This document discusses problem formulation in social science research. It states that properly defining the research problem is the most important first step. Some key aspects discussed include identifying potential research topics and problems through reviewing literature, observing phenomena, theories, and other sources. Components of a good research problem are identified as having an individual/group with a difficulty, objectives, alternative means of achieving objectives, and an environment where the problem occurs. Techniques for selecting a problem include choosing topics not overly researched and formulating specific research questions. The purpose, types (what, why, how), and techniques for developing good research questions are also outlined.
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It outlines criteria for selecting a problem such as the researcher's interest and competence, the problem's importance and feasibility. Sources of research problems are also discussed. The document provides guidance on grilling a potential problem by asking questions. Dos and don'ts of problem selection are presented. Steps in formulating the problem are outlined, including stating it generally, understanding its nature, surveying literature, and developing objectives. Main steps of conducting research are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defining a research problem. It discusses problem identification and formulation, defining a research problem, selecting a research problem, evaluating a research problem, and techniques for defining a problem. Key points include outlining the components of a research problem, criteria for selecting problems, and steps for defining a problem such as understanding its nature, surveying literature, developing ideas through discussion, and rephrasing the problem. An example of refining a research problem statement is also provided.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as a systematic process used to increase knowledge through discovery of new facts, divided into basic and applied categories.
2. It outlines the typical stages of research including initiation, literature review, problem definition, planning, problem solving, and reporting.
3. It discusses determining statistical significance and the purposes of research as exploration, description, and explanation.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It outlines criteria for selecting a problem such as the researcher's interest and competence, the problem's importance and feasibility. Sources of research problems are also discussed. The document provides guidance on grilling a potential problem by asking questions. Dos and don'ts of problem selection are presented. Steps in formulating the problem are outlined, including stating it generally, understanding its nature, surveying literature, and developing objectives. Main steps of conducting research are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defining a research problem. It discusses problem identification and formulation, defining a research problem, selecting a research problem, evaluating a research problem, and techniques for defining a problem. Key points include outlining the components of a research problem, criteria for selecting problems, and steps for defining a problem such as understanding its nature, surveying literature, developing ideas through discussion, and rephrasing the problem. An example of refining a research problem statement is also provided.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as a systematic process used to increase knowledge through discovery of new facts, divided into basic and applied categories.
2. It outlines the typical stages of research including initiation, literature review, problem definition, planning, problem solving, and reporting.
3. It discusses determining statistical significance and the purposes of research as exploration, description, and explanation.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
This document discusses the process of formulating and clarifying a research topic. It describes various techniques for generating research ideas, such as examining strengths and interests, reviewing past projects, discussion with others, literature searches, and brainstorming. Key aspects of a research topic are identified, including ensuring it is interesting, feasible, and linked to theory. The document outlines turning a research idea into a question, aim, and objectives. Research questions should clearly state the purpose, aims provide overall direction, and objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. Developing a clear research topic is an important first step in the research process.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defines key terms. It discusses that research is a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, objectivity, and logical reasoning. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, primary and secondary research. The document also outlines various research methods like experimental research, surveys, case studies, and analytical studies. It discusses key aspects of research like the literature review and criteria for good research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. The main types of research covered are descriptive research which aims to describe the current state, analytical research which evaluates facts to make a critical assessment, applied research which aims to solve practical problems, and fundamental research which adds to the body of scientific knowledge. Quantitative research is based on measurement while qualitative research investigates underlying reasons for behaviors.
This document provides an overview of research planning and report writing, specifically focusing on research methodology. It defines key terms like research and describes the various types of research such as pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlative research. It also outlines important steps in the research process like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. Additionally, it discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. Finally, it covers important topics like the characteristics of good research, methods of data collection, and the qualities of an effective researcher.
1. The document discusses various research methods and types including older techniques based on authority and experience versus the modern scientific method.
2. It explains key terms like theory, hypothesis, and variables and outlines the steps of the scientific method including identifying a problem, suggesting solutions, deductive reasoning, and testing hypotheses.
