This document discusses primary health care (PHC), including its definition, principles, and the role of nurses. It provides the following key points:
1. PHC is defined as universally accessible and affordable essential health care that involves community participation. Its goals include disease prevention, health promotion, and treatment of common health issues.
2. The principles of PHC are equitable distribution of care, community participation, coordination between health and other sectors, and use of appropriate technologies.
3. Nurses play an important role in PHC by directly providing care, educating communities, planning and managing care, and supervising other health workers. Their training was revised to better prepare them for these PHC roles.
Alternative health care system and referral system, community health nursingNehaNupur8
Alternative systems of health include various healing approaches that originate from around the world and that are not based on conventional western medicine. There therapies are called alternative system of health as they are used alone as complementary medicine or these can be used with conventional medicine.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
An initiative of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare to leverage information technology for ensuring delivery of full spectrum of healthcare and immunization services to pregnant women and children up to 5 years of age.
Alternative health care system and referral system, community health nursingNehaNupur8
Alternative systems of health include various healing approaches that originate from around the world and that are not based on conventional western medicine. There therapies are called alternative system of health as they are used alone as complementary medicine or these can be used with conventional medicine.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
An initiative of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare to leverage information technology for ensuring delivery of full spectrum of healthcare and immunization services to pregnant women and children up to 5 years of age.
CM 17.3 Principals of Primary Health Care.pptxAnjali Singh
HEALTH CARE SCENARIO:
Health care has always been a problem area for India, a nation with a large population and a larger percentage of this population living in urban slums and in rural area, below the poverty line.
Before independence the health structure was in dismal condition i.e. high morbidity and high mortalities, and prevalence of infectious diseases. Since independence emphasis has been put on Primary Health Care and we have made considerable progress in improving the Health Status of the country.
CG:Central Government
PH:Primary Health
MCH:Maternal and Child Health
Health is a human right, which has also been accepted in the constitution. Its accessibility and affordability has to be insured. While the well-to-do segment of the population both in rural & urban areas have acceptability and affordability to wards medical care, at the same time cannot be said about the people who belong to poor segment of the society. It is well known that more then 75% of the population utilizes private sectors for medical care unfortunately medical care becoming costlier day by day and it has become almost out of reach of the poor people. Today there is need for injection of substantial resources in the health sectors to ensure affordability of medical care to all. Health insurance is an important option, which needs to be considered by the policy makers and planners.
The New York Health Care Proxy Law allows you to appoint someone you trust ... care agent, you can make sure that health care providers follow your wishes.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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3. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
• “Primary Health Care is essential
health care made universally
accessible to individuals &
acceptable to them, through their full
participation & at a cost the
community & country can afford”.
6. ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE
1.Education concerning prevailing
health problem & the methods of
preventing & controlling them.
2.Promotion of food supply &
proper nutrition.
7. 3.An adequate supply of safe
water & basic sanitation.
4.Maternal & child health care,
including family planning.
10. PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE
• 1.Equitable distribution.
• 2.Community participation.
• 3.Intersectoral coordination.
• 4.Appropriate technology.
• 5. Prevention
11. EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION
• Health services must be shared
equally by all people irrespective
of their ability to pay.
• Rich or poor / rural or urban must
have access to health services.
12. • 80% percentage of people live in
rural areas & only 20% live in the
urban areas, but the proportion
of the health services is grossly
inversely propotionate.ie, 80% of
people are catered by only 20%
& 20% are catered by 80% of
health services.
13. • This has been termed as social
injustice.
• Primary Health Care aims to readdress
this imbalance by shifting the centre
of gravity of the health care system
from cities to the rural areas, & bring
these services as near people’s home
as possible.
14. COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
• Involvement of the individuals &
community in promotion of their
own health & welfare, is an essential
ingredient of primary health care.
15. • There must be a continuing effort to
secure meaningful involvement of
the community in planning,
implementing & maintenance of
health services, besides maximum
reliance on local resources such as
manpower, money & materials.
16. • One approach – the VHG & Trained
Dais has been successfully tried in
India.
• They are selected by the local
community & trained locally in the
delivery of primary health care to the
community they belong.
17. • By overcoming cultural &
communication barriers, they provide
primary health care in ways that are
acceptable to the community.
• It is now considered that “Health
Guides” & “Trained Dais” are an
essential feature of primary health care
in India.
18. • It is now considered that “Health Guides”
& “Trained Dais” are an essential feature
of primary health care in India.
• These concepts are revolutionary. They
have been greatly influenced by the
experience in China where community
participation in the from of “bare foot
doctors” took place on an unprecedented
scale.
