The lecture outlines the steps for creating a chemical process design, including preliminary database creation, experiments, preliminary process synthesis to generate a synthesis tree of alternatives, and development of a base-case design focused on the most promising alternatives. It then provides an example of applying these steps to synthesize a process for manufacturing vinyl chloride (VCM) through analyzing reaction pathways and integrating tasks into unit operations.
How Can CCU Provide a Net Benefit? - presentation by Peter Styring in the Emissions through the CCS Lifecycle session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
How Can CCU Provide a Net Benefit? - presentation by Peter Styring in the Emissions through the CCS Lifecycle session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Episode 55 : Conceptual Process Synthesis-Design
Process Flowsheet Synthesis: Method to determine a process flowsheet that satisfies all product, operational and other requirements
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 55 : Conceptual Process Synthesis-Design
Process Flowsheet Synthesis: Method to determine a process flowsheet that satisfies all product, operational and other requirements
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Calculus is the major part of Mathematis. This theoretical presentation covered all relevant definations and systematic review points about calculus. It also brings and promote you towards in advance mathematics.
An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
It is part of Chemical Engineering. A lot of toxic released from Chemical Industries. How to reduce that wastewater effluent. All the techniques and measurements are included in this presentation.
Industrial Effluent Treatment by Modern Techniques.pptEr. Rahul Jarariya
Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is one type of waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial wastewater for its reuse and its aim is to release safe water to the environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Helping achieve a greener society.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
1. Lecture 2 – Objectives
Understand how to go about assembling design data and
creating a preliminary data base.
Be able to implement the steps in creating flowsheets
involving reactions, separations, and T-P change
operations. In so doing, many alternatives are identified
that can be assembled into a synthesis tree that contains
the most promising alternatives.
Know how to select the principal pieces of equipment and
to create a detailed process flowsheet, with a material and
energy balance and a list of major equipment items.
2. Lecture 2 – Outline
• Preliminary Database Creation
– to assemble data to support the design
• Experiments
– often necessary to supply missing database items or
verify crucial data
• Preliminary Process Synthesis
– top-down approach
– to generate a “synthesis tree” of design alternatives
– illustrated by the synthesis of a process for the
manufacture of VCM
• Development of Base-case Design
– focusing on the most promising alternative(s) from the
synthesis tree
3. Preliminary Database Creation
• Thermophysical property data
– physical properties
– phase equilibria (VLE data)
– property prediction methods
• Environmental and safety data
– toxicity data
– flammability data
• Chemical Prices
– e.g. as published in the Chemical Marketing Reporter
• Experiments
– to check on crucial items above
4. Preliminary Process Synthesis
• Synthesis of Chemical Processes
– Selection of processing mode: continuous or batch
– Fixing the chemical state of raw materials, products,
and by-products, noting the differences between them
– Process (unit) operations - flowsheet building blocks
– Synthesis steps
Eliminate differences in molecular types
Distribute chemicals by matching sources and sinks
Eliminate differences in composition
Eliminate differences in temperature, pressure and phase
Integrate tasks (combine tasks into unit operations)
6. The Chemical State
• Decide on raw material and product specifications
– Mass (flow rate)
– Composition (mole or mass fraction of each chemical
species having a unique molecular type)
– Phase (solid, liquid, or gas)
– Form (e.g., particle-size distribution and particle shape)
– Temperature
– Pressure
7. Process Operations
• Chemical reaction
– Positioning in the flowsheet involves many considerations
(conversion, rates, etc.), related to T and P at which the reaction
are carried out.
• Separation of chemicals
– needed to resolve difference between the desired composition of a
product stream and that of its source. Selection of the appropriate
method depends on the differences of the physical properties of
the chemical species involved.