3. Several types of research are described such as experimental, descriptive, and historical research with experimental research involving controlling variables and testing hypotheses through experiments.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
This document discusses defining research questions and the key components of developing good research questions. It begins by explaining that well-crafted research questions guide systematic research planning and enable the design of studies that can effectively answer the questions. There are three main types of research questions: descriptive questions that seek to describe phenomena, relationship questions that investigate associations between variables, and difference questions that make comparisons between groups. The document emphasizes that good research questions should be clearly linked to research goals, guide appropriate data collection and analysis, and be feasible, interesting, novel, relevant and ethical. It provides examples of each type of research question and discusses problem distillation and writing a clear problem statement.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
Here is the refined hypothesis based on the last homework:
If temperature affects leaf color change, then exposing maple tree leaves to temperatures below 10°C for a period of 2 weeks will result in the leaves changing color from green to shades of red, orange, and yellow earlier than maple tree leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
The independent variable is temperature, and the dependent variable is the timing of leaf color change. The hypothesis predicts that exposing leaves to low temperatures (below 10°C) for 2 weeks will cause them to change color earlier than leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
This document discusses how to generate a research problem and formulate a research question. It explains that the research question is the most important part of a research proposal as it defines the research and guides the inquiry. The document provides guidance on developing a good research question, including that it should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. It also describes different types of research questions such as those asking about existence, description, relationships, causality, and comparisons. Overall, the key aspects covered are identifying a research problem and narrowing it down to a specific research question.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and key terms. It outlines the topics that will be covered, including research problem selection, design, sampling, data collection and analysis, and report writing. The background section discusses how research combines experience, reasoning and empirical investigation. The benefits of understanding research methodology are also summarized.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
Research process notes PPT; By Muthama, Japheth MutindaJapheth Muthama
To get a copy of the slides for free Email me at: japhethmuthama@gmail.com
You can also support my PhD studies by donating a 1 dollar to my PayPal.
PayPal ID is japhethmuthama@gmail.com
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop concepts and build relationships between concepts to form theories. The grounded theory process involves initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are evaluated based on their focus, purpose, methodology, sampling strategy, data analysis process, theoretical findings, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The document also covers different types of research methods such as quantitative vs. qualitative research, and different sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling.
Este documento describe los principios de la espiritualidad más allá de la educación emocional. Estos incluyen descubrir al maestro interior, desaprender lo que causa sufrimiento, tomar conciencia de uno mismo y reconocer valores dentro y fuera. También menciona transformar el dolor en aprendizaje, aceptar la muerte, buscar paz interior, actuar de forma coherente y alcanzar alegría existencial. Finalmente, reconoce las enseñanzas de grandes maestros espirituales como Buda, Jesucristo
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para trabajar con texto en Adobe Flash. Explica cómo usar las herramientas de texto estático, dinámico e introducción de texto. También describe cómo crear un diseño de encabezado web con diferentes tipos de texto y cómo agregar un hipervínculo al título.
Este documento resume los 7 capítulos del libro "La Paradoja" que describe las enseñanzas sobre el liderazgo impartidas por el hermano Simeón a John durante su estadía de 7 días en un monasterio cristiano. Cada capítulo se enfoca en un aspecto clave del liderazgo como escuchar, amor, entorno, proactividad y voluntad de cambio. Al final, John comprende que un líder debe significar algo en la vida de los demás y tener la voluntad de mejorar continuamente.
This document discusses the process of formulating and clarifying a research topic. It describes various techniques for generating research ideas, such as examining strengths and interests, reviewing past projects, discussion with others, literature searches, and brainstorming. Key aspects of a research topic are identified, including ensuring it is interesting, feasible, and linked to theory. The document outlines turning a research idea into a question, aim, and objectives. Research questions should clearly state the purpose, aims provide overall direction, and objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. Developing a clear research topic is an important first step in the research process.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defines key terms. It discusses that research is a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, objectivity, and logical reasoning. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, primary and secondary research. The document also outlines various research methods like experimental research, surveys, case studies, and analytical studies. It discusses key aspects of research like the literature review and criteria for good research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. The main types of research covered are descriptive research which aims to describe the current state, analytical research which evaluates facts to make a critical assessment, applied research which aims to solve practical problems, and fundamental research which adds to the body of scientific knowledge. Quantitative research is based on measurement while qualitative research investigates underlying reasons for behaviors.
This document provides an overview of research planning and report writing, specifically focusing on research methodology. It defines key terms like research and describes the various types of research such as pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlative research. It also outlines important steps in the research process like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. Additionally, it discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. Finally, it covers important topics like the characteristics of good research, methods of data collection, and the qualities of an effective researcher.