20. • The declaration of Alma Ata states
that primary health care involves in
addition to health sector, all related
sectors & aspects of national &
community development, in
particular agriculture, animal
husbandry, food, industry,
education, housing, public works,
communication & other sectors.
21. • To achieve such cooperation,
countries may have to review their
administrative system, reallocate
their resources & introduce suitable
legislation to ensure that
coordination can take place.
• This requires a strong political will
to translate values into action.
23. APPROPRIATE
TECHNONOLOGY
• Appropriate technology has been
defined as “technology that is
scientifically sound, adaptable to local
needs, & acceptable to those who apply
it & for those whom it is used & that cab
be maintained by the people
themselves in keeping with the
principles of self reliance with the
resources the community & country can
afford”.
24. • The term appropriate is emphasized
because in some countries luxurious
hospitals that are totally
inappropriate to the local needs, are
built, which absorb a major part of
the national health budget,
effectively blocking many
improvement in general health
services.
25. • This also implies use of costly
equipments, procedures &
techniques when cheaper,
scientifically valid & acceptable
ones are available. (ORS packets
over house to house sand pipe
connections)
34. ROLE OF A NURSE
• The role of a nurse to deal health
needs and health problems of
people at community level was
realized by WHO in 1970s.
35. • The same was recognized in 1977
during 30th WHO Assembly and
also during International
Conference on Primary Health
care in 1978 at Alma Ata.
36. • The participants at the meeting
suggested to change/ modify
basic, post basic and continuing
education so that nurses are
prepared to fit into national
health care system and meet
health care needs of people in
the context of primary health
care.
37. • In 1970, the International
Council of Nurses affirmed its
commitment to primary health
care.
38. • It felt since nurses provide and
continue to provide large part of
health care in most countries,
their training should and role in
health care must be enlarged
and enriched to fit into the
changing health care approach.
39. • It suggested changes in nursing
curriculum, nursing practice and
nursing administration so that
nurses can participate from
decision making level to grass
root level and contribute to
primary health care approach
effectively.
40. • The Trained Nurses Association
of India (TNAI) affirmed its
commitment to HFA through
primary Health Care in its
conference on Nursing Education
in 1979.
41. • It recommended to prepare
nurses to work in the
community, to re-orient nurses
to primary health care, to have
nurses at decision making
position at the centre and state
level and have more nurses in
the district and primary health
centres.
42. • The Indian Nursing Council (INC)
revised and modified the
curriculum for ANM and BSc.,
Nursing ( to prepare nurses to
perform primary health care
roles and functions)
43. • WHO study group in 1985
highlighted the following roles
and functions of nurses in
primary health care.
44. 1.DIRECT CARE PROVIDER
• The nurse provide direct care to
individual, families and
community with reference to 8
elements of primary health care.
45. E.g.,
• For MCH care the nurse has to
identify pregnant mothers, register
them, conduct complete physical
and obstetrical examination,
identify high risk factors, give TT
injection, IFA tablets, and health
educate them about diet, rest and
sleep, exercise etc.
46. 2. HEALTH EDUCATOR &
TEACHER
• In order to promote health, prevent
disease, regain and maintain
health, the nurse educates
individuals, families and
community at large about healthful
behaviour, sanitary environment,
prevention of diseases etc.,
47. • Whatever she does, even the
care of the sick at home, she
educates family members to take
are of the sick in her absence
and also other preventive
measures.
48. • As a teacher, she trains other
health workers such as ANMs,
health Guides, Village Dais.
49. 3. PLANNER & CARE MANAGER
• The nurse working for primary
health care makes assessment of
health needs, health problems of
individuals, families and
community.
50. • The nurse plans care accordingly
for them and implements the
planned care.
• The nurses involves individuals,
families and community in
planning and implementing of
the care.
51. • The nurses makes use of the
community resources and guides
them in giving care.
• The nurse listens to and
communicates with them and
advise them accordingly.
52. • She makes referrals when
required.
• She maintains the record of care
given and evaluates the
effectiveness of the same.
53. 4. GUIDE & SUPERVISOR
• As a nurse engaged in providing
primary health care, she is
expected to supervise, guide and
help other personnel in
providing care, planning health
services for families and for the
community.
55. • Provide integrated
comprehensive primary health
care service related to 8 essential
elements.
• Mobilize involvement of
individuals, families and
community in providing primary
health care.
56. • Surveillance of locally endemic
diseases.
• Training and supervision of
health workers.
57. • Working in collaboration with
other socioeconomic sectors.
• Maintenance of accurate,
complete and up-to-date records
of health care services rendered.
58. • Monitoring and analysis of
health condition to determine
the progress in primary health
care.