This document distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were created during the time being studied and offer a first-hand perspective, such as diaries, speeches, letters, artworks, and artifacts. Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources and are one step removed, such as textbooks, histories, and commentaries. Examples of each type are provided. The document also provides tips on searching library catalogs for primary sources and lists some websites with primary sources in different subject areas.

1. Primary vs Secondary Resources
http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html
A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during
the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and
offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:
• ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries,
speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies,
official records
• CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art
• RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Examples of primary sources include:
• Diary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family during WWII
• The Constitution of Canada - Canadian History
• A journal article reporting NEW research or findings
• Weavings and pottery - Native American history
• Plato's Republic - Women in Ancient Greece
What is a secondary source?
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or
more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or
graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of seconday sources include:
• PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms,
commentaries, encyclopedias
Examples of secondary sources include:
• A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings
• A history textbook
• A book about the effects of WWI
Search by keyword for Primary Sources in the Main Catalog
You can search the Main Catalog to find direct references to primary source material.
Perform a keyword search for your topic and add one of the words below:
(these are several examples of words that would identify a source as primary)
• charters
• correspondence
• diaries
• early works
• interviews
• manuscripts
• oratory
• pamphlets
• personal narratives
• sources

2. • speeches
• letters
• documents
Primary Sources on the Internet for history
http://www.eduplace.com/ss/hmss/primary.html
Primary Sources on the Internet for sciences
http://guides.lib.msu.edu/page.phtml?page_id=2469
Primary Sources on the Internet for mathematics
http://www.ams.org/mathweb/mi-mathinfo03.html

3. Organizing the research paper
http://www2.infohio.org/rpc/
http://www.lib.umn.edu/help/calculator/

4. Plagiarism Test
https://www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/plagiarism/index2.html