1. The document discusses various research methods and types including older techniques based on authority and experience versus the modern scientific method.
2. It explains key terms like theory, hypothesis, and variables and outlines the steps of the scientific method including identifying a problem, suggesting solutions, deductive reasoning, and testing hypotheses.
3. Several types of research are described such as experimental, descriptive, and historical research with experimental research involving controlling variables and testing hypotheses through experiments.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
This document discusses defining research questions and the key components of developing good research questions. It begins by explaining that well-crafted research questions guide systematic research planning and enable the design of studies that can effectively answer the questions. There are three main types of research questions: descriptive questions that seek to describe phenomena, relationship questions that investigate associations between variables, and difference questions that make comparisons between groups. The document emphasizes that good research questions should be clearly linked to research goals, guide appropriate data collection and analysis, and be feasible, interesting, novel, relevant and ethical. It provides examples of each type of research question and discusses problem distillation and writing a clear problem statement.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
Here is the refined hypothesis based on the last homework:
If temperature affects leaf color change, then exposing maple tree leaves to temperatures below 10°C for a period of 2 weeks will result in the leaves changing color from green to shades of red, orange, and yellow earlier than maple tree leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
The independent variable is temperature, and the dependent variable is the timing of leaf color change. The hypothesis predicts that exposing leaves to low temperatures (below 10°C) for 2 weeks will cause them to change color earlier than leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
This document discusses how to generate a research problem and formulate a research question. It explains that the research question is the most important part of a research proposal as it defines the research and guides the inquiry. The document provides guidance on developing a good research question, including that it should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. It also describes different types of research questions such as those asking about existence, description, relationships, causality, and comparisons. Overall, the key aspects covered are identifying a research problem and narrowing it down to a specific research question.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and key terms. It outlines the topics that will be covered, including research problem selection, design, sampling, data collection and analysis, and report writing. The background section discusses how research combines experience, reasoning and empirical investigation. The benefits of understanding research methodology are also summarized.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
Research process notes PPT; By Muthama, Japheth MutindaJapheth Muthama
To get a copy of the slides for free Email me at: japhethmuthama@gmail.com
You can also support my PhD studies by donating a 1 dollar to my PayPal.
PayPal ID is japhethmuthama@gmail.com
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop concepts and build relationships between concepts to form theories. The grounded theory process involves initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are evaluated based on their focus, purpose, methodology, sampling strategy, data analysis process, theoretical findings, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The document also covers different types of research methods such as quantitative vs. qualitative research, and different sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling.
Este documento describe los principios de la espiritualidad más allá de la educación emocional. Estos incluyen descubrir al maestro interior, desaprender lo que causa sufrimiento, tomar conciencia de uno mismo y reconocer valores dentro y fuera. También menciona transformar el dolor en aprendizaje, aceptar la muerte, buscar paz interior, actuar de forma coherente y alcanzar alegría existencial. Finalmente, reconoce las enseñanzas de grandes maestros espirituales como Buda, Jesucristo
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para trabajar con texto en Adobe Flash. Explica cómo usar las herramientas de texto estático, dinámico e introducción de texto. También describe cómo crear un diseño de encabezado web con diferentes tipos de texto y cómo agregar un hipervínculo al título.
Este documento resume los 7 capítulos del libro "La Paradoja" que describe las enseñanzas sobre el liderazgo impartidas por el hermano Simeón a John durante su estadía de 7 días en un monasterio cristiano. Cada capítulo se enfoca en un aspecto clave del liderazgo como escuchar, amor, entorno, proactividad y voluntad de cambio. Al final, John comprende que un líder debe significar algo en la vida de los demás y tener la voluntad de mejorar continuamente.
Este documento presenta 10 consejos de Albert Einstein. Algunos de los consejos incluyen seguir tu curiosidad, perseverar, concentrarse en el presente, cometer errores para aprender, vivir el momento, no ser repetitivo, que el conocimiento proviene de la experiencia, aprender las reglas antes de jugar mejor, y agradecer a otros.
El documento habla sobre la familia del autor, incluyendo a sus padres, con quienes ha vivido los últimos 14 años y de los que está agradecido. También menciona a sus hermanos, tíos, primos y abuela, pero destaca a sus padres como sus principales compañeros y por ser personas maravillosas con las que ha compartido mucho.