• Phase separation
• Change of temperature
• Change of pressure
• Change of phase
• Mixing and splitting of streams and branches
8. Synthesis Steps
Synthesis Step
Eliminate differences in
molecular types
Distribute chemicals by
matching sources and sinks
Eliminate differences in
composition
Eliminate differences in
temp, pressure and phase
Integrate tasks (combine
tasks into unit operations)
Process Operation
Chemical reaction
Mixing and splitting
Separation
Temperature, pressure
and phase change
9. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types
– Chemicals participating in VC manufacture
Chemical
Molecular
weight
Chemical
formula
Chemical
structure
Acetylene 26.04 C2H2 H- C C- H
Chlorine 70.91 Cl2
Cl-Cl
1,2-Dichloroethane 98.96 C2H4Cl2
Cl Cl
| |
H-C-C-H
| |
H H
Ethylene 28.05 C2H4
H H
C= C
H H
Hydrogen chloride 36.46 HCl H-Cl
Vinyl chloride 62.50 C2H3Cl
H Cl
C= C
H H
10. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Selection of pathway to VCM (1)
Direct chlorination of ethylene
Advantages:
– Attractive solution to the specific problem denoted as Alternative 2 in
analysis of primitive problem.
– Occurs spontaneously at a few hundred oC.
Disadvantages:
– Does not give a high yield of VC without simultaneously producing large
amounts of by-products like dichloroethylene
– Half of the expensive chlorine is consumed to produce HCl by-product,
which may not be sold easily.
HCl
Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C 3
2
2
4
2
(4.1)
11. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Selection of pathway to VCM (2)
Hydrochlorination of acetylene
Advantages:
– This exothermic reaction is a potential solution for the specific problem
denoted as Alternative 3. It provides a good conversion (98%) of C2H2
to VC in the presence of HgCl2 catalyst impregnated in activated carbon at
atmospheric pressure.
– These are fairly moderate reaction conditions, and hence, this reaction
deserves further study.
Disadvantages:
– Flammability limits of C2H2 (2.5 100%)
Cl
H
C
HCl
H
C 3
2
2
2
(4.2)
12. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Selection of pathway to VCM (3)
Thermal cracking of C2H4Cl2 from chlorination of C2H4
Advantages:
– Conversion of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane in exothermic reaction (4.3)
is 98% at 90C and 1 atm with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as FeCl3.
This intermediate is converted to vinyl chloride by thermal cracking
according to the endothermic reaction (4.4), which occurs spontaneously
at 500C with conversions as high as 65% (Alternative 2).
Disadvantages:
– Half of the expensive chlorine is consumed to produce HCl by-product,
which may not be sold easily.
2
4
2
2
4
2 Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C
HCl
Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C 3
2
2
4
2
HCl
Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C 3
2
2
4
2
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.1)
13. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Selection of pathway to VCM (4)
Thermal cracking of C2H4Cl2 from oxychlorination of C2H4
Advantages:
– Highly exothermic reaction (4.5) achieves a 95% conversion to C2H4Cl2 in
the presence of CuCl2 catalyst, followed by pyrolysis step (4.4) as
Reaction Path 3.
– Excellent candidate when cost of HCl is low
– Solution for specific problem denoted as Alternative 3.
Disadvantages:
– Economics dependent on cost of HCl
(4.5)
(4.4)
(4.6)
O
H
Cl
H
C
O
HCl
2
H
C 2
2
4
2
2
2
1
4
2
HCl
Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C 3
2
2
4
2
O
H
Cl
H
C
O
HCl
H
C 2
3
2
2
2
1
4
2
14. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Selection of pathway to VCM (5)
Balanced Process for Chlorination of Ethylene
Advantages:
– Combination of Reaction Paths 3 and 4 - addresses Alternative 2.
– All Cl2 converted to VC
– No by-products!
(4.5)
(4.3)
(4.7)
O
H
Cl
H
C
O
HCl
2
H
C 2
2
4
2
2
2
1
4
2
HCl
2
Cl
H
C
2
Cl
H
C
2 3
2
2
4
2
(4.4)
2
4
2
2
4
2 Cl
H
C
Cl
H
C
O
H
Cl
H
C
2
O
Cl
H
C
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
4
2
15. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d)
– Evaluation of alternative pathways
• Due to low selectivity Reaction Path is eliminated
• Remaining four paths compared first in terms of Gross Profit
Chemical Cost (cents/lb)
Ethylene 18
Acetylene 50
Chlorine 11
Vinyl chloride 22
Hydrogen chloride 18
Water 0
Oxygen (air) 0
Chemical Bulk Prices
17. Example: Vinyl Chloride
• Preliminary Flowsheet for Reaction Path
– 800 MM lb/year @ 330 days/yr 100,000 lb/hr VC
– From this principal sink, the HCl sink and reagent
sources can be computed (each flow is 1,600 lbmol/h)
– Next step involves distributing the chemicals by
matching sources and sinks.
