Nature and Scope of Managerial Economics in relation with other disciplines – Role and Responsibilities of Managerial Economist – Goals of Corporate Enterprises: Maximization of profit - Value of enterprise
Nature and Scope of Managerial Economics in relation with other disciplines – Role and Responsibilities of Managerial Economist – Goals of Corporate Enterprises: Maximization of profit - Value of enterprise
,
the ethics of consumer production and marketing
,
problems with the market approach
,
risks to consumers
,
market approach to consumer protection
,
criticisms of the social costs view
,
criticisms of advertising based on social effects
,
characteristics of advertising
,
criticisms of the social cost view (cont.)
,
moral duty to consumers under contractual theory
,
problems with contractual theory
,
social costs view of the manufacturer’s duties to
,
manufacturer’s duties in due care theory
,
balancing right to privacy and business needs
,
importance of consumer privacy
,
requirements of deceptive advertising
,
due care theory of firm’s duties to customer
,
contract view of business firm’s duties to custome
,
problems with due care theory
,
criticisms of advertising based on its effects on
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
For business owners, it is critical to understand how profitable your enterprise is. Profit margin is commonly used as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for many businesses to gauge their health.
This presentation explains the difference between gross profit and net profit, as well as explaingin how to calculate the both gross profit margin and net profit margin.
,
the ethics of consumer production and marketing
,
problems with the market approach
,
risks to consumers
,
market approach to consumer protection
,
criticisms of the social costs view
,
criticisms of advertising based on social effects
,
characteristics of advertising
,
criticisms of the social cost view (cont.)
,
moral duty to consumers under contractual theory
,
problems with contractual theory
,
social costs view of the manufacturer’s duties to
,
manufacturer’s duties in due care theory
,
balancing right to privacy and business needs
,
importance of consumer privacy
,
requirements of deceptive advertising
,
due care theory of firm’s duties to customer
,
contract view of business firm’s duties to custome
,
problems with due care theory
,
criticisms of advertising based on its effects on
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
For business owners, it is critical to understand how profitable your enterprise is. Profit margin is commonly used as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for many businesses to gauge their health.
This presentation explains the difference between gross profit and net profit, as well as explaingin how to calculate the both gross profit margin and net profit margin.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
3. • Key marketing mix element that relates directly to generation of
total revenue; other elements produce cost.
• Only flexible element in marketing mix that can be adjusted
quickly to respond to changes in the external environment unlike
product features and channel commitments.
• Price is still one of the most important elements determining
company’s market share and profitability
CONCEPT OF PRICE
4. PRICE vs. COST
• The price is the amount customers pay for a product while cost is the
expense incurred by the business in bringing the product to the
market.
6. Pricing
• Pricing is the process whereby a business sets the price at
which it will sell its products and services as a part of the
business's marketing plan.
• Firms need to take account of the cost of product when setting
price.
• In small companies, prices are often set by the company’s boss.
In large companies, pricing is handled by division and product-
line managers.
7. Role of Pricing
Role of
Pricing
Marketing
Strategy
Demand
Regulator
Revenue
Generator
Positioning
of Product
Input to
Decision
Making
Competitive
Weapon
8.
9. Geographical Pricing
In geographical pricing, the company decides how to price its products to different customers in
different locations and countries.
• Point of Production Pricing
• Zone Delivered Pricing
• Freight-Absorption Pricing
• Uniform Delivered Pricing
• BASING Point Pricing
• MODES OF payment
• Counter trade
• Barter System
• Compensation Deal
• Buyback arrangement
• Point of Production Pricing
A manufacturer following this strategy quotes
the selling price up to his own factory, i.e., all
the freight costs from the factory to the
customer's place will be borne by the
customers
10. • Zone Delivered Pricing
This divides a seller's market into a limited number of broad geographic zones and then sets a
uniform delivered price for each zone
Recharge Coupon Price (in Rs.) Validity
200 NA
250 NA
350 NA
400 NA
500 NA
600 NA
1000 NA
Full Talk time Vouchers in Delhi-NCR Region
Recharge Coupon Price (in Rs.) Validity
120 NA
150 NA
200 NA
220 NA
300 NA
330 NA
350 NA
2500 NA
Full Talk time Vouchers in Mumbai Region
11. • Freight-Absorption Pricing
The seller absorbs all or part of the cost of transportation. This amounts to a” price discount, and is
used as a promotional tactic
12.
13.
