1. DNA can be extracted from cells by breaking open the nucleus and cell membranes to release the DNA, then using alcohol to precipitate the DNA out of solution for purification.
2. Genetic engineering involves isolating genes from DNA and transferring them between organisms or modifying genes within an organism. It is used to produce proteins like insulin, improve crop traits like pest resistance, and enhance animal traits such as wool or milk production.
3. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, leaving "sticky ends" that can be joined with other DNA fragments during genetic manipulation and engineering of organisms.
1. The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, including techniques like recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR, and cloning organisms.
2. Key terms defined include genetic engineering, biotechnology, recombinant DNA, gene cloning, restriction enzymes, and plasmids.
3. Recombinant DNA is made by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and ligating pieces into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and how it is used to amplify small amounts of DNA, allowing researchers to generate large quantities of identical DNA copies. It explains the basic steps in PCR, including separating DNA strands, adding primers and nucleotides, and repeating the process for multiple cycles to exponentially replicate the target DNA. The document also describes some common applications of PCR like DNA profiling, gene cloning, and detecting genetically modified organisms.
DNA controls cellular activities and protein synthesis. It is found in the cell nucleus as a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides. DNA replicates itself using DNA polymerase and stores the genetic code in genes that determine protein sequences. During transcription, a complementary mRNA strand is produced from DNA in the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons, assembling proteins from the genetic code carried by DNA.
The document discusses genetics and genetic disorders. It provides background on chromosomes, genes, Gregor Mendel's foundational work in genetics, DNA structure, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, and the genetic code. It also covers topics like genetic engineering, gene therapy, and molecular techniques used to study human diseases.
DNA sequencing involves extracting DNA from cells, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis, and determining the order of nucleotide bases by detecting labeled fragments. The human genome project aimed to sequence all human DNA across our 46 chromosomes to map gene locations and better understand genetic diseases and traits. Benefits include medical advances through improved disease prevention, gene therapies, and protein production for medicine and industry.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
The document discusses biotechnology and its traditional and modern applications. It summarizes that biotechnology has traditionally involved techniques like using yeast to make beer/wine and selective breeding of plants and animals. Modern biotechnology focuses on genetic engineering using recombinant DNA technology to modify genes and achieve goals like understanding disease and improving agriculture. It also discusses techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis that are used in biotechnology and forensics.
1. DNA can be extracted from cells by breaking open the nucleus and cell membranes to release the DNA, then using alcohol to precipitate the DNA out of solution for purification.
2. Genetic engineering involves isolating genes from DNA and transferring them between organisms or modifying genes within an organism. It is used to produce proteins like insulin, improve crop traits like pest resistance, and enhance animal traits such as wool or milk production.
3. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, leaving "sticky ends" that can be joined with other DNA fragments during genetic manipulation and engineering of organisms.
1. The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, including techniques like recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR, and cloning organisms.
2. Key terms defined include genetic engineering, biotechnology, recombinant DNA, gene cloning, restriction enzymes, and plasmids.
3. Recombinant DNA is made by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and ligating pieces into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and how it is used to amplify small amounts of DNA, allowing researchers to generate large quantities of identical DNA copies. It explains the basic steps in PCR, including separating DNA strands, adding primers and nucleotides, and repeating the process for multiple cycles to exponentially replicate the target DNA. The document also describes some common applications of PCR like DNA profiling, gene cloning, and detecting genetically modified organisms.
DNA controls cellular activities and protein synthesis. It is found in the cell nucleus as a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides. DNA replicates itself using DNA polymerase and stores the genetic code in genes that determine protein sequences. During transcription, a complementary mRNA strand is produced from DNA in the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons, assembling proteins from the genetic code carried by DNA.
The document discusses genetics and genetic disorders. It provides background on chromosomes, genes, Gregor Mendel's foundational work in genetics, DNA structure, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, and the genetic code. It also covers topics like genetic engineering, gene therapy, and molecular techniques used to study human diseases.