Cl2
113,400 lb/hr
C2H4
44,900 lb/hr
Direct
Chlorination
Pyrolysis
C2H4Cl2
HCl
58,300 lb/hr
C2H3Cl
100,000 lb/hr
HCl
C2H3Cl
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl
C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2
18. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Distribute the chemicals
– A conversion of 100% of the C2H4 is assumed in the
chlorination reaction
19. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d)
– Only 60% of the C2H4Cl2 is converted to C2H3Cl with a byproduct of
HCl, according to Eqn. (4.4).
– To satisfy the overall material balance, 158,300 lb/h of C2H4Cl2
must produce 100,000 lb/h of C2H3Cl and 58,300 lb/h of HCl.
– But a 60% conversion only produces 60,000 lb/h of VC.
– The additional C2H4Cl2 needed is computed by mass balance to
equal:
[(1 - 0.6)/0.6] x 158,300 or 105,500 lb/h.
– Its source is a recycle stream from the separation of C2H3Cl from
unreacted C2H4Cl2, from a mixing operation, inserted to combine
the two sources, to give a total 263,800 lb/h.
20. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d)
– The effluent stream from the pyrolysis operation is the
source for the C2H3Cl product, the HCl by-product, and
the C2H4Cl2 recycle.
21. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d)
– Reactor pressure levels
• Chlorination reaction: 1.5 atm is recommended, to eliminate the
possibility of an air leak into the reactor containing ethylene.
• Pyrolysis reaction: 26 atm is recommended by the B.F.
Goodrich patent (1963) without any justification. Since the
reaction is irreversible, the elevated pressure does not
adversely affect the conversion. Most likely, the patent
recommends this pressure to reduce the size of the pyrolysis
furnace, although the tube walls must be considerably thicker
and many precautions are necessary for operation at elevated
pressures.
• The pressure level is also an important consideration in
selecting the separation operations, as will be discussed in the
next synthesis step.
22. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in composition
– The product of the chlorination reaction is nearly pure C2H4Cl2, and
requires no purification.
– In contrast, the pyrolysis reactor conversion is only 60%, and one
or more separation operations are required to match the required
purities in the C2H3Cl and HCl sinks.
– One possible arrangement is given in the next slide. The data
below explains the design decisions made.
Boiling point (oC) Critical constants
Chemical 1 atm 4.8 atm 12 atm 26 atm Tc,C Pc, atm
HCl -84.8 -51.7 -26.2 0 51.4 82.1
C2H3Cl -13.8 33.1 70.5 110 159 56
C2H4Cl2 83.7 146 193 242 250 50
23. Example: Vinyl Chloride
Eliminate differences in composition (Cont’d)
Boiling point (oC) Critical constants
Chemical 1 atm 4.8 atm 12 atm 26 atm Tc,C Pc, atm
HCl -84.8 -51.7 -26.2 0 51.4 82.1
C2H3Cl -13.8 33.1 70.5 110 159 56
C2H4Cl2 83.7 146 193 242 250 50
Other, possibly better configurations, will be discussed in Lecture 4 (Chapter 8).
26. Example: Vinyl Chloride
• Assembly of synthesis tree
Reaction
path
Distribution
of chemicals
Separations T, P and
phase
changes
Task
integration
Algorithmic methods are very effective for the synthesis,
analysis and optimization of alternative flowsheets. These will
be covered later
28. Summary – Process Creation
• Preliminary Database Creation
– to assemble data to support the design
• Experiments
– often necessary to supply missing data or verify crucial data
• Preliminary Process Synthesis
– top-down approach
– to generate a “synthesis tree” of design alternatives
– illustrated by synthesis of for VCM process
• Development of Base-case Design
– focusing on most promising alternative(s) from the synthesis tree