14. Uniform Delivered Pricing
The same delivered price is quoted to all buyers regardless of their locations. This strategy is sometimes
referred to as "postage stamp pricing" because of its similarity to the pricing of first-class mail service
15. BASING Point Pricing
Certain cities are designated as basing points. All goods shipped from a given basis point are charged the
same amount.
16. Penetration Pricing
Penetration pricing is the practice of offering a low price for a new product or service during its initial
offering in order to attract customers away from competitors.
Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or
sales volume, rather than to make profit in the short term.
Examples:
Penetration pricing in used two ways
• Willing to lose money on the new product as a way to get more
customers through the door
• Offer new products through their stores at prices much lower than
other stores
17. Parle G: Parle used price penetration owing to their strong distribution network. They had a very
wide reach and they used this advantage to the fullest.
18. TATA Sky (A joint venture of TATA And Sky TV) gained market leadership having the first mover
advantage. Soon they had mighty rivals like DISH TV, AIRTEL DIGITAL TV etc. So have an edge,
they launched various price cuts giving benefits like:
• Budget packs
• Regional packs
19. Ghadi Detergent: Ghadi Detergent (Rohit Surfactants) did to Nirma (Karsan Bhai Patel group)
what Nirma had done to wheel.
Ghadi did extensive soil testing and improved on its ability to work in hard water in UP region.
They targeted the mass and soon became famous. In turn Everyone else in the market had to
lower down prices to counter attack.
20. Chik Shampoo: Chik Shampoo ( Cavin Kare) used penetration pricing by changing the whole
game altogether by launching a completely new SKU ( sachets) into the Indian market.
Sachets were present before Chik came to market but they were not present for all FMCG
product. With Chik’s sachets. Cavin Kare group targeted the lower level of the pyramid
successfully. In response to the attack, the global giants like Unilever, Garnier, P&G etc. had to
come out with sachets which they were used to give free of cost as samples in rest of the world.
21. LG Television: LG entered the market when the Indian market was dominated by local players
like Videocon, Onida and BPL. For multinationals, only SONY had left a mark. LG used the mass
production method and thus reduced the price more and more and in turn attracted more and
more buyers.
22. Skimming Strategy
Price skimming involves setting a high price before other competitors come into the market. This is often used for
the launch of a new product which faces little or no competition – usually due to some technological features. Such
products are often bought by early adopters who are prepared to pay a higher price to have the latest or best
product in the market.
25. Sony earned huge revenues by using skimming pricing technique for their LCD and LED display panels. They
were priced at INR 21 lakhs almost a decade ago and now they are priced at 43 lakhs for a similarly sized
better featured model.
26. Freemium
Freemium is a pricing strategy by which a product or service (typically a digital offering or application such as software,
media, games or web services) is provided free of charge, but money (premium) is charged for proprietary features,
functionality, or virtual goods
Examples:
Range of premium options
27. Examples:
Free service(s):
• Users can create online presentations which are publicly
viewable on Prezi website
Premium service(s):
• Ability to make presentations private and edit them offline
Free service(s):
• Free assessment tools with accounts for teachers, school
administrators, students and student’s parents
Premium service(s):
• Premium plan for schools (100+ students) which also includes: Student
Performance, Custom Marking & Reporting, Extended Student Tracking,
Advanced Data Reporting
28. Examples:
Free service(s):
Free versions of the books downloaded from the web
Premium service(s):
• Physical books
Free service(s):
• Free web-based survey with 10 questions per survey
and 100 respondents per survey limits
Premium service(s):
• Premium monthly and yearly plans with additional features, such as:
• Unlimited questions, Unlimited responses, Custom design, Text analysis for
open responses, A/B testing, SPSS integration
29. Loss Leader
A business strategy in which a business offers a product or service at a price that is not profitable for the sake of
offering another product/service at a greater profit or to attract new customers.
Basically done to increase the customer base.
Examples:
Paytm
32. Price discrimination is in general defined as offering the same quantity and quality of the product to different
customers at different prices.
Price Discrimination
Examples:
35. Premium pricing (also called image pricing or prestige pricing) is the practice of keeping
the price of a product or service artificially high in order to encourage favorable perceptions among
buyers, based solely on the price.
Examples:
Nike Studio Wrap – Premium Pricing
A footwear product targeted at women who favor studio
workouts like yoga and Pilates
Priced at $110 a pair.
Priced with a strategy to target up-market people
doing workouts like yoga and gain profit by value.
PREMIUM PRICING
36. Dove – High price to indicate premium quality
Company aims to be product quality leader in the market.