DNA sequencing involves extracting DNA from cells, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis, and determining the order of nucleotide bases by detecting labeled fragments. The human genome project aimed to sequence all human DNA across our 46 chromosomes to map gene locations and better understand genetic diseases and traits. Benefits include medical advances through improved disease prevention, gene therapies, and protein production for medicine and industry.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
The document discusses biotechnology and its traditional and modern applications. It summarizes that biotechnology has traditionally involved techniques like using yeast to make beer/wine and selective breeding of plants and animals. Modern biotechnology focuses on genetic engineering using recombinant DNA technology to modify genes and achieve goals like understanding disease and improving agriculture. It also discusses techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis that are used in biotechnology and forensics.
Applied genetics involves applying genetic concepts to practical areas like agriculture and medicine. Techniques include selective breeding to develop organisms with desired traits, inbreeding to establish pure bloodlines, and creating hybrids by crossing different breeds. Genetic engineering uses techniques like recombinant DNA and gene splicing to transfer genes between organisms. This allows the production of transgenic plants and animals with valuable traits like pest or disease resistance. DNA fingerprinting uses restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis to generate unique banding patterns that can be used for identification purposes like paternity testing.
Techniques to study genes include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments, using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, and DNA probes to find specific sequences. Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be inserted into bacteria using vectors like plasmids. This allows production of proteins like human insulin. Golden rice has been genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene to reduce vitamin A deficiency in some countries. However, it has also raised ethical concerns about reducing biodiversity.
This document provides an overview of genetic technology techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, genetic engineering, and transformation. It discusses applications like genetically modified animals and plants. Transgenic organisms created through recombinant DNA techniques are described. The document also touches on genome sequencing, biotechnology, cloning, and some products enabled by genetic technology.
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology.pptxTanu712650
The document outlines concepts related to DNA analysis techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling. It discusses how these techniques are used for applications like determining paternity, forensic investigations, and sequencing the human genome. Gene transfer techniques like using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase are described. Current uses of genetically modified crops and animals as well as potential benefits and harmful effects of genetic modification are summarized.
This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
This document discusses various genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, and inducing mutations to increase genetic variation in organisms. It also describes manipulating DNA through techniques like extraction, cutting with restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, sequencing, PCR, and genetic engineering in bacteria, plants, and animals. Examples are given of applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin in bacteria and developing pest-resistant plants. Cloning is explained through the example of Dolly the sheep.
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. Basic units of inheritance are called genes, which are segments of DNA that encode specific functions. Modern genetics studies not only inheritance but also gene functions and behaviors. Genetic epidemiology examines the roles of genes and their interactions with the environment in disease occurrence in human populations. Objectives include determining risks associated with gene variants, mapping genomic regions linked to disease susceptibility, and identifying susceptibility genes.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, dealing with genes and chromosomes.
2. There are three major areas of genetics: classical genetics, molecular genetics, and evolutionary genetics.
3. Genetics involves the study of genes, DNA, inheritance of traits from parents to offspring, and the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
Detection and Measurement of Genetic Variation.pptxalizain9604
This document discusses various techniques for detecting genetic variation, including blood group systems, protein electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and gene cloning. It describes how each technique works and provides examples of clinical applications, such as using blood groups to determine blood transfusion compatibility and using PCR to diagnose genetic diseases and identify relationships between individuals.
The document discusses the structure and functions of DNA and genes. It explains that DNA is composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. The bases on one strand bond with those on the other through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix. Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific functions and traits. The document outlines the different types of genomes found in organisms, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic nuclear, viral, organellar and plasmid genomes. It also describes the processes of DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA, which plays a role in protein synthesis.
1. Mendel discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) which assort and segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
2. DNA contains the genetic code, which is transcribed into mRNA and translated by ribosomes into proteins. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division.