Este documento define la cultura organizacional como el conjunto de normas, hábitos y valores que comparten los individuos de una organización y que guían su comportamiento. Explica que las normas son las reglas formales, los hábitos son las reglas no escritas y los valores son las cualidades de las personas. Además, analiza factores como la selección de personal, liderazgo, socialización que influyen en la cultura de una organización. Por último, discute cuatro tipos de climas organizacionales (autoritario, paternalista, participativo-consultivo y particip
Unidad 6-"La Primera Guerra Mundiar" HistoriaGloria Sabando
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres oraciones del curso "Diseño de Páginas Web y Portales Educativos" impartido en la Maestría en Informática y Tecnología Educativa. El curso analiza los profundos cambios sociales, económicos y educativos actuales y la necesidad de incorporar las TIC y nuevas formas de aprendizaje. Los alumnos deben aprender a aprender de forma continua usando diferentes recursos web como wikis, YouTube y blogs.
Este documento presenta 3 oraciones o menos que resumen el contenido:
El documento discute los problemas con la comida rápida y procesada, señalando que aunque parece saludable, en realidad sobrecarga el cuerpo con grasas y químicos dañinos. También explora los debates entre las dietas vegetarianas y cárnicas, concluyendo que lo ideal es un enfoque equilibrado que incluya tanto vegetales como carnes en cantidades moderadas.
Ana se siente sola y triste. Un día conoce a una entidad extraña llamada Blue que le deja una marca en la mano. Blue le dice a Ana que será su protector y que nunca más estará sola. Aunque Ana sigue asustada y con dudas, Blue le asegura que solo quiere cuidarla.
El documento describe los recursos y servicios relacionados con patentes que ofrece la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI), incluyendo estadísticas e informes sobre tendencias de patentes, estudios sobre derecho de patentes y cuestiones actuales, normas para armonizar prácticas de patentes, y el sistema de clasificación internacional de patentes.
El documento describe las herramientas multimedia como una nueva plataforma que integra diferentes componentes para facilitar el acceso a la tecnología y nuevas formas de expresión. Explica que las herramientas multimedia pueden generar grandes beneficios educativos al permitir cambios en los procesos de enseñanza e interacción entre estudiantes. También señala la necesidad de que los docentes estén a la vanguardia de la tecnología educativa para construir una sociedad interactiva en el aprendizaje.
Este documento describe los esfuerzos de una pequeña empresa llamada Agrocrom para implementar medidas de producción más limpia a fin de cumplir con la normativa ambiental sobre efluentes y reducir costos. La empresa adoptó medidas como recuperar más arrastre en los baños de proceso, incorporar enjuagues de ahorro y reducir pérdidas por vuelco al piso. Esto le permitió ahorrar $6,300 en inversiones y $2,085 mensuales en costos operativos, lo que fue significativo dado el tamaño de la empresa.
O documento descreve o que é um proxy, suas capacidades e tipos. Explica que um proxy é um intermediário entre o usuário e servidores que fornece maior controle e segurança, e surgiu da necessidade de conectar redes internas e externas. Detalha capacidades como anonimato, alteração de requisições/respostas, armazenamento em cache e filtragem. Ainda diferencia proxies abertos e anônimos.
11 days luxury honeymoon packages in south africaWelgrow Travels
This luxurious tour will take you on a journey of a lifetime. Experience the stark beauty of South Africa, staying in luxury accommodation in Cape Town and the wild bush. Tour the breathtaking Cape Point, and venture into the heart of wild when you visit the Lion Sands Game Reserve. The spectacular views of the Victoria Falls beckon next for an spectacular culmination of an amazing trip.
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new information or verify existing facts. It involves collecting data through objective analysis and experiments. The goals of research are to discover new facts, verify existing knowledge, analyze relationships, and develop new theories. People conduct research for various motivations such as obtaining an advanced degree, solving problems, gaining recognition, or satisfying curiosity. Research is important for advancing knowledge in many fields like science, technology, medicine, and social sciences. It provides solutions to problems and guidelines for government policies. Choosing appropriate research methods and methodology is essential for effectively planning and conducting research.
