normally be overlooked.