3. Mutations can occur in DNA due to errors in replication or due to mutagenic agents. Most mutations are harmful or have no effect, but some can provide adaptive advantages.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating genes, often by adding a gene from another species to an organism's genome. This is done through recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which combines DNA sequences artificially. A key part of the process is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, then inserting the cut DNA fragment into a vector like a plasmid for replication in a host cell. The engineered DNA is then introduced into host cells, and cells containing the new DNA are identified and isolated through markers on the vector.
Classical and modern genetics provide insights into inheritance. [1] Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s established the basic principles of heredity and laid the foundations for genetics as a science. [2] The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1950s, revealing that genes are made of DNA and encoded in the genetic code. [3] DNA replicates and is transcribed into RNA, which directs protein synthesis according to the genetic code in all living things.
genetics is a study of heredity. By studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
genetics is a study of heredity, by studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes
Applied genetics involves applying genetic concepts to practical areas like agriculture and medicine. Techniques include selective breeding to develop organisms with desired traits, inbreeding to establish pure bloodlines, and creating hybrids by crossing different breeds. Genetic engineering uses techniques like recombinant DNA and gene splicing to transfer genes between organisms. This allows the production of transgenic plants and animals with valuable traits like pest or disease resistance. DNA fingerprinting uses restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis to generate unique banding patterns that can be used for identification purposes like paternity testing.
Techniques to study genes include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments, using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, and DNA probes to find specific sequences. Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be inserted into bacteria using vectors like plasmids. This allows production of proteins like human insulin. Golden rice has been genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene to reduce vitamin A deficiency in some countries. However, it has also raised ethical concerns about reducing biodiversity.
This document provides an overview of genetic technology techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, genetic engineering, and transformation. It discusses applications like genetically modified animals and plants. Transgenic organisms created through recombinant DNA techniques are described. The document also touches on genome sequencing, biotechnology, cloning, and some products enabled by genetic technology.
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology.pptxTanu712650
The document outlines concepts related to DNA analysis techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling. It discusses how these techniques are used for applications like determining paternity, forensic investigations, and sequencing the human genome. Gene transfer techniques like using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase are described. Current uses of genetically modified crops and animals as well as potential benefits and harmful effects of genetic modification are summarized.
This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of classical genetics. It then explains how DNA and RNA were discovered as the molecules of heredity, and how they replicate and direct protein synthesis through the genetic code. The document also briefly touches on DNA mutations, viruses, the human genome project, and some ethical considerations around genetic information.
This document discusses various genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, and inducing mutations to increase genetic variation in organisms. It also describes manipulating DNA through techniques like extraction, cutting with restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, sequencing, PCR, and genetic engineering in bacteria, plants, and animals. Examples are given of applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin in bacteria and developing pest-resistant plants. Cloning is explained through the example of Dolly the sheep.
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. Basic units of inheritance are called genes, which are segments of DNA that encode specific functions. Modern genetics studies not only inheritance but also gene functions and behaviors. Genetic epidemiology examines the roles of genes and their interactions with the environment in disease occurrence in human populations. Objectives include determining risks associated with gene variants, mapping genomic regions linked to disease susceptibility, and identifying susceptibility genes.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, dealing with genes and chromosomes.
2. There are three major areas of genetics: classical genetics, molecular genetics, and evolutionary genetics.
3. Genetics involves the study of genes, DNA, inheritance of traits from parents to offspring, and the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
Detection and Measurement of Genetic Variation.pptxalizain9604
This document discusses various techniques for detecting genetic variation, including blood group systems, protein electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and gene cloning. It describes how each technique works and provides examples of clinical applications, such as using blood groups to determine blood transfusion compatibility and using PCR to diagnose genetic diseases and identify relationships between individuals.
The document discusses the structure and functions of DNA and genes. It explains that DNA is composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. The bases on one strand bond with those on the other through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix. Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific functions and traits. The document outlines the different types of genomes found in organisms, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic nuclear, viral, organellar and plasmid genomes. It also describes the processes of DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA, which plays a role in protein synthesis.