Research Methology: The Research Problem.pptxssusera7122c
This lecture discusses defining and formulating a research problem. It begins by explaining the importance of scientific thinking in identifying a research problem. A research problem is defined as a difficulty a researcher experiences theoretically or practically and wants to solve. When selecting a problem, researchers must consider both external criteria like importance and internal criteria like interest. Problems can come from personal experience, literature reviews, or innovations in the field. Defining the problem clearly sets the direction and reveals the methodology. Key steps in defining a problem are using clear words and formulating it as a question. Criteria for a good research problem include novelty, logic, and clarifying relationships to past research.
The document discusses research, including defining research, purposes of research, and challenges in research. It notes that research refers to a systematic search for knowledge on a specific topic through scientific investigation and data collection. The main aims of research are to discover unknown truths and answers to questions. When selecting a research topic, researchers should choose something they are interested in that is suitable for research. The document also outlines some problems researchers face in India, such as a lack of training in research methodology and timely access to information.
Research is an organized investigation to create facts and reach new inferences. It aims to improve quality of life by developing appropriate solutions. Research follows systematic and objective methods to find reliable knowledge. It can be basic research that increases understanding or applied research that provides specific solutions. Research must be empirical, systematic, analytical, and objective. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Ethics are important in research to promote truth, accountability, and social responsibility.
Here are the key elements of a research methodology chapter:
1. Research Design
- Describe the overall research design and approach. Is it qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods?
- Provide rationale for chosen design.
2. Data Collection Methods
- Describe specific methods for collecting primary data, e.g. surveys, interviews, experiments.
- Include details on instrument design, sampling approach, sample size.
3. Data Analysis Methods
- Describe how collected data will be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively
- Cite specific analytical techniques, e.g. thematic analysis, regression analysis
4. Validity and Reliability
- Discuss strategies for ensuring validity of
This document provides information on quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research uses measurable data and statistics, while qualitative research seeks an in-depth understanding through naturalistic processes focused on human experiences, words, and meanings. Examples are given of qualitative research studies across different fields, including a study exploring why social media use makes people happy, a study on black women's sense of belonging in STEM fields, and a study analyzing gallery talks through a social phenomenological method.
Selection and formulation of a research problem.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
One of the greatest challenges faced by researchers is resource and time constraints. This makes it difficult to involve the entire population of interest and so researchers only use a subset of a population to represent the whole population. This is called a sample. The use of samples however involves other big class of problems: given that your measurements are credible, how much of the world do they represent? How far can you generalize the results of your research? The answer depends, first, on the kind of data in which you are interested. There are two kinds of data of interest to social scientists: individual attribute data and cultural data. These two kinds require different approaches to sampling and that is the focus of this week.
1. The document discusses the importance of properly selecting and formulating a research problem. It explains that formulating a research problem identifies gaps and avenues that have not been explored by previous researchers.
2. The document provides guidance on how to identify an appropriate research problem through various methods such as reviewing literature, observing problems in the field, and formulating researchable questions. It also discusses how to narrow a research topic and evaluate the feasibility of a potential research problem.
3. Key aspects of a good research problem that are highlighted include being novel, relevant, ethical, and having potential value and publishability. The research problem should also be interesting, impactful, and manageable within available resources.
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
Here are the key points of an exploratory research design using focus groups:
- A focus group consists of 6-10 people who are relevant to the research topic (e.g. current juice customers).
- The group is led by a moderator who facilitates an open discussion on people's views and experiences related to the juice selection and what might encourage them to purchase more juices.
- The discussion is recorded and analyzed for common themes, insights, and hypotheses that emerge from the participants' dialogue with each other.
- Focus groups allow exploratory research of people's perceptions in a social environment where they can consider their views in relation to others.
- The open discussion format is useful early in a research project to
This document discusses the key components of a research study, including the statement of the problem, research objectives, formulation of hypotheses, theory formulation, and research design. It provides examples of a research problem in rural women's education and empowerment, related research questions and objectives, examples of hypotheses, and an overview of common research designs and considerations for choosing a design. The goal is to outline the essential steps in planning and structuring a research study.
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
Module 1 -Lesson 2-NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH - Copy.pptxJevyGayongorsa
Research is important across many fields and benefits society in various ways. It involves a systematic, objective process of investigating problems or answering questions in a step-by-step manner by gathering and analyzing empirical evidence. The goals of research are to establish credibility, ensure accountability, and promote cost-effectiveness through documenting evidence-based practices.