Priced higher than its competitors.
37. Tata Aria – Premium pricing(failure)
Tata Aria was launched with an expensive price tag of INR 12 -15.5 Lakh
Priced with an expectation to create a new market and a new image for TATA Motors.
It did not perform as expected
Company is planning to launch a Mini-Aria with a reduced price to take advantage of the mini-SUV / MPV
market.
38. TAG Heur – Premium pricing
Swiss watchmaker TAG Heuer raised average price of its watches from $250 to $1000
&
Sales volume increased sevenfold!
39. Premium Pricing – Chevy Cruze
The Cruze was launched at $16,995—well beyond what GM has ever charged for a compact and more
than the $15,655 Honda asks for its base Civic sedan!
Getting customers to pay more is central to GM's ability to become profitable over the long term.
GM had reason to believe its higher-price strategy for the Cruze will work based on its experience with the
Chevy Malibu sedan, whose 2007 redesign was well-received by critics and the public.
40. Psychological Pricing
Based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact.
Psychological Pricing Features:
• Used to play on consumer perceptions.
• Links with value pricing- high value goods priced according to what consumers THINK should be
the price.
• Classic example – Rs.999 instead of Rs.1000!
Examples:
Odd Pricing
41. BOGOF
Is abbreviated for “Buy One, Get One Free”, you have probably experienced this before. Again, it is
one of the most widely used pricing tactics in the world.
42. Comparative Pricing:
The pricing strategy that gives you a deal of two offers at the same time while they are similar but
the marketing strategist is deliberately making one offer more attractive – due to the effect of the
existence of the other offer.
Pricing plan of web hosting company
43. Product Bundle Pricing:
The marketing ploy that involves packaging several items together rather than one and giving
the consumers a discounted price – this way the seller earns more profits with more items
while the customer gets a nice deal.
Who doesn’t like a “discounted” Big Mac combo?
44. Perceived Value Pricing
• PVP is an open line pricing technique where respondents estimate the price of a new product
compared to those who are already in the market.
• This method can be used with concepts or real products. The technique is used with face to
face interviews. It is a preferred approach if the client has little idea about the price level of the
new product.
John Deere Tractor
Perceived value:
Durability
Reliability
Service
Longer warranty
45.
46. Cost Based Pricing
Product Cost Price Value Customers
Cost Based Pricing Strategy are of 3 types:
1. Mark Up Pricing
2. Absorption cost
3. Target- Return Pricing
47. Mark Up Pricing
• The selling price is fixed by adding Mark-up or Margin to its cost.
• Usually used by:
Distributers, Marketing firms etc..
• Slower the turnaround of the product larger the margin and vice versa.
• Mark Ups are high on seasonal items, speciality items, demand inelastic items etc.
• Mark up price = unit cost /( 1- Desired return on sales )
How to calculate ?
• A FMCG company sells a bar of soap to retailer .
• Unit Cost= VC+FC
• VC per unit = Rs.10, Total FC= Rs. 300000
• Number of units produced= 50000
• Unit cost= 10+ (300000/50000)= Rs 16
• Now manufacturer wants to earn 20% mark up on sales
• Mark up price = unit cost/(1- desired return on sales)= 16/(1-0.2)=Rs20
50. Absorption Pricing
It is a method of setting pricing under which the price of a product includes all the variable cost associated with it and
the proportionate amount of fixed cost.
Mainly used by manufacturing firms.
It uses standard costing techniques.
It includes :
Fixed cost
Variable cost
Selling and administering cost
Advertisement cost
It is also known as full cost pricing.
+ PROFIT
51. Delhi - 5.04lakhs
Chennai - 5.44lakhs
Hydrabad - 5.40lakhs
Mumbai - 5.37lakhs
Bangalore - 5.59lakhs
Pune - 5.24lakhs
52. Target Return Pricing
• Similar to Absorption cost pricing.
• The difference is in fixing the profit margin.
• The profit margin/ mark up is fixed by considering the ROI.
• Firm will have return objectives, like 5% of invested capital, or 10% of sales revenue.
• Then you arrange your price structure so as to achieve these target rates of return.
• Market leaders or monopolists uses this pricing strategy.
How to calculate ?
• Investment of a pen manufacturer = Rs1million
• Total sales 50000
• Expected ROI= 20%, Unit cost of a pen =Rs 16
• Target return price= Unit Cost +( Desired return *
Invested capital)/ Unit sales
• TRP= 16+(0.2* 1000000)/50000 = Rs 20