1. Mendel discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) which assort and segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
2. DNA contains the genetic code, which is transcribed into mRNA and translated by ribosomes into proteins. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division.
3. Mutations can occur in DNA due to errors in replication or due to mutagenic agents. Most mutations are harmful or have no effect, but some can provide adaptive advantages.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating genes, often by adding a gene from another species to an organism's genome. This is done through recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which combines DNA sequences artificially. A key part of the process is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, then inserting the cut DNA fragment into a vector like a plasmid for replication in a host cell. The engineered DNA is then introduced into host cells, and cells containing the new DNA are identified and isolated through markers on the vector.
Classical and modern genetics provide insights into inheritance. [1] Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s established the basic principles of heredity and laid the foundations for genetics as a science. [2] The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1950s, revealing that genes are made of DNA and encoded in the genetic code. [3] DNA replicates and is transcribed into RNA, which directs protein synthesis according to the genetic code in all living things.
genetics is a study of heredity. By studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
genetics is a study of heredity, by studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes
Similar to principles of Genetics2 lecture note .pptx (20)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
12. Selection
Has allowed agriculturists to
improve the quality of their
livestock and crops.
Offspring do not always have
the traits but will more often
than offspring of parents
without the desired traits
13. Dominant and
Recessive
Dominant alleles mask the
expression of recessive alleles.
Recessive traits appears in an
organism only when a
dominant gene for that trait is
not present.
14. Homozygous
When both alleles for a trait
are the same
If both are recessive, trait is
said to be homozygous
recessive
15. Homozygous
If both are dominant, trait is
said to be homozygous
dominant
Recessive traits are masked
unless in a homozygous
recessive pair
35. Transcription
In the cell nucleus, enzymes
split the DNA molecule in
half at the nucleotide bonds
Each single strand is known
as RNA
36. Transcription
When this occurs, the base
Thymine changes to Uracil
One of these strands will code
for protein synthesis
Known as mRNA messenger
RNA
37. mRNA
Carries DNA information from
the nucleus to the ribosomes
When mRNA reaches the
ribosomes, translation begins.
38. Translation
Process of a cell beginning to
build a protein (amino acid)
Three base pair unit binds to a
complimentary unit on the
mRNA – tRNA
40. tRNA
For every possible RNA three unit
nucleotide combination, there is a
corresponding amino acid
Long chains of amino acids bind
to them and become proteins.
42. DNA Isolation
Cell wall is broken open
Done by grinding
Digest cellular components
Heating with a detergent
43. DNA Isolation
Separate polar compounds
Dissolve lipids in the nuclear
membranes
Extract and precipitate the
DNA
44. DNA Isolation
Remove the top aqueous layer
with a pipette and place into
cold absolute alcohol
DNA may be spooled or
collected onto a glass stirring
rod
45. PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Used controlled
temperatures and enzyme taq
polymerase to replicate
pieces of DNA
46. PCR
Allows scientists to make many
copies from a few target DNA
molecules
Taq polymerase is the DNA
replication enzyme found in
bacteria that live in
hydropylilic vents in the ocean
47. PCR
Thermus aquaticus
These bacteria work at very
high temperatures
Temperature is used to
control PCR reactions
48. PCR
Three step process
Performed in a machine
called a thermocycler
Machine alters temperature
at each step of process
56. Electrophoresis
Fluorescent dye is used to
stain the DNA fragments
Electrodes at each end of the
gel create the current across
the gel
57. Electrophoresis
Since DNA is negatively
charged, it travels from the
negative electrode toward
the positive electrode
58. Electrophoresis
Heavier or larger DNA
fragments move more slowly
than smaller ones
Smaller fragments will travel
farther across the gel during the
run
59. DNA Profiling
Identifying an organism
based on regions of DNA
that vary greatly from one
organism to another
60. DNA Profiling
Used most widely today in
identifying people who
cannot identify themselves
Murder victims
61. DNA Profiling
Known as DNA
fingerprinting
No 2 individuals have
identical DNA sequences
except identical twins