Research is a systematic process of discovering new knowledge or truth. It involves identifying a problem, reviewing existing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The goals of research include gaining new insights, accurately describing phenomena, determining relationships between variables, and testing hypotheses. Research can be basic/pure or applied, and uses quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, exploratory or causal methodologies. Research is important for advancing knowledge and solving practical problems across many fields.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses the importance of research and outlines the basic steps in the research process. The objectives are for students to understand key concepts at each step, including formulating research questions. The contents cover the nature of research, basic research steps, and formulating research questions. Sample research questions are analyzed as an example.
This document discusses the nature and importance of research. It defines research as an organized investigation to develop facts and reach new conclusions. Research aims to improve quality of life through appropriate problem-solving. There are two main types of research: basic research increases understanding of problems, while applied research seeks specific answers and solutions. The document outlines the key characteristics, processes, and ethics of research, including being empirical, systematic, and objective. Research ethics promote accountability, credibility, and public awareness of research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as research methodology, types of research, research paper writing tips, determining quality in research papers, referencing styles, hypothesis testing, sampling methods, and data collection. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, organization, referencing, and following ethical guidelines when conducting research. It aims to equip students and early-career researchers with fundamental knowledge on best practices in research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as the definition of methodology, different research philosophies and methodologies, types of research, and the relationship between methodology and methods. Tips are also provided for writing research papers, determining paper quality, referencing styles, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. The document aims to equip researchers, students and academics with fundamental knowledge and skills for conducting research.
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Problem formulation in_social_science_research
1. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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Problem Formulation in Social Science Research
Md Inaam Akhtar
PhD research scholar Department of Political Science Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Email ID: inaam.akhtar@gmail.com
Abstract
In social science research the first and
most important step of research is formulation
of research problems. It is like the foundation
of building which is going to construct, and
drafting an outline of a building is not an easy
task. In the same way identifying of various
research problems is not an easy task. If
someone wants to solve a problem he/she must
have to know about the problem. So in the
social science research, problem formulation is
very important for the researcher before
conducting the research. In this article I have
tried to focus on several factors through which
one can identify the problems which can occur
at the time of research.
Key words: Research Problem; Research
Topic; Sources; Components; Technique;
Purpose.
Introduction
Selection of a topic for research does
not immediately put investigator in a position
to start considering what data they will collect,
by what methods, and how they will analyze
them. Before taking such steps, investigator
need to formulate specific problem that can be
investigated by scientific procedures.
Unfortunately, it happens not in presently that
investigator attempt to jump immediately from
the selection of a topic to the collection of data,
violating the logic of analysis. At best, this
means that they will be faced withy the task of
formulating a problem after the data have been
collected, at worst that they will not produce a
scientific inquiry at all.1
Identifying a research problem is
indicating a specific area for answering some
research question. If the research is to be
conducted in business administration, the area
of research could be managerial decision,
functioning of trade unions, worker’s
beneficiary schemes, strategies for increasing
production, reducing problems of strikes,
planning for future growth and so on.2
In a
research process the first and foremost step
happens to be that of selecting and properly
defining a research problem. A researcher must
have to find the problem and formulate it so
that it becomes susceptible to research. To
1
. Sellitz Claire, (1976), Research Method in Social Relation,
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston: Published for the
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, P-55.
2
. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methods, New Delhi: Rawat
Publication, P-103.
2. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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define a problem correctly, a researcher must
know have to understand about: what a
problem is?
What is Research Problem?
A research problem refers to some
difficulty which a researcher experience in the
context of either a practical or theoretical
situation and want to obtain solution for the
same.3
The selection of research topic is
himself a big problem in social research. If a
person wants to do research then the selection
of a topic is big problem, because there must be
some reason behind research work. All
concerned factors must be taken into account
by a researcher before finally defining research
problem.
Selection of Research Topic
Whether the research is descriptive or
exploratory or explanatory or experimental or
theoretical, it is mainly concerned with
questions like what, why, how etc. for example
when a description is sought the questions
raised might be. What types of persons take
drugs, what drugs are taken, how are drugs
procured, what are the cause of taking drugs,
what are the physiological and psychological
3
. Kothari C.R., (2010), Research Methodology: Methods and
Technique, New Delhi: New Age International Publishers, P-
24.
effects of taking drugs and so on, or the
questions may relate to testing hypothesis.
Zikmund has said that the selection of
the problems of research is to be linked with
the following:
What is the purpose of the study? What
is or how much is already known? Is Extra
information required? What is to be
ascertain/explore? How is it to be measured?
The data which will be collected i.e. will be
respondents give correct information? Is the
time is appropriate for undertaking the
research? Can a hypothesis be formulated? Is
the time and money enough for the research?4
Sources of Selecting Research Topic
How do we get the ideas of deciding a
topic of research? How do we prepare relevant
hypotheses? The ideas originated from varied
sources they are as–
1. Researches conducted by others:
Exposure to professional seminars and
conferences also sometimes throws
ideas of researcher.
2. Reviewing literature and getting ideas
from books and articles questions
which either others have posed or
which arise in the course of one’s
reading could become research
questions.
4
. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methodology, New Delhi:
Rawat Publication, P-104.
3. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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3. Experience i.e. one’s own life
experiences in professional work or the
general life experiences.
4. Government priorities: Various
government organizations also
publicise research topic.
5. Prevalent theories: There are some
theories which are prevalent in society.
These need to be tested by a variety of
specific hypotheses to determine in
what contexts/conditions they may or
may not hold. In this way popular
theories as well as scientific theories
can give ideas about research problems.
6. Imagination: Sometimes, the news
media provide an ever growing
potential source of research problem for
sociologists e.g. methods used by T.V.
for creating awareness among women
and adopting modern views.
7. Some observed phenomenon – 1 e.g.
Adult Child interaction, shop keeper
and customer interaction, interaction of
members of two parties, belonging to
two different factions.
Some of the areas which have been
recently identified for research are -1 Media,
Mass Communication, Women Empowerment,
political corruption, Sociology of disasters,
value oriented education, civil society, and
like. Sometimes, these topics are assigned by
the funding agencies.5
Feature Taken into Consideration
While Defining Research Problem
1. Technical and statistical terms should
be clearly defined.
2. Assumptions fixed for the research
work should be clearly defined.
3. Clear investigation material is essential
with clear cut expressions.
4. Scope of the research problem should
be clearly defined.6
Components of Research Problem
1. There must be an individual or a group
which has some difficulty or problem.
2. There must be some objectives to be
attained. If someone wants nothing then
one cannot have a problem.
3. There must be alternative means or the
courses of action for obtaining the
objectives one wishes to attain. This
means there must be at lest two medium
available to a researcher for if he has no
choice of means, he cannot have a
problem.
4. There must remain some doubt in the
mind of researcher with regard to the
selection of alternatives. This means
5
. Ibid. P-108, 109.
6
. Khanzode V.V. (1995), Research Methodology: Technique
& Trends, New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. P-25.
4. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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that research must answer the question
concerning the relative efficiency of the
possible alternatives.
5. There must be some environment to
which the difficulty pertains.7
Selecting the Problem
Selection of the problem is a very
difficult task. There must be a firm situation in
the minds of the researcher that, on which
subject and problem he has to research.
While selecting the problem following
points must be taken into consideration.
1. It is not desirable to choose the same
subject on which lot of research work is
already done.
2. Vague problems should be avoided.
3. The subject selected for research work
should be easy, workable, informative
and within the jurisdiction of a
researcher.
4. Research work should be economical
and time saving.
5. Preliminary study is necessary for
choosing any research problem.8
Formulating the Research Problem
Although the selection of a research
topic may be determined by other than
scientific considerations, the formulation of the
7
. Kothari C.R., (2010), opt. cit, P-25.
8
. Khandoze V.V., (1995), opt. cit. P-26
research problem is the first step in a scientific
inquiry, and as such, it should be influenced
primarily by the need of scientific procedure.
However, there is no simple rule which will
guide the investigator to prepare significant
questions about a given research area. Here, the
training and gifts of the individual are of major
importance.9
Formulating Research questions
Research Questions constitute the most
important element of any research. These are
different form of the Research objectives. They
describe the ideas contained in the research
objectives. However, Research questions
emerge after the Research objectives. In fact,
they point out the data that are required to be
collected in the study.10
Technique for Defining a Problem
1. Detail information about the problem
should be clearly stated in descriptive
way. It is useful for considering exact
research problem.
2. General statement for understanding the
nature of the problem is useful for
solving the problem.
9
. Trivedi R.N. and Shukla D.P., (1998), Research
Methodology, Jaipur: College Book Depot, P-54.
10
. Ahuja Ram, (2010), opt. cit. P–114.
5. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
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3. Surveying the available information is
necessary while defining the research
problem.
4. Security of various data and drawing
out the exact picture of data statement
is necessary.
5. Discussion concerning with the
research may often be useful for
deceleration of the subject matter.
Through this, many new information
can enlighten on the subject matter.
Through this, many new information
can enlighten on the subject matter.
6. Rephrasing the research problem is
useful for the development of defining a
research problem.11
Technique of Developing Research
Questions
1. Record all questions that occurs in mind
after reading literature or after
discussions with others or after thinking
on various aspects of study.
2. Review these questions whether each
question is necessary and deletes those
which are outside the scope of the
study. This will also remove
overlapping between questions.
11
. Khandoze V.V., (1995), opt. cit. P–26, 27.
3. Clarify the questions on the basis of this
nature i.e. separate what, why and how
questions.
4. Examine the scope of the questions.
Depending on the time and money
available for the study, the scope cannot
be too ambitions. Only such areas are to
be chosen which would be manageable
within the time and resources.
5. Separate major or key questions from
subsidiary questions.12
Types of Research Questions
Research questions are grouped into 3 types:-
1. What questions (concerned with
description)?
2. Why questions (concerned with
explaining causes)?
3. How questions (concerned with
bringing about changes)?
What questions pertain to describing
the characteristics of and patterns in the given
social phenomena?
Why questions relate to the causes or
reasons for the characteristics of the particular
phenomena and the behavior of the individuals
involved. They also explain the relationship
between events and between activities and
social processes.
12
. Ahuja Ram , (2010), opt. cit. P-115, 116.
6. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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How questions are concerned with
bringing about change and the outcomes of
change.13
Purpose of Research Questions
The main function of Research question
is to define the scope of the Research i.e. to
determine what is to be studied and the extent
to which it will be studied.
Many a time, the researcher is deflected
or distracted from his original objects of
Research. This may be because of several
influences like encouraging new ideas,
discussion with colleagues, reading more
literature and ideas that he gets during the
course of research. However, he does not
neglect his original research. At the most, he
may changes some research questions and asks
some new questions from the respondents.14
In addition to what have been stated
above the following points must also be
observed while defining a research problem.
1. Technical terms and phrases or words
should be clearly defined, which special
meanings have used in the statement of
the problem.
2. Basic assumption or postulates (if any)
relating to the research problem should
be clearly stated.
13
. Ibid. P-116, 117.
14
.Ibid. P-116.
3. A straight forward statement of the
investigation should be provided.
4. The suitability of the sources of data
available and the time period must also
be considered by the researcher at the
time of defining the problem.
5. The limits within which the problem is
to be studied or the scope of the
investigation must be mentioned in
defining a research problem.15
Conclusion
We can conclude by saying that
problem formulation is the first and most
important step before starting a research. In this
step a clear statement of problems of entire
research is defined. After determining the area
for research one must have to follow these
serial patterns- the problem is to be explained
in a common way, the vagueness have to
resolved, a clear relation must be defined in
different variable, the time period of research
must be fixed, the expenditure of the research,
process of data collection and process of data
analysis must be clear.
Thus, we can say that a research problem is
itself a small research to find out the solution
of the identified problems of the entire
research. There may be several factors which
may create complicated problems at the time of
15
. Kothari C.R., (2010), opt. cit. P-28, 29.
7. International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
Problem Formulation in Social Science Research Md Inaam Akhtar
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conducting research. So it is necessary to go
through the entire research processes to
identifie the problem of the research before
going actual research.
*******
References
1. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research
Methodology, New Delhi: Rawat
Publication.
2. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methods,
New Delhi: Rawat Publication.
3. Khanzode V.V. (1995), Research
Methodology: Technique & Trends,
New Delhi: APH Publishing
Corporation.
4. Kothari C.R., (2010), Research
Methodology: Methods and Technique,
New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers.
5. Sellitz Claire, (1976), Research Method
in Social Relation, New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston: Published for
the Society for the Psychological Study
of Social Issues.
6. Trivedi R.N. and Shukla D.P., (1998),
Research Methodology, Jaipur: College
Book Depot.